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研究生:江秀紅
研究生(外文):HSIU-HUNG CHIANG
論文名稱:溫度、遮光與容器及植株大小對繡球花生長與開花之影響
論文名稱(外文):Effects of Temperature, Shading, Container and Plant Size on Growth and Flowering in Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Leuchtfeuer’
指導教授:葉德銘葉德銘引用關係
指導教授(外文):Der-Ming Yeh
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:園藝學研究所
學門:農業科學學門
學類:園藝學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:1999
畢業學年度:87
語文別:中文
論文頁數:130
中文關鍵詞:繡球花溫度遮光容器大小植株大小開花
外文關鍵詞:hydrangeatemperatureshadingcontainer sizeplant sizeflowering
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本研究探討溫度對繡球花花芽形成、低溫需求及促成栽培之影響,尋求適合台灣於農曆新年前出貨的栽培曆;以及溫度和遮光對生長之影響。另外探究未能形成花芽之原因,是否和根域限制及植株大小有關,而植株大小方面探討葉片數及葉片位置對花芽形成之影響。
於台大人工氣候室日/夜溫15/13、20/15、25/20、30/25、35/30℃進行繡球花(Hydrangea macrophylla)花芽形成試驗,以15/13℃及20/15℃處理約20天可進入花芽創始,和同時期在高冷地梅峰農場(平均溫17.5℃)所做試驗結果相似。而25/20℃處理於78天時有20%的植株進入花芽創始,但30/25、35/30℃處理78天後仍為營養生長。20/15和15/13℃處理植株之株高和葉片數,於處理18天後不再增加,以30/25和25/20℃生長最佳,但30/25℃植株因介質易失水且有病蟲害,35/30℃處理容易失水而乾枯。葉片分化速率和平均溫度成直線關係,得到Tb=12.8℃、To=22.3℃和Tm=42.6℃,每分化一片葉片需度積溫(thermal time)為50℃d。
取已分化花器之植株進行儲藏試驗,處理溫度為0~7℃和10、20℃處理時間分別為2~10週,以2~7℃黑暗儲藏4~10週,取出種植17~30天花苞可見,但處理8和10週開花率低於50﹪。10℃和20℃處理之植株在處理期間節間伸長、可見花苞,但處理後置於自然溫室時花苞有嚴重消蕾現象,開花率只有20~40﹪。
將具肉眼可見花芽(直徑2~3mm)之植株移入人候室五個溫度下,以30/25℃處理花芽發育最快,而30/25℃處理之花芽於3天即有消蕾情形,可見花徑2~3mm時對高溫特別敏感。而萼片開始顯色之植株,於20/15和25/20℃下花序直徑較大,15/13℃使萼片顯色及花序發育緩慢,且25~35℃高溫之花序較小且容易凋謝。
進行六個遮光處理各為遮光0、27、55、63、82和92%,每天平均累積的光積值各為7.3、5.3、3.5、2.8、1.4和0.6MJm-2d-1。遮光55和63%處理65天之植株葉片乾重2.9g、枝梢乾重4.0g、葉片數42片、葉綠素含量及葉綠素a和b的比值皆為最佳。溫室下不遮光處理之植株落葉25.2片,顯著大於其他處理,且葉片具光氧化漂白的現象。遮光92%處理之則光補償點最低約為10μmol m-2s-1,遮光0和27%處理之光補償點為25μmol m-2s-1,不過在光飽和點方面,各處理皆無差異約在140~200μmol m-2s-1。遮光82和92%處理之植株形成花芽比例顯著減少,可能是之前營養生長時遮光造成植株較小所致。
插穗扦插之容器容積低於260mL時有根域限制的情形,根的乾重較輕,每株不超過2g,而且地上部的生長亦受限,因而抑制花芽形成。植株於花芽形成前去除靠近頂芽的上方三對展開葉會抑制花芽形成,因其為主要供應莖頂發育之儲源(source)。
若將產期調節至農曆新年前,需於3∼5月扦插,6∼8月將植株移至高冷地(13∼20℃)放置二個月,之後以2∼7℃冷藏4∼6週,出庫後放置在低於30℃的環境中約17~30天肉眼可見花苞,可於12∼2月上市,較自然產期提早2~4個月。
The research investigated the role of temperature in the flower formation for hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Leuchtfeuer’), the chilling requirement and forcing culture, so that the appropriate production schedules were sought to benefit the business of exporting goods of Chinese Lunar New Year in Taiwan. The study also found out the effects of temperature and shading on the flower growth, and testified whether root restriction and plant size were the factors for inhibiting flower formation. In the aspect of plant size, the influence to the flower formation was centered on the number and the location of leaves.
In the phytotron of National Taiwan University, day/night temperatures of 15/13, 20/15, 25/20, 30/25 and 35/30℃ formulated the experiment in the flower formation of hydrangea. Day/night temperatures 15/13 and 20/15℃ for twenty days help the flower initiation; the result was similar to the findings carried out parallel in the Mei-Feng Highland with the average temperature of 17.5℃. Day/night temperature 25/20℃ made 20 percent of the plants with flower initiated, while 35/30 and 30/25℃ for 78 days still in vegetative growth. Day/night temperature 20/15 and 15/13℃ in 18 days were to stop the increasing leaf number and plant height, while 30/25 and 25/20℃ were best. The drying temperature of 30/25℃ was vulnerable to insect damage, and the water-losing temperature was 35/30℃. The rate of leaf initiation was in a linear relationship with the mean temperature and the basal temperature (Tb) = 12.8℃, the optimal temperature (To) = 22.3℃ and the maximal temperature (Tm) = 42.6℃. The thermal time for one-leaf initiation was 50℃d.
In the experiment of plant with flower initiated in the temperature of 0~7℃ and 10, 20℃ separately for 2~10 weeks, 2~7℃ of 4~10 weeks in a dark room made a flower visible after 17~30 planting days, but of 8~10 weeks, the flowering rate was only below 50 percent. Temperature of 10 and 20℃ in a dark room, the internode elongation and flower bud opening were apparent but afterwards, in a natural greenhouse, the buds were blasting seriously with the flowering rate of 20~40%.
The plants with flower buds visible (2~3mm in diameter) were moved to the phytotron with various temperatures and the result shows 30/25℃ was the fastest for budding growth, 30/25℃ of three days made blasting in visibility. The flower bud with diameter 2~3mm was sensitive to high temperature. The sepal with color to show up had its largest radius when the temperature was 20/15 and 25/20℃; 15/13℃ made the color of the sepal and the flower in slow growth and 25~35℃ of higher temperature made the smaller flower and a fading one.
Six various shading conditions were separately 0, 27, 55, 63, 82 and 92% with accumulated light integrals of 7.3, 5.3, 3.5, 2.8, 1.4 and 0.6 MJm-2d-1. The best growth under shading 55 and 63% conditions for 65 days made leaves dry weight 2.9g, shoot dry weight 4.0g and 42 leaves, total chlorophyll contained and a better ratio value of a and b. Plants under non-shading device had 25.2 shedding leaves and are damaged by photoxidation, obviously more than other alternatives. The 92% shading made the lowest light compensation point in 10μmol m-2s-1, the shadings of 0 and 27% had light compensation point in 10μmol m-2s-1. About the light saturation point, no big difference among various devices existed and the point is around 140~200μmol m-2s-1. The 82 and 92% shading lower down greatly the flowering ratio, possibly due to the shading influence on the smaller plant in the period of vegetative growth.
If the vessel for cuttings had a volume less than 260ml, the root growth will be confined to a lighter root dry weight, less than 2g, along with a confined shoot growth to inhibit flower initiation. Before the flower formation, the three-paired expanded leaves below the terminal bud restrained flower growth due to that the leaves near the bud were the source of apex growth.
If the production schedule was planned to come before Chinese Lunar New Year, the cutting period should start in March until May, from June to August was for transplanting into the highland(13-20℃) to stay two month, four to six weeks in 2-7℃ cooling storage and the flower would be visible by naked eyes after 17 to 30 days with the surrounding temperature below 30℃. The open-market days would be from December to February, two to four month earlier than the time for the natural growth.
第一章前言(Introduction)1
第二章前人研究(Literature Review)2
一、繡球花之形態及開花習性(The morphology and flowering habits of hydrangea)2
(一) 原生地(Natural habitat)2
(二)型態(Morphology)3
(三)開花習性(Flowering habits)3
二、影響繡球花生長之環境因子(The environmental factors affecting growth of hydrangea)4
(一) 溫度(Temperature)4
(二)遮光(Shading)5
(三)光週(Photoperiod)5
三溫度應用於繡球花產期調節之探討(The studies of temperature on manipulation of flowering in hydrangea)6
(一)花芽形成(Flower formation)6
(二)低溫冷藏(Cold storage)7
(三)促成栽培(Forcing culture)9
(四)栽培曆(Production schedules)11
四、容器與植株大小對花芽形成之影響(The effects of plant and container size on flower formation)11
(一) 容器大小(container volume)11
(二)植株大小(Plant size)13
第三章一般材料與方法(General materials and methods)19
一、植物材料(Plant materials)19
二、試驗場地與栽培管理方式(Experimental locations and cultural management)19
三、調查項目(Measurement parameters)20
第四章溫度對繡球花生長及開花之影響(Effects of temperature on growth and flowering in hydrangea)23
四.一、溫度對生長之影響(Effects of temperature on growth)23
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)23
1.人工氣候室24
2.台大山地實驗農場24
(二)結果(Results)24
1.株高24
2.總葉片數25
3.Thermal time25
四.二、溫度對花芽形成之影響(Effects of temperature on flower formation)26
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)27
1.人工氣候室27
2.台大山地實驗農場28
(二)結果(Results)28
1.花芽形態解剖28
2.人工氣候室28
3.台大山地實驗農場29
4.莖頂直徑與莖頂發育程度之關係30
四.三、儲藏溫度與時間對開花之影響(Effects of storage temperature and duration of temperature treatments on flowering)30
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)31
(二)結果(Results)32
1.頂芽焦枯率及消蕾率32
2.花苞可見天數、顯色天數及出貨期33
3.花序直徑及株高33
四.四、促成栽培溫度對開花之影響(Effects of forcing temperature on flowering)34
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)34
(二)結果(Results)34
四.五、討論(Discussion)56
(一)溫度對繡球花生長之影響56
(二)溫度對繡球花花芽形成之影響56
(三)儲藏溫度與時間對繡球花開花之影響58
(四)促成栽培溫度對繡球花開花之影響59
第五章遮光對繡球花生長與花芽形成之影響(Effects of shading on growth and flower formation in hydrangea)61
五.一、遮光對生長之影響(Effects of shading on growth)61
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)62
(二)結果(Results)62
1.葉片分化與落葉數62
2.相對葉面積63
3.葉片和枝條乾重63
4.葉綠素含量63
5.葉片厚度與光合作用速率64
五.二、遮光對花芽形成之影響(Effects of shading on flower formation)64
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)65
(二)結果(Results)65
1.花芽創始比例65
2.形成花芽時間66
3.莖頂發育程度及莖頂直徑66
五.三、討論(Discussion)79
(一)遮光對繡球花生長之影響79
(二)遮光對繡球花花芽形成之影響81
第六章容器與植株大小對繡球花花芽形成之影響(Effects of container and plant size on flower formation in hydrangea)83
六.一、容器大小對生長與花芽形成之影響(Effects of container size on growth and flower formation)83
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)84
1.人候室穴盤苗84
2.種植於梅峰之穴盤苗84
3.威諾型溫室容器試驗84
(二)結果(Results)85
1.人候室穴盤苗85
2.種植於梅峰之穴盤苗86
3.威諾型溫室容器試驗86
六.二、去葉處理對花芽形成之影響(Effects of defoliation on flower formation)87
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)88
(二)結果(Results)88
六.三、插穗節數對花芽形成之影響(Effects of node number of cuttings on flower formation)89
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)89
1.1998年2月試驗90
2.1998年8月試驗90
(二)結果(Results)90
1.生長之影響90
2.形成花芽之影響92
六.四、莖頂分裂(Vegetative splitting)92
(一)材料與方法(Materials and methods)92
(二)結果(Results)92
六.五、討論(Discussion)109
(一)容器大小對繡球花生長與花芽形成之影響109
(二)去葉處理對繡球花花芽形成之影響110
(三)插穗節數對繡球花花芽形成之影響111
中英文摘要(Summary)113
參考文獻(References)118
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