以台農 67 號水稻懸浮細胞為材料，經 PB-7.0 粗抽後所得的細胞碎片，以 1.0 M NaCl 溶離後，溶離液經硫酸銨分劃、Con A-Sepharose、Sepharose CL-6B及 DEAE-Sepharose 管柱層析可得鹼性轉化脢 ITa，而本實驗結果，乃首次發現植物不溶性鹼性轉化脢。經 1.0 M NaCl 溶離後的沈澱物再以 5% EDTA 進行溶離，純化步驟同上，可得到另一種鹼性轉化脢 ITb。以 Superose 6 管柱層析 (FPLC) 測定兩種蛋白質的原態分子量皆為 250 kD，以 SDS-PAGE 分析次單元分子量皆為 60 kD，判定為四元體。
在生化性質分析上，兩種轉化脢的特性極為相似，可能是同一種蛋白質。以 ITa 進行分析，最適溫度在 40-50℃ 之間，最適作用 pH 值為 7.6，pI 值為 4.7，能夠水解蔗糖與棉仔糖，但不能對麥芽糖作用，故為 β-fructosidase。以蔗糖為基質時，ITa 和 ITb 的 Km 值分別為 15.28 mM 及 14.02 mM。此酵素不被 Con A 所吸附；產物葡萄糖和果糖對其活性有抑制作用，外加 BSA 會有活化的效果，而 Tris 會對其活性有抑制，影響硫氫基的試劑 DTT 會對其有活化作用，HgCl2 與 PCMB 則會有抑制作用。

A novel insoluble alkaline invertase was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa) suspension cells. The alkaline invertase (ITa) could be released by 1.0 M NaCl and purified further by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography (non-retained), gel-filtration (Sepharose CL-6B) and DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. Another bound-form invertase (ITb) can be released by 5% EDTA from cell fragments after treated 1.0 M NaCl and purified further through the same steps. The molecular masses of ITa and ITb estimated by Superose 6 (FPLC) were 250 kD, and subunit of molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE was 60 kD. It is apparently a homotetrameric enzyme. The characteristics of these two alkaline invertases are similar. The pH optimum of ITa was 7.6. The optimum temperature was 40℃ - 50℃. Isoelectric focusing analysis indicated that the pI value of ITa was 4.7. ITa could hydrolyze sucrose and raffinose, but not maltose. The Km values of ITa and ITb for sucrose as substrate were 15.28 mM and 14.02 mM, respectively. This insoluble alkaline invertase did not have affinity toward Con A. Glucose and fructose inhibited the enzyme activity. The additional protein such as BSA could activate ITa. The enzyme activity was inhibited by Tris and metal ions (Cu2+, Ag+). Some thiol reagents (HgCl2, PCMB) inhibited ITa, while DTT could activate its activity. It suggested that sulf hydryl-group(s) either in the active site or nearly active site of ITa, which did participate the sucrose hydrolysis.

縮寫表…………………………………………………………………………III
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………V
英文摘要………………………………………………………………………VI
第一章緒論 …………………………………………………………1
第一節蔗糖與植物蔗糖的代謝………………………………………1
第二節植物蔗糖之運輸途徑…………………………………………3
第三節蔗糖轉化脢的分類與生理功能………………………………6
第四節受蔗糖轉化脢催化的其他反應………………………………8
第五節蔗糖轉化脢在植物體中的分布………………………………8
第六節蔗糖轉化脢的調節機制………………………………………9
第七節蔗糖轉化脢分子生物學的研究………………………………11
第八節實驗緣起及目的………………………………………………14
第二章材料與方法…………………………………………………15
第一節材料與培養方法………………………………………………15
第二節酵素活性分析法………………………………………………17
第三節蛋白質定量法…………………………………………………21
第四節不溶性鹼性蔗糖轉化脢的純化方法…………………………22
第五節電泳檢定………………………………………………………26
第六節不溶性鹼性蔗糖轉化脢生化性質之檢定……………………33
第三章結果……………………………………………………………39
第一節 水稻懸浮細胞不溶性轉化脢於不同培養時期的活性變化…39
第二節 水稻懸浮細胞之各種轉化脢活性分布的探討………………39
第三節不溶性鹼性轉化脢的確定……………………………………40
第四節水稻懸浮細胞不溶性鹼性轉化脢的純化……………………41
第五節不可溶性鹼性轉化脢的生化性質分析………………………44
第六節不溶性鹼性轉化脢之調控機制………………………………46
第四章討論 …………………………………………………………48
第一節水稻懸浮細胞不溶性鹼性蔗糖轉化脢的首次發現…………48
第二節水稻蔗糖轉化脢之比較………………………………………49
第三節水稻懸浮細胞不溶性鹼性蔗糖轉化脢所在位置的推測……50
第四節各種植物鹼性蔗糖轉化脢之比較……………………………51
第五章未來展望………………………………………………………52
結果之圖與表…………………………………………………………………53
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………96

參 考 文 獻
莊榮輝 (1985) 水稻蔗糖合成脢之研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所博士論文。
黃文欽 (1992) 水稻穀粒之結合性蔗糖轉化脢的純化以及生化性質的研究國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
陳政宏 (1993) 水稻白化苗可溶性酸性蔗糖轉化脢生化性質的研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
陳秀霙 (1994) 水稻懸浮細胞可溶性酸性蔗糖轉化脢純化與生化性質的分析，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
王永樑 (1995) 甘藷葉可溶性酸性蔗糖轉化脢之研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
顏靜碧 (1995) 水稻懸浮細胞鹼性轉化脢的純化與生化性質分析，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
吳麗容 (1996) 甘藷懸浮細胞性蔗糖轉化脢的純化與生化性質研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
林忠亮 (1997) 水稻白化苗蔗糖轉化脢之研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所博士論文。
吳長益 (1997) 甘藷塊根蔗糖轉化脢與其抑制因子的純化及生化性質研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
唐琦 (1997) 台南五號水稻懸浮細胞可溶性鹼性及中性轉化脢純化及特性研究，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
李育欣 (1998) 不同培養條件對台南五號水稻懸浮細胞蔗糖降節酵素的影響，國立臺灣大學農化研究所碩士論文。
ap Rees T (1984) Sucrose metabolism. In storage carbohydrates in vascular plants. Cambridge University Press, pp. 53-57.
Arai M, Mori H, Imaseki H (1991) Roles of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in growth of seedlings. Purification of acid invertase from growing hypocotyls of mung bean seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 32(8): 1291-1298.
Arai M, Mori H, Imaseki H (1992) Cloning and sequence of cDNAs for an intracellular acid invertase from etiolated hypocotyls of mung bean and expression of the gene during growth of seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 33(3): 245-252.
Ashwell G (1956) Colorimetric analysis of sugars. Method in Enzymol 3: 73-104.
Avigad G (1982) Sucrose and other disaccharides. In Loewus, F.A., Tanner, W., eds, Encyclopedia of plant physiology, New series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, Vol. 13A. pp. 217-349.
Benhamou, N, Chrispeels MJ (1991) Accumulation of β-fructosidase in the cell walls of tomato roots following infection by a fungal wilt pathogen. Plant Physiol. 97: 739-750.
Bournay AS, Hedley PE, Maddison A, Waugh R, Machray GC (1996) Exon skipping induced by cold stress in a potato invertase gene transcript. Nucleic Acids Research 24: 2347-2351.
Bracho GE, Whitaker JR (1990) Characterization of the inhibition of potato (Solanum tuberosum) invertase by an endogenous proteinaceous inhibitor in potatoes. Plant Physiol 92: 381-394.
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254.
Buechler JA, Taylor SS (1990) Differential labelling of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase with a water-soluble carbodiimide: Identification of carboxyl groups protected by MgATP and inhibitor peptides. Biochemistry 29: 1973-1943.
Burch LR, Davies HV, Cuthbert EM, Machray GC, Hedley PE, Waugh R (1992) Purification of soluble invertase from potato. Phytochemistry 31: 1901-1904.
Burstrom, H (1957) Root surface development, sucrose invertion and free space. Physiologia Plantarum 10: 741-781.
Cassidy JT, Jourdian GW, Roseman S (1965) The sialic acids. J Biol Chem 240: 3501-3506.
Charng, YY, Juang RH, C SJ, Sung HY (1994) Partial purification and characterization of invertase isozymes from rice grains (Oryza sativa). Biochem. Mol. Biol. International. 33: 607-615.
Chen JQ, Black CC (1992) Biochemical and immunological properties of alkaline invertase isolated from sprouting soybean hypocotyls. Arch Biochem Biophys 295: 61-69.
Cheng WH, Taliercio EW, Chourey PS (1996) The Miniaturel seed locus of maize encodes a cell-wall invertase required for normal development of endosperm and maternal cells in the pedicel. The Plant Cell 8: 971-983.
Cheng JF, Mitsuya N, Juang RH, Sung HY (1990) Purification and characterization of invertase isozymes from bamboo shoots. Biochem International 21: 497-506.
Chiba Y, Yamagata Y, Iijima S, Nakajima T, Ichishima E (1993) The carbohydrate moiety of the acid carboxypeptidase from Aspergillus saitoi. Current Microbiology 27: 281-288.
Chopra J. Kaur N. Gupta AK (1998) Carbohydrate status and surose metablism in mungbean roots and nodules. Phytochemistry 49: 1891-1895.
Chu FK, Takase K, Guarino D, Maley F (1985) Diverse properties of external and internal forms of yeast invertase derived from same gene. Biochemistry 24: 6125-6132.
Copping LG, Street HE (1972) Properties of the invertases of cultured sycamore cells and changes in their activity during culture growth. Physiol. Plant. 26:346-354.
Deborah P, Delmer, Amor Y (1995) Cellulose biosynthesis. The Plant Cell 7:987-1000.
den Ende WV, Laere AV (1995) Purification and properties of a neutral invertase from the roots of Cichorium intybus. Physiologyia Plantarum 93: 241-248.
Dickinson CD, Altabella T, Chrispeels MJ (1991) Slow-growth phenotype of transgenic tomato expression apoplastic invertase. Plant Physiology 95: 420-425.
Dinur D, Kantrowitz ER, Hajdu J (1981) Reaction of Woodward''s reagent K with pancreatic porcine phospholipase A2: Modification of an essential carboxylate residue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 100: 785-792.
Doehlert DC, Felker FC (1987) Characterization and distribution of invertase activity in developing mazie (Zea Mays) kernels. Physiologia Plantarum 70: 51-57.
Drabikowska AK, Woznika G (1990) Modification of uridine phosphorylase from Escherichia coli by diethyl pyrocarbonate. Biochem J 270: 319-323.
Dunn BM, Anfinsen CB (1973) Kinetics of Woodward''s reagent K hydrolysis and reaction with Staphylococcal nuclease. J Biol Chem 249: 3717-3723.
Ebell LF (1969) Specific total starch determination in conifer tissues with glucose oxidase. Phytochemistry 8: 25-36.
Elliott KI, Butler WO, Dickison CD, Konno Y, Vedvick TS, Fitzmaurice L, Mirkov TE (1993) Isolation and characterization of fruit vacuolar invertase genes from two tomato spies and temporal difference in mRNA levels during fruit ripening. Plant Molecular Biology. 21: 515-524.
Eschrich W, Eschrich B (1992) Control of phloem unloading by sucrose activities and light. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 25: 625-634.
Fahrendorf T, Beck E (1990) Cytosolic and cell wall-bound acid invertases from leaves of Urtica diocia L. : a comparison. Planta 180: 237-244.
Faye L, Berjonneau C, Rollin P (1981) Study on β-fructosidase from radish seedlings. I. Purification and partial characterization. Plant Sc. Lett 22: 77-87.
Faye L, Ghorbel A, Mouatassim B (1984) Glycosylation and intracellular transport: the example of radish β-fructosidase. Physiol Veg 22: 351-364.
Faye L, Mouatassim B, Ghorbel A (1986) Cell wall and cytoplasmic isozymes of radish *-fructosidase have different N-linked oligosaccharides. Plant Physiol 80: 27-33.
Gallagher JA, Pollock CJ (1998) Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone Loium temulaentum L. Econding for a sucrose hydrolytic enzyme which shows alkaline /neutral invertase activity. Journal of Experimental Botany 49: 789-795.
Geigenberger P, Stitt M (1993) Sucrose synthase catalyzes a readily reversible reaction in vivo in developing potato tubers and other plant tissues. Planta 189:329-339.
Giaquinta RT (1979) Sucrose translocation and storage in the sugar beet. Plant Physiol 63: 828-832.
Giaquinta RT, Lin W, Sadler NL, Franceschi VR (1983) Pathway of phloem unloading of sucrose in corn roots. Plant Physiol 72: 363-367.
Gomi T, Fujioka M (1983) Evidence for an essential histidine residue in S-Adenosylhomocysteinase from rat liver. Biochemistry 22: 137-143.
Goupil P, Croisille Y, Croisille F, Ledoigt g (1988) Jerusalem artichoke invertases-immunocharacterization of a soluble form and its putative precursors. Plant Science 54: 45-54.
Guglielminetti L, Wu Y, Boschi E, Yamaguchi J, Favati A, VeergaraM, Perata P, Alpi A (1996) Effect of anoxia on sucrose degrading enzymes in cereal seeds. J of Plant Physiol. 150:251-258.
Hatakeyama T, Yamasaki N, Funatsu G (1990) Identification of the tryptophan residue present in the low affinity saccgaride-binding site of ricin E. Agric Biol Chem 54: 365-371.
Hatch MD, Glasziou KT (1963) Sugar accumulation cycle in sugar cane. II. Relationship of invertase activity to sugar content and growth rate in storage tissue of plants grown in controlled environments. Plant Physiol 38: 344-348.
Hatch MD, Sacher JA, Glasziou KT (1963) Sugar accumulation cycle in sugar cane. I. Studies on enzymes of the cycle. Plant Physiol 38: 338-343.
Hedley PE, Machray GC , Davies HV, Burch L, Waugh R (1993) cDNA cloning and expression of a potato (Solanum tuberosum) invertase. Plant Molecular Biology 22: 917-922.
Ho LC, Baker DA (1982) Regulation of loading in long distance transport systems. Physiol Plant 56: 225-230.
Isla MI, Sampietro AR (1995) Purification and properties of the soluble acid invertase from Oryza sativa. Phytochemistry 38: 321-325.
Isla MI, Vattuone MA. Sampietro AR (1998) Hydrolysis of sucrose within isolated vacuoles from Solanum tuberosum L. tubers. Planta 205:601-605.
Iwatsubo T, Takahashi T, Nakagawa H, Ogura N, Sato T (1992) Purification and some properties of Acid invertase of persimmon fruits. Biosci Biotech Biochem 56: 1959-1961.
Jaynes TA, Nelson OE (1971) Invertase activity in normal and mutant maize endosperms during development. Plant Physiol 47: 623-628.
Jaynes TA, Nelson OE (1971) An invertase inactivator in maize endosperm and factors affecting inactivation. Plant Physiol 47: 629-634.
Kalisz HM, Hecht HJ, Schomburg D, Schmid RD (1991) Effects of carbohydrate depletion on the structure, stability and activity of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus Niger. Biochim Biophys Acta 1080: 138-142.
Kato T, Kubato S (1978) Properties of invertases in sugar storage tissues of Citrus fruit and changes in their activities during maturation. Physiol Plant 40: 67-72.
Kaufman PB, Ghosheh N, Ikuma H (1968) Promotion of growth and invertase activity by gibberellic acid in developing avena internodes. Plant Physiol 43:29-34.
Kaufman PB, Ghosheh NS, LaCroix JD, Soni SL, and Ikuma H (1973) Regulation of invertase levels in Avena stem segment by gibberellic acid, sucrose, glucose and fructose. Plant Physiology 55:221-228.
Kaufman PB, Song IL, Pharis RP (1985) Gravity perception and response mechanism in graviresponding cereal grass shoots. In SS Purohit,ed. Hormonal regulation of plant growth and development. II. Agro Botanical, Bikner, India. pp. 189-200.
Kivilaan A, Beamau TC, Bandurski RS (1961) Enzymatic activities associated with cell wall preparations from corn coleoptiles. Plant Physiology 36:605-610.
Klann E, Yelle S, Bennett AB (1992) Tomato fruit acid invertase complementary DNA. Plant Physiol 99: 351-353.
Klann E, Hall b, Bennett AB (1996) Antisense acid invertase (TIV1) gene alters soluble sugar composition and size in transgenic tomato fruit. Plant Physiol. 112:1321-1330.
Konno Y, Vedvick T, Fitzmaurice L, Mirkov TE (1993) Purification, characterization, and subcellular localization of soluble invertase from Tomato fruit. J Plant Physiol 141: 385-392.
Krausgrill S, Sander A, Greiner S, Weil M, Rausch T (1996) Regulation of cell wall invertase by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Experimental Botany 47: 1193-1198.
Krishnan HB, Blanchette JT, Okita TW (1985) Wheat invertase. Plant Physiol 78: 241-245.
Lauriere C, Lauriere M, Sturm A, Faye L, Chrispeels MJ (1988) Characterization of β-fructosidase, and extracellular glycoprotein of carrot cells. Biochimie 70: 1483-1491.
Leaver C, Sze H (1987) Plant membranes : structure, function, biogenesis : proceedings. UCLA symposia on molecular and cellular biology, pp. 133-157.
Lee HS, Sturm A (1996) Purification and characterization of neutral and alkaline invertase from carrot. Plant Physiol. 112: 1513-1522.
Lin SS, Sung HY (1993) Partial purification and characterization of soluble acid invertases from rice (Oryza sativa) leaves. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 31: 945-953.
Liu CS, Chang JY (1987) The heparin binding site of human antithrombin III. J Biol Chem 262(36): 17356-17361.
Lorenz K, Lienhard S, Sturm A (1995) Structural or differential expression of carrot β-fructosidase genes: identification of a gene coding for a flower bud-specific isozyme. Plant Molecular Biologie 28: 189-194.
Masuda H, Sugawara S (1980) Purification and some properties of cell wall-bound invertases from sugar beet seedling and aged sliced of mature roots. Plant Physiol 66: 93-96.
Masuda H, Takahashi T, Sugawara S (1988) Acid and alkaline invertase in suspension cultures of sugar beet cells. Plant Physiol 86: 312-317.
Matsushita K, Uritani I (1974) Changes in invertase activity of sweet potato in response to wounding, purification and properties of its invertase. Plant Physiol 54: 60-66.
Michaud D, Seye A, Driouich A, Yelle S, Faye L (1993) Purification and partial characterization of an acid *-fructosidase from sweet-pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit. Planta 191: 308-315.
Miller WB, Ranwala AP (1994) Characterization and localization of three soluble invertase forms Lilium longiflorum flower buds. Physiologia Plantarum 92:247-253.
Morris DA, Arthur ED (1985) Effects of gibberellic acid and on patterns of carbohydrate distribution and acid invertase activity in Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol. Plant 65: 257-262.
Muller J, Boller T, Wiemken A (1998) Trehalose affects sucrose synthase and invertase activies in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)roots. Journal Plant Physiology 153: 255-257.
Obenland DM, Simmen U, Boller T, Wiemken A (1993) Purification and characterization of three soluble invertase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. Plant Physiology 101: 1331-1339.
Petra PH (1971) Modification of carboxyl groups in bovine carboxypeptidase A I. Inactivation of the enzyme by N-ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3''-sulfonate (Woodward''s reagent K). Biochemistry 10: 3163-3177.
Points HG (1978) On the scent of riddle of sucrose. Trend in Biochem Sci 3: 137-139.
Prado FE, Vattuone MA, Fleischmacher OL, Sampietro AR (1985) Purification and characterization of Ricinus communis invertase. J Biol Chem 260: 4952-4957.
Prat-Gay G, Wolosiuk RA (1989) Differential reactivity of chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to Woodward''s reagent K and diethylpyro-carbonate. Biochim Biophys Acta Int J Biochem Biophys 973: 457-464.
Pressy R (1966) Separation and properties of potato invertase and invertase inhibitor. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 113: 667-674.
Pressey R (1967) Invertase inhibitor from potatoes: purification, charac-terization, and reactivity with plant invertases. Plant Physiol 42: 1780-1786.
Pressey R (1968) Invertase inhibitor from red beet, sugar beet and sweet potato roots. Plant Physiol 43: 1430-1434.
Price NC, Stevens L (1989) Fundamentals of enzymology. In the mechanism of enzyme action. Oxford university press, pp. 198-202.
Ramloch-Lorenz K, Knudsen S, Sturm A (1993) Molecular characterization of the gene for carrot cell wall β-fructosidase. The Plant Journal 4: 545-554.
Ranwala AP, Suematsu C, Masuda H (1992) Soluble and wall-bound invertase in strawberry fruit. Plant Science 84:59-64.
Ranwala AP, Iwanami SS, Masuda H (1991) Acid and neutral invertases in the mesocarp of developing muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv Prince) fruit. Plant Physiol 96: 881-886.
Ricardo CPP, ap Rees T (1970) Invertase activity during the development of carrot roots. Phytochemistry 9: 239-247.
Richardson MR, Pares X, Cuchillo CM (1990) Chemical modification by pyridoxal 5''-phosphate and cyclohexane-1,2-dione indicates that Lys-7 and Arg-10 are involved in the P2 phosphate-binding subsite of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. Biochem J 267: 593-599.
Ritsch T, Bittner M, Godt DE (1995) Induction of apoplastic invertase of Chenopodium rubrum by D-glucose and a glucose analog and tissue-specific expression suggest a role in sink-sucrose regulation. Plant Physiol. 108: 285-294.
Rorem ES, Schwimmer S (1963) Double pH optima of potato invertase. Experientia 19:150-151.
Ross HA, McRAe D, Davies HV (1996) Sucrolytic enzyme activities in cotyledons of the feva bean. Developmental changes and purification of alkaline invertase. Plant Physiol 111: 329-338.
Salisbury FB, Ross CW (1985) Plant Physiology. Ed3. Wadsworth, Inc. Press, pp. 135-161.
Sampietor AR, Vattuone MA, Prado FE (1980) A regulation invertase from sugar cane leaf-sheaths. Phytochemistry 19: 1637-1642.
Sander A, Krausgrill S, Greiner S, Weil M, Rausch T (1996) Sucrose protects cell wall invertase but not vacuolar invertase against proteinaceous inhibitors. FEBS Letters 385(3): 171-175.
Segrest JP, Jackson RL (1973) Methods in Enzymology (Ginsburg, V., Ed.) 28: pp54-63, Acadermic Press, San Diego.
Singh MB, Knox RB (1984) Invertases of Lilium pollen. Plant Physiol 74: 510-515.
Stitt M, Steup M (1985) Starch and sucrose degradation. In Loewus, F.A., Tanner, W., eds, Encyclopedia of plant physiology, New series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and New York, Vol. 28. pp. 347-390.
Sturm A, Sebkova V, Lorenz K, Hardegger M, Lienhard S, Unger C (1995) Development- and organ-specific expression of the genes for sucrose synthase and three isoenzymes of acid b-fructfuranosidase in carrot. Planta. 196: 601-610.
Sturm A, Chrispeels J (1990) cDNA cloning of carrot extracellular β-fructosidase and its expression in response to wounding and bacterial infection. The Plant Cell 2: 1107-1119.
Sturm A, Lienhard S, Schatt S, Hardegger M, (1999) Tissue-specific expression of two genes for sucrose synthase in carrot(Daucus carota L.). PMB 39: 349-360.
Sung HY, Huang WC (1994) Purification and characterization of cell-wall-bound invertase from rice (Oryza sativa) grains. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 19: 75-83.
Tarentino AL, Gomez CM, Plummer THJr (1985) Deglycosylation of asparagine-liked glycans by peptide:N-glycosidase F. Biochemistry 24: 4665-4671.
Tomme P, van Beeumen J, Claeyssens M (1992) Modification of catalytically important carboxyl residues in endoglucanase D from Clostridium thermocellum. Biochem J 285: 319-324.
Tschopp JF, Sverlow G, Kosson R, Craig W, Grinna L (1987) High-level secretion of glycosylated invertase in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. Bio/Technology 5: 1305-1308.
Ueda Y, Ishiyama H, Fukui M, Nishi A (1974) Invertase in cultured Daucus carota cells. Phytochemistry 13: 383-387.
Unger Ch, Hardegger M, Lienhard S, Sturm A (1994) cDNA cloning of carrot (Daucus carota) soluble acid β-fructosidases and comparison with the cell wall isoenzyme. Plant Physiology 104: 1351-1357.
Vangrysperre W, Kersters-Hilderson H, Callens M, De Bruyne CK, (1989) Reaction of Woodward''s reagent K with D-xylose isomerases. Modification of an active site carboxylate residue. Biochem J 260: 163-169.
Vangrysperre W, Callens M, Kersters-Hilderson H, De Bruyne CK, (1988) Evidence for an essential histidine residue in D-xylose isomerases. Biochem J 250: 153-160.
Vangrysperre W, Van Damme J, Vandekerckhove J, De Bruyne CK, Cornelis R, Kersters-Hilderson H (1990) Localization of the essential histidine and carboxylate group in D-xylose isomerases. Biochem J 265: 699-705.
von Schaewen A, Stitt M, Schmidt R, Sonnewald U, Willmitzer L (1990) Expression of yeast-derived invertase in the cell wall of tobacco and Arabidopsis plants leads to accumulation of carbohydrate and inhibition of photosynthesis strongly influences growth and phenotype of transgenic tobacco plants. The EMSO Journal 9:3033-3044.
Vorster DJ, Botha FC (1998) Partial purification and characterization of sugarcane neutral invertase. Phytochemistry 49: 651-655.
Walker RP, Pollock CJ (1993) The purification and characterization of soluble acid invertase from coleoptiles of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Avalon). J Experimental Botany 44: 1029-1037.
Weber H, Borisjuk L, Wobus U (1997) Sugar import and metabolism during seed development. Trends in Plant Science 2(5): 169-174.
Weil, M. and T. Rausch (1990) Cell wall invertase in tobacco crown gall cells: enzyme properties and regulation by auxin. Plant Physiol. 94: 1575-1581.
Weil M, Rausch T (1990) Cell wall invertase in tobacco crown gall cells: enzyme properties and regulation by auxin. Plant Physiol 94: 1575-1581.
Wijnands RA, Muller F (1982) A study of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase from Pseudomonas fluorescens: Chemical modification of histine residues. Biochemistry 21: 6639-6646.
Wu LL, Song I, Karuppiah N, Kaufman PB (1993) Kinetic induction of oat shoot pulvinus invertase mRNA by gravistimulation and partial cDNA cloning by the polymerase chain reaction. Plant Molecular Biology 21: 1175-1179.
Xu J, Avigne WT, McCarty DR, Koch KE (1996) A similar dichotomy of sugar modulation and development expression affects both paths of sucrose metabolism: evidence from a maize invertase gene family. The Plant Cell 8:1209-1220.
Yamada H, Imoto T, Fujita K, Okazaki K, Motomura M (1981) Selective modification of aspartic acid-101 in lysozyme by carbodiimide reaction. Biochemistry 20: 4836-4842.
Yamasaki N, Hatakeyama T, Ohba H, Funatsu G (1989) Significance of the histidine residue at the high affinity saccharide-binding site of ricin E. Agric Biol Chem 53(11): 2981-2986.
Yamasaki N, Kajiwara J, Morimoto K, Hatakeyama T, Funatsu G (1989) Chemical modification of ricin D with N-acetylimidazole. Agric Biol Chem 53(6): 1617-1623.
Yelle S, Chetelat RT, Dorais M, DeVernaj W, Bennett AB (1991) Sink metabolism in tomato fruit. IV. Genetic and biochemical analysis of sucrose accumulation. Plant Physiol 95: 1026-1035.
Zhou D, Mattoo A, Li N, Imaseki H, Solomos (1994) Complete nucleotide sequence of potato tuber acid invertase cDNA . Plant Physiology 106:397-398.
Z Tymowska Lalanne, M Kreis (1998) The plant invertase: physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Advances in botanical research incorporating advances in plant pathology. 28: 72-110.