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研究生:馬肇明
研究生(外文):ChaoMing Ma
論文名稱:柴油引擎排放物對動物呼吸道之病理研究
論文名稱(外文):Pathological Changes of Respiratory Tract in Animal Exposed to Diesel Engine Exhaust
指導教授:朱瑞民朱瑞民引用關係劉瑞生
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:獸醫學研究所
學門:獸醫學門
學類:獸醫學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:1999
畢業學年度:87
語文別:中文
論文頁數:102
中文關鍵詞:柴油引擎排放物ICR小鼠呼吸道病理檢查血液相變化
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摘 要
柴油引擎排放物為都市空氣中懸浮微粒的主要來源,但過去流行病學調查並不能建立柴油引擎排放之懸浮微粒與人類呼吸道疾病的關係。因此本實驗以倍增之柴油引擎排放懸浮微粒濃度及固定之氣體排放物濃度,以自然吸入的方式給予ICR小鼠,探討柴油引擎排放物對呼吸道的致害。
實驗分為長期及短期暴露兩個部分,長期實驗共有四個不同暴露濃度之實驗組及一個對照組,各組每天暴露柴油引擎排放物兩小時,每週五天,進行六個月,在停止暴露後繼續觀察兩個月。各組暴露濃度分別為低濃度實驗組:PM2.5(懸浮微粒直徑在2.5μm以下者濃度) =1.33mg/m3; PM10(懸浮微粒直徑在10μm以下者濃度)=212.5mg/m3; TSP(總懸浮微粒濃度)=320mg/m3, NOx(氮氧化物濃度)=31ppm, CO(一氧化碳濃度)=115ppm,O2(氧百分比)=20.2%,中濃度實驗組:PM2.5=2.21mg/m3;PM10=411.8mg/m3;TSP=593.6mg/m3, NOx=33ppm, CO=120ppm, O2=20.0%,次高濃度實驗組:PM2.5=5.13mg/m3; PM10 =866.7mg/m3; TSP=1367.8mg/m3, NOx=38ppm,CO=128ppm, O2=19.8%,最高濃度實驗組:PM2.5=9.51mg/m3;PM10=1605.33mg/m3; TSP =2364.9mg/m3,Nox =40ppm,CO=150ppm, O2=19.4%,對照組:NOx=35ppm, CO=121ppm, O2=19.6%。短期實驗以三週齡及七週齡小鼠分為實驗組及對照組進行每天八小時,每週五天,一個月的暴露,在停止暴露後繼續觀察一個月,實驗組暴露濃度為PM2.5=5.13mg/m3; PM10=866.7 mg/m3;TSP=1367.8mg/m3,NOx=38ppm,CO=128ppm,O2=19.8%,對照組暴露濃度為PM2.5=1.07mg/m3;PM10=14.27mg/m3;TSP=24.8 mg/m3, NOx=35ppm, CO=121ppm, O2=19.6%
暴露柴油引擎氣體排放物之對照組可見細支氣管上皮細胞增生及肥大,肺泡腔擴大,肺泡壁增厚,肺靜脈鬱血及部分肺泡腔內有蛋白質樣滲出液等病變。實驗組可見肺臟表面有黑斑形成,進入肺臟的黑色微粒直徑由200nm到3μm,黑色微粒可見於細支氣管管腔及其周圍組織、肺泡上皮細胞表面及肺泡巨噬細胞內,肺門淋巴結內也可見黑色微粒沉積。次高與最高濃度實驗組可見黑色微粒沉積於第一型肺泡上皮細胞質及氣血屏障之結締組織中,造成氣血屏障明顯增厚。暴露五、六個月的最高濃度實驗組發現有細支氣管上皮細胞來源的腫瘤。停止暴露後可見黑斑變小,肺中黑色微粒沈積量變少,細支氣管上皮細胞恢復正常。
暴露柴油引擎排放物可明顯減緩動物體重的增加,而紅血球、血紅素、血容比、肺濕重及實驗組肺臟黑色微粒沉積量與暴露濃度及時間成正比,各數值在停止暴露後皆有下降的情形。年齡較小者對柴油引擎排放物的生理數值反應明顯高於年齡較大的小鼠。
摘要………………………………………………………………….I
目錄………………………………………………………………….III
表次………………………………………………………………….V
圖次………………………………………………………………….VI
第一章 緒言……………………………………………………….1
第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………….4
第一節 柴油引擎之發展與其排放物
之理化特性………………………………………….4
第二節 柴油引擎排放物之致害性………………………….7
I. 柴油引擎氣體排放物之致害性………………………...7
II. 柴油引擎排放懸浮微粒之組織病理致害…………….9
III.柴油引擎排放懸浮微粒之致癌性……………………13
第三節 吸入懸浮微粒在呼吸系統之分佈及
呼吸系統清除機制…………………………………..17
第四節 柴油引擎排放物致害之流行病學調查……………..22
第三章 材料與方法………………………………………………..24
第一節 實驗材料……………………………………………24
A.實驗動物………………………………………………24
B.器材…………………………………………………….24
C.藥品…………………………………………………….27
第二節 實驗方法…………………………………………….28
(一) 柴油引擎排放物長期暴露實驗………………….28
(二) 柴油引擎排放物短期暴露實驗………………….32
第四章 實驗結果…………………………………………………...34
(一) 柴油引擎排放物長期暴露實驗………………………...34
1. 體重變化………………………………………………34
2. 對實驗動物行為的影響………………………………35
3. 血液相檢查……………………………………………35
4. 病理檢查………………………………………………39
(二) 柴油引擎排放物短期暴露實驗………………………...46
1.體重變化………………………………………………46
2.血液相檢查……………………………………………47
3.病理檢查………………………………………………48
第五章 討論………………………………………………………...83
參考文獻……………………………………………………………...92
表 次
表一 長期暴露實驗各實驗組及對照組所暴露
柴油引擎排放物濃度…………………………………………..31
圖 次
圖一 實驗組暴露籠…………………………………………………..52
圖二 對照組暴露籠…………………………………………………..52
圖三 暴露室外牆上抽屜……………………………………………..53
圖四 抽屜底座打洞以促進空氣流通………………………………..53
圖五 將暴露籠置於抽屜中的情形…………………………………..54
圖六 柴油引擎排放物直接導入暴露室內…………………………..54
圖七 安裝於柴油引擎上之油壓系統………………………………..55
圖八 控制引擎負荷之壓力計………………………………………..55
圖九 氣體綜合分析儀………………………………………………..56
圖十 空氣品質監測儀:PM10、PM2.5…………………………….56
圖十一 空氣品質監測儀:TSP……………………………………...57
圖十二 長期暴露實驗小鼠體重變化………………………………..57
圖十三 經兩小時暴露後小鼠外觀…………………………………..58
圖十四 長期暴露實驗小鼠RBC變化………………………………58
圖十五 長期暴露實驗小鼠HGB變化………………………………59
圖十六 長期暴露實驗小鼠PCV變化……………………………….59
圖十七 長期暴露實驗小鼠肺濕重變化……………………………...60
圖十八 長期暴露實驗小鼠肺臟外觀變化…………………………..61
圖十九 小鼠 肺臟 暴露一個月之對照組…………………………..62
圖二十 小鼠 肺臟 暴露三個月之對照組…………………………..62
圖二十一 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之中濃度實驗組………………..63
圖二十二 小鼠 肺臟 暴露三個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..64
圖二十三 小鼠 肺臟 暴露一個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..64
圖二十四 小鼠 肺臟 暴露五個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..65
圖二十五 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..65
圖二十六 小鼠 肺臟 暴露停止二個月之最高濃度實驗組………..66
圖二十七 小鼠 肺臟 暴露停止一個月之最高濃度實驗組………..66
圖二十八 小鼠 肺臟 暴露停止一個月之最高濃度實驗組………..67
圖二十九 小鼠 肺臟 暴露五個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..67
圖三十 小鼠 肺臟 暴露五個月之最高濃度實驗組………………..68
圖三十一 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..68
圖三十二 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..69
圖三十三 小鼠 肺門淋巴結 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……..69
圖三十四 小鼠 肝臟 暴露四個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..70
圖三十五 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..70
圖三十六 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之中濃度實驗組………………..71
圖三十七 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之次高濃度實驗組……………..71
圖三十八 小鼠 氣管肺泡沖洗液
暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組…………………………..71
圖三十九 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..72
圖四十 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之最高濃度實驗組………………..72
圖四十一 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..73
圖四十二 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之對照組………………………..73
圖四十三 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之中濃度實驗組………………..74
圖四十四 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之中濃度實驗組………………..74
圖四十五 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..75
圖四十六 小鼠 肺門淋巴結 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……..75
圖四十七 小鼠 肺臟 暴露五個月之低濃度實驗組………………..76
圖四十八 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之次高濃度實驗組……………..76
圖四十九 小鼠 肺臟 暴露四個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..77
圖五十 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組………………..77
圖五十一 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..78
圖五十二 小鼠 肺臟 暴露六個月之最高濃度實驗組……………..78
圖五十三 長期暴露實驗小鼠肺臟400倍下
沉積之黑色微粒面積變化………………………………..79
圖五十四 短期暴露實驗三週齡小鼠體重變化……………………..79
圖五十五 短期暴露實驗七週齡小鼠體重變化……………………..80
圖五十六 短期暴露實驗小鼠RBC變化……………………………80
圖五十七短期暴露實驗小鼠HGB變化……………………………..81
圖五十八短期暴露實驗小鼠PCV變化……………………………...81
圖五十九短期暴露實驗小鼠肺濕重變化…………………………….82
圖六十 短期暴露實驗小鼠肺臟400倍下
沉積之黑色微粒面積變化……………………………………82
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