在本文中，我們介紹了一種兩級、低消耗功率、且輸入和輸出的範圍均具有軌對軌的CMOS 運算放大器。利用 Huijsing 等人的想法 [30]，我們設計的放大器可以工作在高頻率, 高直流增益和在軌對軌狀態時具有常數的電導值。本放大器的特性為即使外加供應電壓降至3V時，此放大器仍然能有效地工作。在外加供應電壓為3V、負載為10 、3pF的狀況下，此放大器仍然保持80dB以上的直流放大增益、且其增益頻寬積為6.68 MHz、迴轉率是 7.18 、抵補電壓為0.18mV。同樣的，此一放大器的增益頻寬積與功率消耗的比值為5.85 。若是在外加供應電壓為5V情況時，所有結果均比3V情況好。此外，此一放大器除了在輸出端具有軌對軌輸出外，在輸入端具有一不變電導值且具有軌對軌的共模輸入電壓範圍。 因此, 在本文所提出的電路將可以滿足各種應用的需求。

In this thesis, we present an efficient two-stage, compact, low- power CMOS operational amplifier with rail-to-rail input and output ranges. Inspired by Huijsing et. al.'s idea [30], this operational amplifier was designed to function at high frequency, high dc gain and rail-to-rail constant transconductance. Even though the supply voltage is down to 3V, it still can function properly and efficiently. For the 3V case, the dc gain of this Op-Amp is more than 80dB while driving 10 , and the unity-gain frequency is 6.68 MHz while driving 3pF. The slew-rate is 7.18 and the offset voltage is 0.18mV. Also this Op-Amp has a unity-gain frequency to power supply ratio of 5.85 for a capacitive load 3pF. For the 5V case, all results are better than those of 3V case. In addition to rail-to-rail output voltage swing, the Op-Amp has a constant g over the whole common-mode input voltage range. Therefore, the circuit presented in this thesis can be a wide range of requirements.

CHPATER 1 Introduction ………………………………… 1
1.1 Motivation ……………………………………………… 1
1.2 Contribution …………………………………………… 3
1.3 Outline ………………………………………………… 5
CHAPTER 2 Relative Survey and Background …………… 6
2.1 Background …………………………………………… 7
2.2.1 Gate Source Voltage ………………………………… 9
2.1.2 Signal Swing ………………………………………… 15
2.2 Relative Survey of Op-Amp Design Methodology…… 17
2.2.1 Input Stage ………………………………………… 18
2.2.2 Output Stage ………………………………………… 22
2.3 Conclusion …………………………………………… 25
CHPATER 3 Design Methodology ……………………… 27
3.1 Design Consideration………………………………… 27
3.2 Input Stage …………………………………………… 30
3.3 Circuit Description …...……………………………… 34
CHPATER 4 Simulation Results ………………………… 40
CHPATER 5 Summary and Future Work ………………… 55
5.1 Conclusion Summary ………………………………… 55
5.2 Future Work ………………………………………… 58
Reference ………………………………………………… 59
Appendix ………………………………………………… 65

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