臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

危險性化學品之儲存與輸送過程常發生事故，輸送事故會造成火災、爆炸與毒性物質的外洩。輸送危險包括槽車碰撞、槽車翻覆解體及在裝載或卸載操作的過程上。本論文之目的首先在建立液化石油氣槽車為火焰吞沒之熱效應模式，氣槽車事故所伴隨的熱風險亦一併提出。其次以安全檢核表分析液化石油氣灌裝場槽車卸收之安全作業標準，然後評估液化石油氣槽車之槽體附屬安全裝置；接著探討液化石油氣槽車之運輸安全，最後我們提出液化石油氣事故發生時相關之緊急應變與規劃。
於熱風險分析中估算出：(1) 其危險半徑愈小，致死機率愈高；(2) 致死機率隨著熱輻射量的增加而升高；(3) LPG洩露量愈大，熱輻射量愈高，致死機率自然也愈高。於熱效應模式中模擬出：(1) 槽體裝填度愈大，蒸氣及蒸氣壁部份升溫愈快，而液體及液體壁部份升溫愈慢；(2) 熱輻射量愈大，槽車升溫愈快；(3) 只有太陽曝曬時，裝填度愈低其蒸氣壓愈大，於長時間曝曬下愈危險。

Transport accidents occur during the transport and storage of hazardous substances. The events that can give rise to hazards include particularly accident impact, container failure, and loading and unloading operations. The purposes of this thesis are five-fold. First, we developed a computer model in order to determine the thermal response of an LPG tank lorry involved in the fire engulfment accidents. The risk associated with the thermal radiation due to a BLEVE of the LPG tank lorry was analyzed. Second, we used a process hazard checklist to investigate the standard operating procedure (SOP) during loading and unloading for the LPG tank lorry station. Third, we examined the safety equipment on the gas tank lorry. Fourth, we explored the transportation safety of LPG tank lorry. Lastly, we studied the emergency response and planning in the event of accidents.
From the thermal risk analysis, we conclude: (1) the larger the hazardous radius, the lower the fatality; (2) the higher the thermal radiation, the higher the fatality; and (3) the larger the released quantity, the higher the thermal intensity. Form the thermal response model, we conclude: (1) the higher the filling capacity, the higher the temperature rising rate of the mean bulk vapor and heated-vapor-wall; however, the higher the filling capacity, the lower the temperature rising rate of the mean bulk liquid and heated-liquid-wall; (2) the higher the thermal intensity received by the tank lorry, the higher the temperature rising rate of the mean bulk vapor; (3) In the event of solar radiation alone, the lower the filling capacity, the higher the vapor pressure in the tank trunk; therefore, long-term exposure to solar radiation can be risky business.

目 錄
中文摘要‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅰ
Abstract‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅱ
誌謝‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅲ
目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅳ
圖索引‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅶ
表索引‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅹ
第一章緒論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
1-1計畫緣起‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
1-2研究目的與方法‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥5
第二章氣槽車安全理論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥6
2-1災害案例統計‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥6
2-2液化石油氣之重大事故分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥9
2-3氣槽車安全之理論分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥13
2-3-1液化石油氣之蒸氣壓與比重‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥14
2-3-2靜電安全理論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥17
2-3-3槽體灌裝量與液位關係‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥25
2-3-4液化石油氣爆炸威力估算‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥27
2-3-5熱輻射風險分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥31
2-3-6槽車熱效應模式‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥38
2-3-7槽車用熄燄器‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥50
第三章氣槽車安全檢核表分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥53
3-1灌裝與卸收作業流程‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥53
3-2加氣站設備系統‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥57
3-3液化石油氣灌裝場灌裝程序‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥60
3-4加氣站卸收作業程序‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥62
3-5相關法規摘要‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥65
3-6液化石油氣灌裝場安全分析檢核表‥‥‥‥‥‥65
第四章化學槽車安全設計‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥66
4-1中國CNS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥66
4-2美國DOT‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥66
4-3氣槽車附屬安全設備‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥75
4-4氣槽車現況分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥78
第五章氣槽車之運輸安全‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥83
5-1運輸安全‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥83
5-2氣槽車運輸風險分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥87
第六章氣槽車運輸事故之緊急應變與規劃‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥93
6-1灌裝與卸收作業區事故‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥93
6-1-1緊急應變運作流程與組織‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥93
6-1-2緊急應變設備之置備與外援單位‥‥‥‥‥‥103
6-1-3緊急應變演練計畫與演練紀錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥103
6-1-4緊急應變計畫之修正‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥103
6-2道路運輸事故‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥104
第七章結論與建議‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥106
符號說明‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥110
參考文獻‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥115
附錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥119
附錄一 液化石油氣物質安全資料表‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥119
附錄二 電腦程式(危險半徑)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥122
附錄三 電腦程式(立方雲規內插法)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥126
附錄四 電腦程式(RKF演算法)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥130
附錄五 電腦程式(熱效應模式)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥136
附錄六 相關法規摘要‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥155
附錄七 液化石油氣灌裝場安全分析檢核表‥‥‥‥‥169
附錄八 中國國家標準CNS7248‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥200

參 考 文 獻
[1]中國石油學會，"石油工業：臺灣經濟奇蹟的主角"，中華民國行政機關出版品展示中心，52-60，1993年12月。
[2]TNO-Institute of Enviromental and Energy Technology PC-FACTS(version 1.1).,; Database for Industrial Safety, User Manmal for NIOSH of Labor Council, Taiwan. (1993).
[3]Chemstations, Inc., CHEMCAD III User Guide, Chemstations Inc., Texas, USA (1997).
[4]段開紀，"靜電與油料安全"，工業污染防治，第4卷第4期， p.188-189，民國74年10月。
[5]F.G. Eichel, "Electrostatics", Chemical Engineering, March 13, p.153-167, (1967).
[6]Crowl, D.A. and J.F. Louvar, "Chemical Process safety: Fundamentals with Applications", Prentice Hall, New Jersey , p.189, (1990).
[7]Hardee, H.C. and D.J. Lee, "A Simple Conduction Model for Skin Burns Resulting from Exposure to Chemical Fireball", Fire Research, (1): 199-205, (1977).
[8]Eisenberg, N.A. et.al., "Vulnerability Model-A Simulation System for Assessing Damage Resulting from Marine Spills", U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Research and Development, Report No. CG-D-136-75, NTISAD-015-245, Springfield, VA.(1975).
[9]Crowl, D.A. and J.F. Louvar, "Chemical Process safety: Fundamentals with Applications", Prentice Hall, New Jersey , p.37,64, (1990).
[10]陳錫仁，林滿興，趙富源，吳鴻鈞，張承明，"球形瓦斯儲槽之熱效應模式與相關法規研究"，勞工安全衛生研究季刊，第六卷第四期，第45-60頁，民國87年12月。
[11]AIChE/CCPS, Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, p.126, New York, (1989).
[12]Pietersen, C.M., "Analysis of the LPG-Disaster in Mexico City", J. Hazardous Mat., 20. 85(1988).
[13]Roberts, A.F., "Thermal Radiation Hazards from Releases of LPG from Pressurized Storage", Fire Safety J., (3): 197, 4 (1981).
[14]Hymes, I. "The Physiological and Pathological Effects of Thermal Radiation", UKAEA Safety and Reliability Directorate, Report SRD R275, Culcheth, UK(1983).
[15]Chen, H.J., M.H. Lin, and F.Y. Chao, "Thermal Response Model and Thermal Risk Analysis for LPG Storage", J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., Vol.29, no.1, p.45-53, (1998).
[16]Chen, H.J., M.H. Lin, and F.Y. Chao, "Thermal Response Analysis for Spherical LPG Storage Tank", J. Chem. Eng. Japan, Vol.32, no.1, p.153-157, (1999).
[17]Raphael, J.M., "Prediction of temperature in rivers and reservoirs", Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng.,J. Power Division, 88, 157-165, (1962).
[18]Hadjisophocleous, G.V., A.C.M. Sousa and J.E.S. Venart, "Mathematical Modelling of LPG Tank Subjected to Full and Partial Fire Engulfment," Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 30, 629, (1990).
[19]Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, 7th ed. In SI units, McGraw-Hill, New York, p.354, (1954).
[20]Incropera, F.P. and D.P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, p.636, (1992).
[21]Mills, A.F. Heat Transfer, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, p636 (1992).
[22]API 2510A, Fire-Protection Considerations for the Design and Operation of LPG Storage Facilities, 1989.
[23]行政院勞工安全衛生研究所委託研究報告「車用滅焰器之效能評估」，IOSH87S-111。
[24]行政院勞工委員會; "液化石油氣灌裝場設備安全作業標準"， 5月，(81年)。
[25]Center for Chemical Process Safety, Guidelines for Chemical Transportation Risk Analysis, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. (1995)
[26]劉炳材，"國內液化石油氣槽車承造程序"，車輛公會會訊第43、44期，8、9月，(86年)。
[27]吳青蓉，徐啟銘，鄒美珍，林金柱，"油氣罐車作業安全(上)"，石油季刊，第34卷第3期，(87年)。
[28]蕭世欽，"公路槽車運輸風險分析技術"，工業安全科技，經濟部工業局，第18卷，(84年)。