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研究生:田正品
研究生(外文):Samuel Zheng-Pin Tien
論文名稱:中文「被」字句之泛時性與共時性研究
論文名稱(外文):A Diachronic and Synchronic Study on the BEI Construction in Mandarin Chinese
指導教授:劉小梅劉小梅引用關係
指導教授(外文):Hsiao-Mei Liu
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:語言學研究所
學門:人文學門
學類:語言學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2000
畢業學年度:88
語文別:英文
論文頁數:94
中文關鍵詞:被動語態被字句受事主語不幸的語意
外文關鍵詞:passive voicebeipatient subjectadversityagent
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本文定義被動句為:主語為受事者,而非其它論旨角色的句子。文中針對一些關於「被」字被動句之以訛傳訛的說法,進行檢測。
首先,「被」字被動句長久以來被認為只能用來傳達不幸的語意﹔其次,所有並未表達不幸含意的被動句,則被認為是古代翻譯者將印歐語言中的被動句逐字直譯成中文「被」字被動句的結果。這樣的歸因,本只是少數語言學者的揣測,缺乏證據,難以採信。
本文提出兩個主要證據來反駁此歸因。第一項證據為跨時代的古書中所搜尋到的許多表達非不幸用法的「被」字被動句,第二項證據為存在於英語被動句和現代中文「被」字被動句間的許多差異。事實證明在中國古代翻譯者能夠發揮任何影響力之前許久,中文裡早就已經有許多表達非不幸語意的「被」字被動句﹔因此,「被」字被動句不必然和不幸語意相關,現代中文裡其非不幸用法亦不宜視為被逐字翻譯影響的結果。沒有證據的個人臆測不應成為人云亦云的學說。
此外,本文亦對現代中文「被」字被動句的語意及語法特質,提出一些新的看法。
In this thesis, passives are defined as sentences where speakers select a patient as the subject. Some misinterpretations of BEI passives which have long been taken for granted are re-examined.
First, it has been believed that the BEI construction denotes only something unfortunate or unfavorable. Secondly, those grammatical passives which do not denote adversity have been imputed to ancient translators who are said to mechanically translate passives in Indo-European languages into Mandarin BEI construction. However, these kinds of attribution, stemming from the speculation of some linguists, lack evidence to become truth.
Two main pieces of evidence are proposed to refute the imputation. A large number of BEI passives in nonadversity usage are diachronically grubbed out from ancient books as the first evidence. Also a contrast between English passives and modern Mandarin passives is made as the second one. It is proved that there had been BEI passives in nonadversity usage in Chinese long before any ancient translators could exert their influence. As a result, BEI passives do not have necessary relations with the denotation of adversity, and their nonadversity usage in modern Mandarin should not be viewed as having been affected by literal translation. Personal speculation should never be enlarged into me-tooism.
Besides, some syntactical and semantic explorations on modern BEI construction are made to cast new light.
Chapter I Introduction1
1.1 Motivation1
1.2 Literature Review5
1.3 Purpose11
1.4 Methodology11
1.5 Organization13
Chapter II Passive Voice14
2.1 Voice14
2.2 Thematic Roles17
2.2.1 Agent and Patient18
2.2.2 Agent/Patient vs. Subject/Object20
2.3 Active vs. Passive Voice22
2.3.1 Derived from Actives?23
2.3.2 Functions of Passives25
2.4 Passives in English and Japanese27
2.4.1 English Passives28
2.4.2 Japanese Passives29
2.5 Summary32
Chapter III Diachronic Study on Ancient Mandarin Passives34
3.1 Major Passive Forms in Chinese35
3.1.1 The Yu/Hu Passive37
3.1.2 The Jian Passive 39
3.1.3 The Wei Passive40
3.1.4 The BEI Passive42
3.2 Evolution of BEI45
3.3 Influenced by Translators or Not?48
3.3.1 Traditional Attribution49
3.3.2 Brief History of Chinese Translation53
3.3.3 Relations Between BEI and Translation56
3.4 Summary57
Chapter IV Synchronic Study on BEI Passives in Modern Mandarin59
4.1 Syntactic Analysis of BEI Passives60
4.1.1 The Patient Part (NP1)61
4.1.2 The BEI Part64
4.1.2.1 Grammatical Category and Functions of BEI64
4.1.2.2 The Deletion of BEI69
4.1.3 The Agent Part (NP2)72
4.1.4 The Verb Part (VP)73
4.1.5 BEI Passives in Clauses76
4.2 Semantic Analysis of BEI Passives78
4.2.1 Contrast Between Mandarin and English Passives79
4.2.2 Adversity and Nonadversity83
4.3 Summary86
Chapter V Conclusion88
References 90
I. English References
Allan, K. 1986. Linguistic Meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Berk, L. M. 1999. English Syntax. New York: Oxford UP.
Bolinger, D. 1980. Language - The Loaded Weapon. London: Longman.-
Budwig, N. 1990. "The Linguistic Marking of Nonprototypical Agency: An Exploration into Children''s Use of Passives." Linguistics 28: 1221-1252.
Canning, D. 1986. Common Mistakes of Chinese Students in English Usage. 2nd ed. Taipei: Crane.
Chao, Y. R. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angelos: California UP.
-----. 1970. Language and Symbolic Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Chappell, H. 1986. "Formal and Colloquial Adversity Passives in Standard Chinese." Linguistics 24: 1025-1052.
Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton: Hague.
-----. 1972. Language and Mind. HBJ.
-----. 1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.
Chu, C. C. 1973. "The Passive Construction: Chinese and English." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1: 437-471.
-----. 1987. Historical Syntax-Theory and Application to Chinese. Taipei: Crane.
Comrie, B. 1988. "Passive and Voice." M. Shibatani (ed.) Passive and Voice, 9-23. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
-----. 1989. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. 2nd ed. Chicago: Chicago UP.
Crystal, D. 1991. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell.
Dowty, D. R. 1986. "Thematic roles and semantics." Nikeforidou, et al. (eds.) Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Fillmore, C. J. 1968. "The Case for Case." Bach, E. and Harms, R. J. (eds.) Universals in Linguistic Theory, 1-90. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Givon, T. 1990. Syntax: a Functional - Typological Introduction. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
Hall Jr. R. A. 1964. Introductory Linguistics. Taipei: Rainbow-bridge.
Hashimoto, A. Y. 1971. "Descriptive Adverbials and the Passive Construction." Unicorn 7, 84-93. Princeton: Princeton UP.
Hashimoto, M. J. 1969. "Observations on the Passive Construction." Unicorn 5, 59-71. Princeton: Princeton UP.
-----. 1988. "The Structure and Typology of the Chinese Passive Construction." M. Shibatani (ed.) Passive and Voice, 329-354. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Her, O. S. 1989. "An LFG account of Chinese bei sentence." Journal of Chinese Teachers Association 14(3), 67-89.
Jackendoff, R. S. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge: MIT UP.
-----. 1990. Semantic Structures. Cambridge: MIT UP.
Jespersen, O. 1924. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin.
Kierman, F. A. 1969. "Night-Thoughts on the Passive." Unicorn 5, 72-78. Princeton: Princeton UP.
Kuo, F. T. 1995. Children''s Use of the Chinese Passive. M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
Li, C. N. & S. A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: California UP.
Li, Y. C., et al. 1989. Mandarin Chinese: A Practical Reference Grammar for Students and Teachers. Taipei: Crane.
Lyons, J. 1968. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Mangione, L. S. 1982. The Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics of Causative, Passive and ''Ba'' Constructions in Mandarin. Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell University.
Matthews, P. 1994. "Greek and Latin Linguistics." G. Lepschy (ed.) History of Linguistics, vol. 2, 1-96. London: Longman.
O''Grady, W. & M. Dobrovolsky. 1988. Contemporary Linguistic Analysis. Taipei: Crane.
Palmer, F. R. 1976. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Saeed, J. I. 1997. Semantics. Malden: Blackwell.
Shibatani, M. 1988. "Introduction." M. Shibatani (ed.) Passive and Voice, 1-8. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Siewierska, A. 1984. The Passive: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis. London: Groom Helm.
Tsao, F. F. 1988. "The Functions of Mandarin gei and Taiwanese hou in the double object and passive constructions." Huang, S. F. and R. L. Cheng (eds.) The Structure of Taiwanese: A Modern Syntheses, 196-280. Taipei: Crane.
Tseng, C. F. 1997. The Acquisition of the Bei Construction in Chinese. M.A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei.
Wu, Y. J. 1997. Chinese Children''s Comprehension Strategies on Bei Construction and Other Related Structures. M.A. Thesis, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei.
II. Chinese References
王 力. 1944. 中國語法理論. 上海: 中華.
-----. 1957. "漢語被動式的發展." 語言學論叢 1, 1-16. 北京: 商務.
-----. 1958. 漢語史稿. 北京: 科學.
-----. 1992. 中國現代語法. 上海: 上海.
王 還. 1959. 把字句和被字句. 上海: 上海教育. Reprinted in vol. II of 語文彙編. 香港. 1969.
宋采娃. 1958. "關於確定漢語動句主語的標準." 語言學論叢, Vol. II. 上海: 新知識.
李 珊. 1994. 現代漢語被字句研究. 北京: 北京大學.
李人鑒. 1980. "關於被動句." 揚州師院學報1980年2期.
周法高. 1975. 中國語言學論文集. 台北: 聯經.
高名凱. 1948. 漢語語法論. 上海: 開明.
殷志平. 1989. "被字句研究綜述." 中國語文天地1989年5期.
陳玉剛. 1989. 中國翻譯文學史稿. 北京: 中國對外翻譯.
張振玉. 1987. 譯學概論. 台北: 文翔.
湯廷池. 1979. 國語語法研究論集. 台北: 台灣學生.
-----. 1992. 漢語詞法句法四集. 台北: 台灣學生.
程祥徽, 田小琳. 1992. 現代漢語. 台北: 書林.
劉小梅. 1997. 國閩客語的動態文法體系及動態詞的上加動貌語意. 台北: 文鶴.
蔣冀騁, 吳福祥. 1997. 近代漢語綱要. 湖南: 湖南教育.
橋本萬太郎. 1987. "漢語被動式的歷史區域發展." 中國語文1987年1期.
III. Japanese References
生水史. 1996. "受け身形をマスターする." 日本語ジャーナル, May: 17-22.
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