臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

菠菜 (spinach)，學名Spinacia oleracea L.，在台灣為主要蔬菜之一，由於其營養豐富，含有大量的礦物質、維生素及膳食纖維等成分，故在營養上頗受注目，為一兼具有多種食品營養價值的蔬菜，又加上栽培容易，生育期短，為秋冬季重要的佳蔬。
菠菜是喜好硝酸態氮的作物之一，對於鈣的需要量也較大，本試驗為探討菠菜是否可以利用銨態氮，在酸性環境下是否可以生長，及鈣是否可以改善菠菜的生長，討論氮與鈣對於菠菜生長及其化學組成的影響，與鈣在菠菜植株中的重要性。試驗方式為施用三種不同氮型的氮肥（硝酸態氮、混合態氮及銨態氮），及三種鈣濃度 (0 mM、5 mM及10 mM)，做複因子試驗，共有九種處理，六重複，且使用水耕的方式種植於人工氣候室（日夜溫分別為20℃/15℃），使變因侷限於氮源種類和鈣源之有無，在水耕條件下，其他因子包括pH值都易於控制在所設定的特定狀態下，可得到氮源、鈣源與生長生理反應間較清楚的因果關係。在水耕的條件下種植四星期，植體採收後，測定株高、主根長、鮮重及乾重等，分析項目則有葉綠素、全醣、澱粉、氮、磷、鉀、鈣、鎂、鐵、錳、銅及鋅。
結果顯示菠菜於有硝酸態氮處理時生長好，於銨態氮處理時生長差。處理中添加鈣時都會改善生長，鮮重、乾重及含水量增加，全醣及澱粉蓄積量較多，葉綠素的濃度會被稀釋。在菠菜化學組成方面的影響，鈣的添加改善生長，使得大量元素的吸收增加，對於微量元素的影響則不明顯。總言之，菠菜為喜好硝酸態氮的作物，銨態氮太多時會對其造成毒害；無論氮的型態為何，有鈣都會改善生長；鈣有助於養分離子的吸收；鈣可以消除菠菜營養生理中的不利因子，在菠菜中具有重要的營養生理功能。

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of the main vegetables in Taiwan. It contains a large amount of minerals, vitamins, and diet fibers. So it is considered to be very nutritious. Spinach can be easily cultivated and its growth period is short. It is a very good vegetable crop in autumn and winter on Taiwan.
Spinach has been considered as a nitrate preferring plant, and at the same time, it requires quite a lot of calcium. This experiment is aimed at the elucidation of the suitability of ammonium nitrogen of spinach, also its growth in acidic environment, and calcium requirement for growth. The experiment is to elucidate the relationships of the growth of spinach and the chemical compositions in spinach especially to determine the importance of calcium in spinach physiology. The plants were grown hydroponically in phototron (day/night temperature is 20oC/15oC) by 3 x 3 factorial design with three levels of nitrogen factors, and three levels of calcium factors, six replications. Spinach plants was grown hydroponically for four weeks. The following characteristic features were determined: plant height, taproot length, fresh weight, dry weight. The contents of chlorophyll, total sugar, starch, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, and zinc, were determined.
Experimental results have shown, that the growth of spinach is better with nitrate nutrition, and worse with ammonium nutrition. The calcium has improved the growth. The fresh weight, dry weight, water content, the amount of total sugar and starch of calcium treated plot are increased; but chlorophyll concentration decreased, the absorption of macronutrients increased. Spinach is a nitrate preferring plant; under higher dosage of ammonium nutrition, ammonium toxicity symptoms can be observed. Whether nitrate or ammonium nutrition, calcium can improve the growth of spinach. The spinach absorbed more nutrients when the calcium is present, it seems that calcium can eliminate unfavorable factors in spinach physiology. It is obvious that the experimental results have shown that calcium for a normal nutritional-physiological function of the spinach plant.

摘要‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅰ
Abstract‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅲ
目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅴ
表目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅶ
圖目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅷ
照片目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅸ
附表目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥Ⅹ
前言‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
材料與方法‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥6
結果與討論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥16
一、不同營養液處理對菠菜生長、型態及營養狀態之影響‥‥‥‥16
1. 菠菜的株高及主根長‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 16
2. 菠菜的鮮重及乾重‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 16
3. 菠菜的含水量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 20
4. 菠菜地上部與地下部的比值‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 20
5. 菠菜的形態特徵‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 20
6. 菠菜的葉綠素濃度‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 26
7. 菠菜全醣與澱粉的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 26
二、不同營養液處理對菠菜化學組成之影響‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥30
1. 總氮的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 30
2. 硝酸態氮的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 32
3. 銨態氮的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 34
4. 不溶性氮的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 34
5. 磷的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 35
6. 鉀的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 37
7. 鈣的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 39
8. 鎂的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 41
9. 鐵的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 43
10. 錳的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 44
11. 銅的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 48
12. 鋅的濃度及量‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 50
結論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥52
參考文獻‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥53
附錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥60

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