臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人們所身處的情境與其接觸資訊的活動有著密切關聯。雖然情境﹙context﹚的重要性已經為學界所認同，此一名詞亦廣為使用，但由於缺乏明確而系統化的界定，幾乎所有未能定義但又與資訊行為有關的現象都被劃歸到「情境」概念當中。因此就學術研究的角度而言，學界對情境一詞的概念卻相當籠統模糊，同時亦未能系統化的說明情境與資訊行為的關係。文獻中顯示我們迫切地需要一套思考架構與分析性的語言，以幫助我們：﹙1﹚釐清情境之概念與意涵；﹙2﹚解釋情境在資訊行為架構中之定位；﹙3﹚系統化地展現情境與資訊行為之關係。
為釐清上述的混淆現象，本研究提出以下三個研究問題，試圖探索植物分類學博士論文研究的歷程中：
1. 構成博士論文研究的情境為何?
2. 博士生採取了哪些資訊行為?
3. 情境與資訊行為有何關係?
透過回答上述問題，研究者希望達成四項目標：第一、辨識與資訊行為有關之重要的情境。第二、建立描述情境的分析性語彙。第三、辨識情境與資訊行為之關係。第四、建立描述情境與資訊行為之關係的思考架構。
由於此一議題屬於探索性質，因此研究者採取開放的態度，運用自然探究法，希望根基於實證資料來建構理論。研究策略上採用個案研究設計與自然研究取向。資料蒐集方面結合深度訪談、受訪者日誌，與受訪者文件等多元的資料以獲取整體的理解。資料分析方面以紮根理論與內容分析方法，進行單一個案與跨個案的分析比較。在增強研究品質與可信度上，除了加強研究者的背景知識外，同時亦採納三角交叉驗證、研究同儕參與討論，與受訪者再驗證等數種策略。
研究結果發現，就巨觀層次而言，博士論文研究的整體情境就如同一場知識發現的旅程。就次巨觀層次而言，整個博士論文研究歷程由一個個特定時空點下的狀況所構成。就微觀層次而言，博士論文研究歷程中情境包含了四項因素，分別是：學界生態、任務類型、問題類型，與資訊可及性。後三個構面同時可用以描述此一情境在特定時空點下的狀態，共同構成了博士論文研究歷程中各種特定的狀況。本研究以實證資料具體描述情境概念多元面向、多層次、與動態的三項特質。
就資訊行為方面，研究者以意圖、資訊來源、活動，以及資訊標的物等四個面向，辨識出五種資訊行為類型：尋求型、降低不確定型、吸收型、傳佈型，與增加價值型。
就情境與資訊行為之關係方面，本研究具體說明了在不同的層次上，情境與資訊行為之間呈現著多元關係。整體而言，資訊行為是對情境的覺察與回應；在次巨觀層次上呈現對應關係；在微觀層次上呈現互動關係與單向影響關係。
總結而言，就實務、理論、研究三個層面，本研究具有如下貢獻。就實務層面而言，本研究揭露了植物分類學研究在資訊之使用偏好上的特色，以及博士研究歷程當中的資訊行為。針對學術圖書館的資訊服務提出四點建議：
1. 增進圖書館與館外資源在取用上的鄰近性，以滿足資訊並置與比對的需求。
2. 館藏淘汰的政策須基於於對使用者資訊行為的理解而設計，同時依學科特性分別制定。
3. 辨識資訊可及性低、或變異程度大的狀況，做為提供資訊服務的切入點。
4. 圖書館可定位為跨學科的資訊互動中心，營造虛擬與實體的空間、活動，讓相關學域的研究人員與文獻資源發生互動。
就研究方面而言，本研究展示了質性資料之蒐集與分析應用於探索性研究與理論建構的效果。未來的研究方向包括：
1. 以相同取向與方法探討其他學科領域博士論文研究歷程，並將其現象與本研究之發現比較。
2. 繼續發掘其他的可能的情境因素，並進一步探討情境因素彼此間之關聯性。
3. 整合資訊行為領域與資訊檢索領域對狀況的研究發現。
4. 發展並測試「面對情境」導向的資訊行為思考架構。
在理論方面，本研究具有如下貢獻：
1. 提供實證資料以具體描述情境、資訊行為、與兩者關係。
2. 釐清界定情境的意涵，提議「以狀況表徵情境」，並發展用以描述情境的分析性語彙。
3. 建立了一個思考架構，並提出一組假設前提來說明情境與資訊行為之間多元的關係。
4. 根據研究者對情境與資訊行為之關係的理解，提出以「面對情境」的新取向思考資訊行為。

目次
第壹章 緒論1
第一節 研究背景1
第二節 研究問題與目的3
第三節 範圍與限制5
第四節 名詞解釋5
第貳章 文獻分析8
第一節 植物分類學簡介9
第一節 情境因素11
第二節 資訊行為之理論架構21
第三節 情境因素與資訊行為之關係34
第參章 研究設計與實施36
第一節 理論基礎36
第二節 研究實施37
第三節 資料蒐集40
第四節 資料分析46
第五節 研究品質之評估55
第肆章 研究發現62
第一節 博士論文研究歷程之情境64
第二節 博士論文研究歷程中之資訊行為76
第三節 博士論文研究歷程中情境與資訊行為之關係91
第四節 小結111
第伍章 綜合討論113
第一節 情境概念之析論113
第二節 資訊行為思考取向之析論120
第三節 小結128
第陸章結論與建議130
第一節 結論130
第二節 建議134
參考書目138
附錄
附錄一 訪談大綱151
附錄二 工作日誌撰寫指引154
附錄三 受訪者基本資料問卷156
附錄四 受訪者再驗證邀請信函158
附錄五 譯碼手冊160
附錄六 狀況之例證185
附錄七 狀況與資訊行為之對應關係190
表目次
表1-1文獻中的情境面向………………………………..2
表2-1情境面向及其影響………………………………..14
表2-2資訊需求演變之層次……………………………..22
表2-3Kuhlthau之資訊搜尋歷程模型……………………28
表2-4資訊搜尋歷程之整合模型…………………….….29
表3-1受訪者背景資料…………………………………..40
表3-2資料獲得的狀況………………...…………………45
表3-3「情境因素」之辨識示例………………………..48
表3-4「資訊行為面向」之譯碼示例…………………..49
表3-5「資訊行為類型」之分析示例…………………..50
表3-6「情境與資訊行為之關係」的分析策略………..51
表3-7「狀況」之分析示例…………………………….53
表3-8「特定情境下之資訊行為類型」之分析示例1…53
表3-9「特定情境下之資訊行為類型」之分析示例2….54
表3-10本研究增強研究品質之策略…………………..….55
表4-1第肆章之內容架構說明…….....…………………..63
表4-2博士論文研究歷程中之問題類型……………...…68
表4-3博士論文研究歷程中之特定狀況………………...72
表4-4資訊行為之「意圖」面向………………………….76
表4-5資訊行為之「活動」面向…………………………78
表4-6資訊行為之「資訊來源」面向……………………80
表4-7資訊行為之「資訊標的物」面向…………………82
表4-8資訊行為類型…………………………………...…85
表4-9狀況與資訊行為之對應關係……………………...97
表5-1資訊需求與使用領域對「情境」之看法…………114
表5-2博士論文研究歷程中同一狀況兩種任務複雜度之比較……………………………………………...
118
表5-3解決問題導向與興趣導向之比較………………...124
表5-4「面對情境」導向之資訊行為思考架構…………128
表6-1本研究與相關研究之資訊行為類型比較………...134
圖目次
圖2-1植物分類學之縮影……………………………….10
圖2-2文獻中之情境因素……………………………….21
圖2-3植物分類學博士論文研究歷程之初步模型…….32
圖3-1研究實施流程圖………………………………….39
圖3-2資料蒐集方式示意圖…………………………….42
圖4-2博士論文研究歷程之情境示意圖……………….65
圖4-3博士論文研究歷程情境中之任務類型面向…….67
圖4-3資訊可及性與資訊行為之互動關係…………….101

一、 中文部份
Strauss, A. & Corbin, J..﹙民86﹚。質性研究概論﹙Basics of qualitative research: Grounded Theory procedures and techniques﹚﹙徐宗國譯﹚。台北市，巨流。﹙原作1990出版﹚
林珊如、李郁雅﹙出版中﹚。從使用者觀點探討古文書及檔案之利用：以平埔研究人員為例。
胡幼慧等編﹙民85﹚。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。台北市，巨流。
舒茲﹙Schutz, A.﹚著﹙民81﹚。舒茲論文集I:社會現實的問題(Collected papers vol. I. The problem of social reality﹙英文題名﹚﹙盧嵐蘭譯﹚。台北市，桂冠。﹙原作1962-1966出版﹚
黃增泉﹙民87﹚。臺灣植物分類學之縮影。生物科學，41，79-89。
黃增泉(民79)。高等植物分類學 台北市，國立編譯館。
黃慕萱(民83)。情境模式在解釋資訊尋求行為之適用性探討。圖書館學刊，9，49-70。
二、 西文部份
Algon, J. (1999). The effect of task on the information-related behaviors of individuals in a work-group environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Jersey.
Allen, T. (1977). Managing the flow of technology: technology transfer and the dissemination of technological information within the R&D organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Allen, T. J. (1969). Information needs and uses. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), (4), 3-30.
Bates, M. J. (1986). An exploratory paradigm for online information retrieval. In B. C. Brookes (Ed), Intelligent information systems for the information society (pp. 91-99). Elsevier Science Publishers.
Bates, M. J. (1989). The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface. Online Review, 13(5), 407-424.
Belkin, N. J. (1980). Anomalous states of knowledge as basis for information retrieval. The Canadian Journal of Information Science, 5, 133-143.
Belkin, N. J. (1984). Cognitive models and information transfer. Social Science Information Studies, 4, 111-129.
Belkin, N. J., Cool, C., Stein, A., & Thiel, U. (1995). Cases, scripts, and information-seeking strategies: On the design of interactive information retrieval systems. Expert System with Application, 9, 3-30.
Brystrom, K., & Jarvelin, K. (1995). Task complexity affects information seeking and use. Information Processing & Management, 31(2), 191-213.
Buckland, M. (1991). Information and Information Systems. NY: Praegere Publishers.
Chang, S. L. (1992). Relating Information needs to information uses in specific contexts: what''s in the literature and what''s missing. Occasional Paper, 2. Ph. D. Program Office, School of Communication, Information and Library Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08903. (ERIC ED 348-999).
Chang, S. L. (1995). Toward a multidimensional framework for understanding browsing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Chatman, E. A. (1996). The impoverished life-world of outsiders. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(3), 193-206....
Chatman, E. A. (1999). A theory of life in the round. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(3), 207-217.
Choo, C. W. (1995). Information management for the intelligent organization: the art of scanning the environment. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Choo, C. W. (1999, February/March). The art of environmental scanning. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, 25(3), 21-24.
Cole, C. (1998). Information acquisition in history Ph. D. students: inferencing and the formation of knowledge structures. Library Quarterly, 68, 33-54.
Coleman, J. S., Katz, E., & Menzel, H. (1966). Medical innovation: A diffusion study. Bobbs-Merrill: Indianapolis.
Compton, B. E., & Garvey, R. V. (1967). Information functions of an international meeting: Attendants at the 18th International Congress of Psychology in Moscow evaluate its effectiveness. Science, 32, 1648-1650.
Cool, C. (1997). The nature of situation assessment in new information retrieval environments. Proceedings of the 60th ASIS Annual Meeting, 34, 135-146.
Cool, C. A. (1997). Situation assessment in information retrieval interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. J.
Crane, D. (1972). Invisible colleges: Diffusion of knowledge in scientific communities. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Culunan, M. J., & Markus, M. L. (1987). Information technologies. In F. M. Jablin, L. Putnam, K. H. Roberts, & L. W. Porter (Eds), Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisplinary perspectives (pp. 420-443). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Delenndic, T. J. (1990). Citation analysis of the literature of systematic botany: A preliminary survey. Journal of American Society for Information Science, 47, 535-543.
Dervin, B., & Nilan, M. (1986). Information needs and uses. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 21, 3-33.
Dervin, B. (1992). From the mind''s eye of the user: The Sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology. In J. D. Glazier, & R. R. Powell (Eds), Qualitative research in information management (pp. 327-338). Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
Dervin, B. (1997). Given a context by any other name: Methodological tools for taming the unruly beast. In P. Vakkari, R. Savolainen, & B. Dervin (Eds), Information seeking in context: Proceeding of an international conference on research in information needs, seeking, and use in different contexts (pp. 13-38). Los Angeles, CA: Taylor Graham.
Ellis, D. (1989a). A behavioural approach to information retrieval system design. Journal of Documentation, 45, 171-212.
Ellis, D. (1989b). A behavioural model for information retrieval system design. Journal of Information Science, 15, 237-247.
Ellis, D. (1993). Modeling the information seeking patterns of academic researchers: A grounded theory approach. Library Quarterly, 63, 469-486.
Ellis, D., Cox, D., & Hall, K. (1993). A comparison of the information seeking patterns of researchers in the physical and social sciences. Journal of Documentation, 49, 356-369.
Ellis, D., & Haugan, M. (1997). Modelling the Information seeking patterns of engineers and research scientists in industrial environment. Journal of Documentation, 53, 384-403.
Erdelez, S. (1997). Information encountering: A conceptual framework for accidental information discovery. In P. Vakkari, R. Savolainen, & B. Dervin (Eds.), Information seeking in context: Proceeding of an international conference on research in information needs, seeking, and use in different contexts (pp. 412-421). Los Angeles, CA: Taylor Graham.
Fidel, R. (1993). Qualitative methods in information retrieval research. Library & Information Science Research, 15, 219-247.
Flanagan, J. C. (July, 1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327-358.
Fletcher, P. T. (1991). An examination of situational dimensions in the information behaviors of general managers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University.
Form, W. H. (1972). Technology and social Behavior of workers in four countries: A sociotechnical perspective. American Sociological Review, 37, 727-738.
Garvey, W. D., Nelson, C., and Lin, N. A. (1968). A preliminary description of scientific information exchange in educational research. Paper read at the colloquium on improving the social and communication mechanisms of educational research.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1984). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage.
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1990). Ethnography principle in practice. London: Routledge.
Harris, R. M., & Dewdney, P. (1994). Barriers to information: How formal help systems fail battered women. CT: Greenwood Press.
Hert, C. A. (1997). Understanding information retrieval interactions: Theoretical and practical implication. Greenwich, CO: Ablex Publisher.
Hillis, D. M., Moritz, C., & Mable, B. K. (1996). Molecular systematics. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Association.
Ingwersen, P. (1996). Cognitive perspectives of information retrieval interaction: Elements of a cognitive IR theory. Journal of Documentation, 52, 3-50.
Johnson, J. D. (1996). Information fields. In Information seeking: An organization dilemma (pp. 11-32). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Kuhlthau, C. C. (1993). Seeking meaning: A process approach to library and information services. Norwood, NJ: Ablex .
Kuhlthau, C. C. (1998). An uncertainty principle for information seeking: A qualitative approach. In Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Vol. 62, pp. 355-368). NY: Marcel Dekker.
Kwasnik, B. H. (1989). The influence of context on classificatory behavior. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
Leckie, G. J., Pettigrew, K. E., & Sylyain, C. (1993). Modeling the information seeking of professionals: A general model derived from research on engineers, health care professionals and lawyers. Library Quarterly, 63, 487-507.
Marchionini, G. (1995). Information seeking in electronic environment. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, W. L. & Crabtree, B. F. (1992). Primary care Research: A multimethod typology and qualitative road map. In Crabtree & Miller (eds.), Doing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. pp.3-28.
Paisley, W. J. (1968). Information needs and uses. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), 3, 1-30.
Paisley, W. (1980). Information and work. In B. Dervin, & M. J. Voigt (Eds), Progress in communication sciences (pp. 113-165). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Coporation.
Park, T. K. (1992). The nature of relevance in information retrieval: an empirical study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. London: Sage.
Price, D. J., & Beaver, D. D. (1966). Collaboration in an invisible college. American Psychologist, 21, 1011-1018.
Reinsch, N. L., & Johnson, J. D. (1990). Voice mail versus conventional channels: A cost minimization analysis of individual''s preferences. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 801-816.
Reneker, M. H. (1993). A qualitative study of information seeking among members of an academic community: Methodological issues and problems. Library Quarterly, 63, 487-507.
Rosenbaum, H. (1993). Information use environments and structuration: Towards an integration of Taylor and Giddens. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, 30, 235-245.
Rosenbaum, H. (1996). Managers and information in organizations: Towards a structurational concept of the information use environment of managers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University.
Ross, C. S. (1999). Finding without seeking: The information encounter in the context of reading for pleasure. Information Processing & Management, 35, 783-799.
Savolainen, R. (1993). The sense-making theory: Reviewing the interests of a user-centered approach to information seeking and use. Information Processing & Management, 29, 13-28.
Savolainen, R. (1995). Everyday life information seeking: Approaching information seeking in the context of "Way of Life". Library & Information Science Research, 17, 259-294.
Solomon, P. (1997). Discovering information behavior in Sense Making. II. the social. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 48, 1109-1126.
Sonnenwald, D. H. (1999). Evolving perspectives of human information behavior: contexts, situations, social networks and information horizons. In T. D. Wilson & D. K. Allen(Eds.), Exploring the contexts of information behaviour: Proceedings of the 2nd International conference in information needs, use, and seeking in different contexts (Vol. 2). London: Taylor Graham.
Steenis. (1968). The herb flora of Taiwan or how to master a flora without types and with only a few books. Flora Malesiana Bulletin, 22, 1562-1567.
Stuessy, T. F. (1990). Plant taxonomy: The systematic evaluation of comparative data. NY: Columbia University Press.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded Theory procedures and techniques. London: Sage.
Suchman, L. A. (1987). Plans and situated actions. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Szilagyi, A. D., & Holland, W. E. (1980). Changes in social density: Relationships with functional interaction and perception of job characteristics, role stress, and sork satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 28-33.
Talja, S., Keso, H., & Pietilainen, T. (1999). The production of "context" in information seeking research: A metatheoretical view. Information Processing & Management, 35, 751-763.
Taylor, R. S. (1968). Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & Research Libraries, 29, 178-194.
Taylor, R. (1991). Information use environment. In B. Dervin, & Melvin J. Voigt (Eds), Progress in communication sciences (pp. 217-254). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Vakkari, P. (1999). Task complexity, problem structure and information actions: Integrating studies on information seeking and retrieval. Information Processing & Management, 35, 819-837.
Vakkari, P. (1997). Information seeking in context: A challenging metatheory. In P. Vakkari, R. Savolainen, & B. Dervin (Eds), Information seeking in context. Proceeding of an international conference on research in information needs, seeking, and use in different contexts (pp. 451-464). Los Angeles, CA: Taylor Graham.
Wersig, G. (1979). The problematic situation as a basic concept of information science in the framework of the social sciences - a reply to N. Belkin. New trends in Informatics and its terminology (pp. 48-57). Moscow: VINITI.
Westbrook, L. (1993). User needs: A synthesis and analysis of current theories for the practitioner. RQ, 32, 541-549.
Wilson, T. D. (1981). On user studies and information needs. Journal of Documentation, 37(1), 3-15.
Wilson, T. (1994). Information needs and uses: Fifty years of progress? In B. C. Vickery (Ed. ), Fifty years of information progress: A Journal of Documentation review (pp. 15-52). London: Aslib.
Wilson, T. D. (1997). Information behavior: an interdisciplinary perspective. Information Processing & Management, 33(4), 551-572.
Wilson, T. D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, 55, 249-270.
Xie, H. (1997). Planned and situated aspects in interactive IR: Patterns of user interactive intentions and information seeking strategies. Proceedings of the 60th ASIS Annual Meeting, 34, 101-110.