臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

超音波目前已被廣泛使用在心臟疾病的診斷上，因此如何自心臟超音波影像中將心室或心房等部位的輪廓正確檢出是醫師進行診斷時的重要工作。近年來，對於輪廓的檢測，除仰賴醫師的主觀判斷，亦有一些研究者對超音波影像各自發展出分析系統以提供定量上的分析。
本研究的目的在於降低心臟超音波影像上的雜訊的干擾，以正確檢測出左心室內壁輪廓。處理的方式上，本研究同時以多張超音波序列影像對左心室的內壁輪廓進行檢測。在處理的步驟方面，先利用雙重閥值二元化的方式擷取所需的資料點，配合本研究所發展的互補式差分影像法處理技巧，針對左心室內壁進行初始輪廓的檢測。按著以邊界型可調變模型為基礎，發展出自動調整係數可調變模型，利用可移動的視窗計算每一視窗區域內的輪廓特性，對左心室心尖四腔室超音波影像進行調變，且以NURBS進行輪廓微調及重建的處理後，得到較具適應性的輪廓調整結果以及提供醫師在診療上較為客觀的參考依據。
最後針對傳統型、區域型及混合型的等可調變模型調變方式與本研究所發展方式比較其優缺及評估其可行性。

Echocardiograms have been routinely used in detecting of heart disease. It is an important issue in the cardiovascular disease diagnosis by identifying the ventricle shape and boundary precisely from the echocardiogram. Recently, some researchers also developed systems to provide quantitative analysis on echocardiograms.
The destination of this research is to detect the accurate left ventricle and to decrease the interference of noise. In the method of this research, utilizing multiple echocardiogram sequences to find the contour of left ventricle. First, applying double thresholding and difference picture techniques, and the algorithm developed by this research to detect the initial contour of left ventricle. In order to find the accurate contour, this research started from edge-based active contour model to further develop the automatic factor-tuning active contour model in order to detect the contour of left-ventricle in the apic four chamber view echocardiograms. After reconstructing the contour of left-ventricle by NURBS, it can meet with an adaptive result and provide objective referential information to doctor.
Finally, discussing active contour model, region-based active contour model and mixed active contour model.

第一章 序論
1.1 研究動機與目的
1.2 文獻回顧
1.3 論文架構
第二章 超音波心圖成像原理
2.1 超音波成像原理
2.2 心臟超音波影像
第三章 序列影像的初始輪廓檢出
3.1 影像格式及定義工作區
3.2 像素分佈及雙重閥值分割處理
3.3 修正的差分影像處理及產生初始輪廓集合
3.4 孤立點的消除
3.5 產生初始輪廓
第四章 自動調整係數輪廓可調變模型
4.0 引言
4.1 可調變模型的基本原理
4.2 區域型可調變模型
4.3 混合型可調變模型
4.4 自動調整係數可調變模型
4.5 NURBS輪廓連接
4.6 停止遞迴調變處理條件
第五章 實驗結果與討論
第六章 結論及未來研究方向
6.1 結論
6.2 未來研究方向
參考文獻

參考文獻
[1] J.W. Klingler, C.L. Vaughan, T.D. Fraker and L.T. Andrews, "Segmentation of echocardiographic images using mathematical morphology," IEEE Trans. Biomedical Engineering, BME-35, pp.925-934 (1988).
[2] R. M. Haralick, S.R. Sternberg, and S. Zhuang, "Image Analysis Using Mathematical Morphology," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAMI —9,No. 4 , (1987).
[3] C.H. Chu, E.J. Delp and A.J. Buda, "Detecting Left Ventriculaer Endocardial and Epicardial Boundaries By digital Two-Dimensional Echocardiography," IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging, MI-7, No.2, June (1988).
[4] D. Adam, O. Hareuveni and S. Sideman, "semiautomatic border tracking of cine echocardiographic ventricular images," IEEE Trans. Medical imaging, MI —6, 266-271 , (1989).
[5] P.R. Detmer, G.B. Ashein, R.W. Martin, "Matched filter indntification of Left-ventricular endocardial borders transesophageal echocardiograms," IEEE Trans. Medical Images, vol.9, No.4, December (1990).
[6] C.Y. Han, K.N. Lin, W.G. Wee, R.M. Mintz, and D.T. Porembka, "Knowledge-Based Image Analysis for Automated Boundary Extraction of Transesophageal echocardiographic Left-Ventricular Image," IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, vol. 10, No.4, December (1991).
[7] C.T. Tsai, Y.N. Sun, P.C. Chung and J.S. Lee, "Endocardial Boundary Detection Using a neural network," Pattern Recognition, vol. 26, No.7, pp.1057-1068 (1993).
[8] D.Y. Suh, R.L. Eisner, R.M. Mersereau and R.I. Pettigrew, "Knowledge-based System for Boundary Detection of Four-Dimensional Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Image Sequence," IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, vol.12, No.1 (1993).
[9]Vikram Chalana, David T. Linker, David R. Haynor, and Yongmin Kim, "A Multiple Active Contour Model for Cardiac Boundary Detection on Echocardiographic Sequences," IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, vol.15, No.3, June (1996).
[10]Surendra Ranganath, "Contour extraction from cardiac MRI studies using snakes," IEEE Trans. Medical Images, vol.14, No.2 ,June (1995).
[11] E.A.Geiser, D.A. Conetta, M.C. Limacher, V.O. Stockton, L.H. Olivier, and B. Jones, "A second-generation computer-based edge detection algorithm for short-axis two-dimensional echocardiographic images: Accuracy and improvement in interobserver variability," J. Amer. Soc. Echocardiogram., vol.3 pp.79-90, (1990).
[12] D. Marr and E. Hildreth, "Theory of detection," Proc. Royal Soc., London, Ser. B, vol.207, pp.1887-217, (1980).
[13] W. Zwehl, R. Levy, E. Garcia, R. Haendchen, W. Childs, S. Corday, S. Meerbaum, and E. Corday, "Validation of a computerized edge detection algorithm for quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography," Circ., vol.68, pp.1127-1135, (1983).
[14] M. Kass, A. Witkin and D. Terzipoulos, "Snakes: Active Contour Models," International Journal of Computer Vision, pp.321-331, (1987).
[15] L.D. Cohen and I. Cohen, "Finite-element methods for active contour models and Balloons for 2-D and 3-D images," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol.15, pp.1131-1147, (1993).
[16] L.D. Cohen, "Note: On Active Contour Models and Balloons," CVGIP: Image Understanding, vol.53, No.2, March, pp211-218, (1991).
[17] D. J. Williams and M. Shah, "A Faster Algorithm for Active Contours and Curvature Estimation," CVGIP: Image Understanding, vol.55, No.1, January, pp14-26, (1992).
[18] D. J. Williams and M. Shah, "A Faster Algorithm for Active Contours," IEEE Proc. on CVPR, (1990).
[19] F. Ulupinar and R. Nevatia, "Shape from Contour: Straight Homogeneous Generalized Cones," IEEE Proc. on CVPR, (1990).
[20] V. Chalana, W.C. Costa, and Y. Kim, "Integrating region growing and edge detection using regularization," Proc. SPIE Conf. Med. Imag. M.H. Loew, Ed., vol.2324, pp.262-271, (1995).
[21]Charles Kervrann and Fabrice Heits , “ Statistical deformable model-based segmentation of image motion,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 8, No. 4, (1999).
[22]Chen yang Xu and Jerry L. Prince , “Snake, Shape, and Gradient Vector Flow,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 7, No. 3, (1998).
[23]James D. Foley, Andries van Dam, “Computer Graphics Principle and Practice,” Addison Wesley (1996) .
[24]Ramesh Jain, Rangachar Kasturi, Brain G Schunck, Machine Vision, McGraw-Hill, (1995) .
[25]Rafael C. Gonzales, Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, Addison Wesley (1993) .
[26]J. R. T. C. Roelandt, G. R. Sutherland, S. Iliceto, D. T. Linker, Cardiac Ultrasound, Churchill Livingstone, (1993).
[27]Hsin-Teng Sheu, Lin-Haw Yang, “Mixed active contour model and its application in the segmentation of echocardiograms,” IPPR Conference on CVGIP, (1999).
[28]李源德，臨床超音波心圖學，聯經出版社，民國80年。
[29]沈慶村，小兒心臟血管核磁共振圖學，合記圖書出版社，民國84年。
[30]楊琳豪，雙視窗型可調變模型及其在心臟超音波影像分割上之應用，台灣科技大學電機研究所碩士論文，民國87年。