臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自1991年波斯灣戰爭結束後，西方有關戰爭研究的主流論述均將重心置於高科技的傳統作戰，而相對忽略非傳統衝突與非正規戰方面的討論。此外，由於資訊革命帶來之影響因素的介入，非正規戰的形貌與內容開始發生重要的變化，值得重新加以審視與研究。因此，本論文的研究目的在於探討資訊時代非正規戰的可能轉變，並試圖推論其一般性的戰略與戰術原理或原則。
對於非正規戰本身的適當理解，應視它為一種「作戰形式」而非「衝突類型」，其重要理由是避免與其他相關詞彙發生意義混淆。在此基礎之上，非正規戰的基本指涉是與正規戰之運作型態相異的它類作戰形式。從過去的經驗中歸納，非正規戰包含四項重要特性：以弱敵強的對抗邏輯、不對稱效果的擴張、靈活分散的組織架構、保持動態的戰術形式。這四項特性在資訊時代都仍然繼續維持，只是在後兩項的內容上發生因應時代現況的變化。資訊時代非正規戰的轉變方向主要受到兩種結構條件的影響，一是國際政治環境的變遷，二是資訊革命所帶來的衝擊。這兩者結合導致兩項一般性的變化趨勢，並對在可見未來之內的非正規戰造成重大影響：(1)組織結構的變化─網絡結構及其運作邏輯的崛起；(2)權力歸屬的移轉─善於發展和運用網絡的行為者將獲取更多的權力取徑。
上述這些發展預示著非正規戰的新形式即將來臨，而事實上從若干二十世紀末期的衝突現象已經可以看見其雛形。在理論概念上，網絡戰概念的提出即是企圖解釋非正規戰的此類新異狀況。網絡戰的基本論點指陳出資訊時代非正規戰踐行者的基本模型：網絡結構組織、去中心化指管、快速的通訊和協調、靈活彈性的行動原則、群聚之作戰概念以及多重面向整合的戰略等。1994到1996年間墨西哥的Zapatista游擊運動為網絡戰提供了在戰略層次上的解釋範例；第一次車臣戰爭期間的格洛茲尼攻防戰(1995年1月)則是在相當程度上呈顯網絡戰在戰術層次的意義。
經過論文過程的分析初步得出：過去的非正規戰作戰形式在許多非傳統衝突的環境中仍然是有效的工具手段，但是資訊時代的特質確實催生出新的非正規戰內容。它們包括新的作戰原理、新的作戰工具以及新的作戰環境。而網絡戰概念群組作為一種用來理解資訊時代非正規戰的可能準理論，確實含有若干經過實例檢證的戰略與戰術原則。而對資訊時代非正規戰的推論，最終在戰略思考上產生三項簡單但極為重要的啟發：(1)排除科技迷思，避免忽略戰爭中人的因素；(2)掌握不對稱抵銷與擴張的意義，以及(3)瞭解並注重非正規戰的心理向度。

Since the end of 1991 Persian Gulf War, the mainstream of war studies in the western military society is to focus on the high-tech conventional warfare. Studies on unconventional conflict (UC) or irregular warfare (IrW) are relatively neglected. Additionally, factors and dynamics brought by information revolution make IrW begin to change both in its appearance and content, which worthy to a new research. Therefore, the thesis’ purposes are to observe and discuss the possible transformation of IrW in the information age and attempt to deduce its general strategic and tactical principles.
The proper grasp of IrW’s concept is to consider it as a “form of warfare” but not “types of conflict”. The most important reason is to avoid the confusion in dealing with other related terms. On this basis, IrW refers to a “other” form of warfare in contrast to regular or orthodox warfare. Traditional IrW has four important characteristics including (1) logic of weak against strong; (2) exploitation of asymmetric effect; (3) adaptable and decentralized organization; and (4) flexible and versatile tactic. Those characteristics are remain in the information age, however, the last two (organization and tactic) are transform to adapt the current trend. Two main contextual elements influence the transformation of IrW in the information age. One is the transition of international political environment; the other is the impact of information revolution. The combined development of them result in two trends that have great impact on IrW in the foreseeable future. (1) The shift of organizational structure — the weakening of traditional hierarchies; the rise of network forms of organization and their operational logic. (2) The migrating of power — actors who are skilled at developing and using network will gain more access to potential power.
The trend developments mentioned above imply the neo-form of IrW may emerge. As a matter of fact, several conflict cases in the late 20th century have already demonstrated certain new phenomena. Netwar as a theoretical concept, its proposition provide an approach to illuminate these new phenomena. An archetypal netwar actor consists of several key characteristics: networked structure of organization, decentralized command and control, rapid communication and coordination, flexible and adaptable operation, operational concept of swarming and strategy of inter-dimensionality, etc. It indicates the prototype of IrW protagonist in the information age. The case of Mexican Zapatista guerrilla movement (1994-1996) provides major example to apprehend the strategic level of netwar. While the case of Grozny battle (January 1995) during the first Chechen War provides some implications at tactical level of netwar.
Through the examination process, the thesis concludes that dynamics of information age indeed generate different content of IrW including new operational theory, new operational instruments and new arena of warfare. The cluster of netwar related concepts as a possible quasi-theory to understand IrW in this uncertain epoch contains a few strategic and tactical principles tested by existent conflict cases. In facing the transformation of IrW in the information age, the finalizing elaboration emphasizes three should-be-learned: (1) avoid the technological myth; (2) take advantage of asymmetric offset and exploitation; and (3) understand and attend to psychological dimension of IrW.

緒論 ……………………………1
第一章、非正規戰的一般性檢視
第一節、非正規戰概念的演變 ………8
第二節、非正規戰的基本特質 ………16
第三節、非線性思考與非正規戰 ………26
第二章、資訊時代之非正規戰：現象觀察
第一節、資訊時代的衝突環境 ………38
第二節、資訊革命與非正規戰 ………50
第三章、資訊時代之非正規戰：理論分析
第一節、主要之概念架構─網絡戰 ……62
第二節、行為者模式分析 ………75
第三節、衝突案例之分析 ………85
第四章、掌握資訊時代的非正規戰
第一節、科技迷思或理性對策 ………97
第二節、資訊時代非正規戰之非對稱向度 ……110
第三節、資訊時代非正規戰之心理向度 ……128
結論 ………………136

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【U.S. Official Publications】
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【Single Articles】
1. Beaumont, Roger, “Small Wars: Definitions and Dimensions”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, (Vol. 541, September 1995).
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【Periodicals】
Military Review (U.S. Army Command and General Staff College)— URL <http://www-cgsc.army.mil/milrev/index.htm>
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8. Clark, Mark Edmond, “Infantry: Defending Against Armored and Mechanized Attacks”, Military Review (July 1991).
9. Clemmons, Bayard Q., “Cyberwarfare: Ways, Warriors and Weapons of Destruction”, Military Review (September-October, 1999).
10. Currey, Cecil B., “Preparing for the Past”, Military Review (January 1989).
11. Echevarria II, Antulio J., “Optimizing Chaos on the Nonlinear Battlefield”, Military Review (September-October 1997).
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13. Flynt, Bill, “Threat Convergence”, Military Review (September-October 1999).
14. Gotowicki, Stephen H. “Confronting Terrorism: New War Form or Mission Impossible?”, Military Review (May-June 1997).
15. Grau, Lester W. “Bashing the Laser Range Finder With a Rock”, Military Review (May-June 1997).
16. Grau, Lester W., and Jacob W. Kipp, “Urban Combat: Confronting the Specter”, Military Review (July-August 1999).
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26. Nowowiejski, Dean A., “A New Leader Development Paradigm”, Military Review (July-August 1995).
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Parameters (U.S. Army War College) - URL <http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usawc/parameters/>
1. Adams, Thomas K., “The New Mercenaries and the Privatization of Conflict”, Parameters (Summer 1999).
2. Bulloch, Gavin, “Military Doctrine and Counterinsurgency: A British Perspective”, Parameters (Summer 1996).
3. Bunker, Robert J., “Epochal Change: War Over Social and Political Organization”, Parameters (Summer 1997).
4. Collins, Steven, “Army PSYOP in Bosnia: Capabilities and Constraints”, Parameters (Summer 1999).
5. Dunlap Jr., Charles J., “21st-Century Land Warfare: Four Dangerous Myths”, Parameters (Autumn 1997).
6. Hahn II, Robert F., and Bonnie Jezior, “Urban Warfare and Urban Warfighter of 2025”, Parameters (Summer 1999).
7. Hansen, David G., “The Immutable Importance of Geography” Parameters (Spring 1997).
8. Henry, Ryan and C. Edward Peartree, “Military Theory and Information Warfare”, Parameters (Autumn 1998).
9. Peters, Ralph, “The Culture of Future Conflict”, Parameters (Winter 1995-1996).
10. Thomas, Timothy L., “Kosovo and the Current Myth of Information Superiority”, Parameters (Spring 2000).
11. Thomas, Timothy L., “Deterring Information Warfare: A New Strategic Challenge”, Parameters (Winter 1996-97).
Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (U.S. Naval Institute)
1. Buchasan, H. Lee, “Poor Man’s A-Bomb?”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (April 1997).
2. Caldwell Jr., Warren, “Promises, Promises”, Proceedings of U.S. Naval Institute (January 1996).
3. Callum, Robert, “Will Our Forces Match”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (August 1998).
4. Campbell, David J., “What Are the Threats”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (March 1996).
5. Cancian, Mark, “Centers of Gravity Are a Myth”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (September 1988).
6. Cebrowski, Arthur K., and John J. Garstka, “Network-Centric Warfare: Its Origin and Future”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (January 1998).
7. Fry, Robert, “New Environment, New Response”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (March 1996).
8. Lescher , William K., “Network-Centric: Is It Worth the Risk”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (July 1999).
9. Lwin, Mark R., “The Future of Land Power”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (September 1997).
10. Morris, Jason L., “The Writing on the Wall”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (November 1998).
11. Opdorp Jr., Harold R. Van, “Technology Alone Cannot Win”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (November 1997).
12. Owens, William A., “The Emerging System of Systems”, Proceedings of U.S. Naval Institute (May 1995).
13. Packard, Scott E. “Bottom Line: It’s Infantry”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (November 1998).
14. Podlesny, Robert E., “Infrastructure Networks Are Key Vulnerabilities”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (February 1999).
15. Rau, Matthew G., “Picturing an Uncertain Future”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (November 1999).
16. Shaw, Dallas E., “It Takes More than Technology”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (November 1997).
17. Shelton, Raymond S., “No Democracy can Feel Secure”, Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (August 1998).
U.S. Naval War College Review (U.S. Naval War College) - URL <http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/review.htm>
1. FitzSimonds, James R., “The Cultural Challenge of Information Technology”, U.S. Naval War College Review (Summer 1998).
U.S. Air Force Magazine (U.S. Air Force Association) - URL < http://www.afa.org/magazine/magz.html>
1. Correll, John T., “The New American Way of War”, U.S. Air Force Magazine (April 1996).
U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (INSS, U.S. National Defense University) — URL < http://www.dtic.mil/jcs/>
1. Allard, Kenneth, “ Lessons Unlearned: Somalia and Joint Doctrine”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Autumn 1995).
2. Builder, Carl H., “Keeping the Strategic Flame”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Winter 1996-1997).
3. Collins, John M., “Special Operation in Peace Time”, Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 1999).
4. Echevarria II, Antulio J., “Dynamic Inter-Dimensionality: A Revolution in Military Theory”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 1997).
5. FitzSimonds, James R., and Jan M. Van Tol, “Revolution in Military Affairs”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 1994).
6. Gray, Colin S., “RMAs and the Dimensions of Strategy”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Autumn/Winter 1997-1998).
7. Mahnken, Thomas G., “War in the Information Age”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Winter 1995-1996).
8. Morningstar, James K., “Technologies, Doctrine, and Organization for RMA”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 1997).
9. Oakley, Robert B., “Developing a Strategy for Troubled States”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Summer 1996).
10. Rinaldo, Richard J., “Warfighting and Peace Ops: Do Real Soldiers Do MOOTW?” U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Winter 1996-1997).
11. Schneider, James J., “Black Lights: Chaos, Complexity, and the Promise of Information Warfare”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 1997).
12. Stavridis, James, “The Second Revolution”, U.S. Joint Force Quarterly (Spring 1997).
Generic
1. Arquilla, John, and David Ronfeldt, “Cyberwar is Coming”, Comparative Strategy (April-June 1993).
2. Bertram, Eva, and Kenneth Sharpe, “The Unwinnable Drug War: What Clausewitz Would Tell Us”, World Policy Journal (Winter 1996/97).
3. Biddle, Stephen, “Victory Misunderstood: What the Gulf War Tells about the Future of Conflict”, International Security (Fall 1996).
4. Bonabeau, Eric, and Guy Théraulaz, “Swarm Smarts”, Scientific American (March 2000).
5. Cambell, Matthew, “Russian Hackers Steal US Weapons Secrets”, The Sunday Times (July 25 1999). Digital version, URL <http://www.Sunday-times.co.uk/news>.
6. Carr, Caleb, “Terrorism as Warfare: The Lesson of Military History”, World Policy Journal (New York: World Policy Institute, Winter 1996/97).
7. Cimbala, Stephen J., “Small Wars, Faux Wars, and Peace Operations: Source of Friction”, A Common Perspective (U.S. Joint Warfighting Center, October 1999).
8. Davis, Norman C., “An Information-based Revolution in Military Affairs”, Strategic Review (Winter 1996).
9. Denning, Dorothy, “Information Warfare and Information Security: Seizing the Signals”, Computer Security Journal (Vol. XV, No.1, 1999).
10. Esarey, Clinton, Benjamin C. Huff, Anthony C. Vesay, “Terrorism: The Most Challenging Asymmetric Threat to Force Protection”, A Common Perspective (U.S. Joint Warfighting Center, October 1998).
11. Evancoe, Paul, “Tomorrow’s Weapons of Choice?”, Military Technology (June 1994).
12. Freedman, Lawrence, “Military Power and Political Influence” International Affairs (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, October 1998).
13. Grant, Arthur V., “Strategic Decisions: The MIRE of Low-Intensity Conflict”, Comparative Strategy (Vol. 10, 1991).
14. Grau, Lester W., “Russia Urban Tactics: Lessons from the Battle for Grozny”, Strategic Forum (July 1995). URL: <http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/>.
15. Gray, Colin, “The Continued Primacy of Geography”, Orbis (Spring 1996).
16. Harris, Michael R., “Tactical Employment of the Shoulder-Fired Rocket: New Tactics for the New LAW”, Infantry (U.S. Army Infantry School, November-December 1996).
17. Hewish, Mark, and Rupert Pengelley, “Warfare in the Global City: The Demands of Modern Military Operations in Urban Terrain”, Jane’s International Defense Review (June 1998).
18. Hoo, Kevin Soo, Seymour Goodman, and Lawrence Greenberg, “Information Technology and Terrorist Threat”, Survival (Autumn 1997).
19. Husson, Jean P. “The Small Arms Market: An Uncertain Future” Military Technology (October 1998).
20. Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Power and Independence in the Information Age”, Foreign Affairs (September/October 1998).
21. Luttwak, Edward N., “Toward Post-Heroic Warfare”, Foreign Affairs (May/June 1995).
22. Mann, Paul “Pentagon Called Unprepared for Post-Modern Conflict”, Aviation Week & Space Technology (April 27 1998).
23. Mathews, Jessica T., “Power Shift”, Foreign Affairs (January-February 1997).
24. Meinel, Carolyn P., “How Hackers Break in and How They are Caught”, Scientific American (October 1998).
25. Rathmell, Andrew, “Cyber-terrorism: The Shape of Future Conflict?”, RUSI Journal (London: The Royal United Services Institute For Defence Studies, October 1997).
26. Riper, Paul Van, and Robert Scales, “Preparing for War in the 21st Century”, Strategic Review (Summer 1997).
27. Thomas, Timothy L., “Air Operations in Low Intensity Conflict: The Case of Chechnya”, Airpower Journal (Winter 1997).
28. Venter, Al J., “Market Forces: How Hired Guns Succeeded Where the United Nations Failed”, Jane’s International Defense Review (March 1998).
29. Veness, David, “Protecting Against Unconventional Attack”, RUSI Journal (December 1998).
30. Wheatley, Gary, “Other Military Operations & Technology”, Strategic Forum (No. 53, November 1995).
31. White, Jeffrey B., “A Different Kind of Threat: Some Thoughts on Irregular Warfare”, Studies in Intelligence (Vol.19, No.5, 1996). URL <http://www.odci.gov/csi/studies/96unclas/iregular.htm>.
32. Williams, Phil, “Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security”, Survival (Spring 1994).