中文摘要
本研究探討五種不同麵粉之化學成分(水分、粗蛋白質、灰分及蛋白質組成)及其製成水餃皮後之蒸煮特性(吸水率、最大吸水量、增重率、增容率及耗損率)與品質(感官品評分數、抗張強度及色澤)，以分析麵粉化學組成與水餃皮品質間之相關性。本研究所使用之麥種為AHRS (American hard red spring) 、AHRW (American hard red winter) 、ASW (American soft white) 、APW (Australian prime hard) 與CWRS (Canadian western red spring)；五種麵粉製做成水餃皮後，經由色澤測定、物性分析及感官品評比較其品質之差異，進而找出五種麵粉其最適之加工條件(攪拌加水量及攪拌時間) 。結果顯示五種麵粉製成水餃皮之最適加水量均為45%、攪拌時間均為10分鐘。
將五種麵粉基本組成與其水餃皮蒸煮特性進行相關性分析，結果顯示五種麵粉粗蛋白含量與蒸煮增重率、耗損率呈現顯著負相關；在麵粉水分含量方面也有相同的結果。麵粉基本組成與水餃皮品質之相關性分析方面，麵粉之粗蛋白含量與水餃皮之抗張強度及Hunter b值呈顯著正相關；在麵粉水分含量方面也有相同的結果。
本研究依電泳分析之結果將麵粉蛋白質組成分成六個區分，其分子量分別為第I區分：116.0 ~ 97.4 KDa、第II區分：66.2 KDa、第III區分：45.0 KDa、第IV區分：36.0 ~ 24.0 KDa、第V區分：24.0 ~ 19.7 KDa及第VI區分：19.7 ~ 6.5kDa。在麵粉之各蛋白質區分含量與水餃皮蒸煮特性相關性方面，第I、III、V及VI區分含量與水餃皮蒸煮增重率呈顯著負相關；第I區分含量與增容率呈顯著負相關；第I、III、V及VI區分含量與耗損率呈顯著負相關。在麵粉之各蛋白質區分含量與水餃皮品質相關性方面，第 I、II、III、IV及V區分含量與生水餃皮抗張強度呈顯著正相關，第II、III及IV區分含量與熟水餃皮抗張強度呈顯著正相關；第I 與V區分含量與水餃皮之Hunter b值呈顯著正相關，第VI區分含量與水餃皮白色度 (white index) 呈顯著負相關。
關鍵詞：水餃、水餃皮、化學組成、蛋白質、麵粉

Abstract
The proximate compositions (moisture, crude protein, and ash) and protein compositions of five different wheat flours were tested in this study. The cooking properties (moisture absorption rate, maximal moisture absorption, cooked weight gain, cooked volume gain, and cooking loss) and quality ( sensory evaluation scores, tensile strength and color) of dumpling crusts prepared from five different wheat flours were also measured to elucidate the relationships between the chemical compositions of wheat flours and the cooking properties and quality of dumpling crusts. The effect of the chemical compositions of different wheat flours on the cooking properties and the quality of dumpling crusts were also studied.
Five varieties of wheat, including American hard red spring (AHRS), American hard red winter (AHRW), American soft white (ASW), Australian prime hard (APW), and Canadian western red spring (CWRS) were milled into flours, and these five wheat flours were used to prepare dumpling crusts. The optimal preparation conditions of dumpling crusts were obtained from the results of the analysis of the color, texture, and ensory evaluation scores of dumpling crusts. The results showed the optimal added water was 45% of flours weight for all flours. The optimal mixing time was 10 min for all flours.
In the aspects of relationship between flour proximate compositions of five different wheat flours and cooking properties of dumpling crusts, the results showed the crude protein contents of flours were negatively correlated with the cooked weight gain and cooking loss of dumpling crusts; The relation between the moisture contents of flours and the cooked weight gain and cooking loss of dumpling crusts were the same as the crude protein contents of flours.
In the aspects of relationship between the flour proximate compositions and the quality of dumpling crusts, the crude protein content of flour were positively correlated with the tensile strength and Hunter color b values of uncooked dumpling crusts. The relation between the moisture contents of flours and the tensile strength and Hunter color b values of uncooked dumpling crusts were the same as the crude protein contents of flours.
The proteins of the flours used in this study were grouped into six fractions according to the results of protein electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the proteins in these six fractions was as follows, I: 116~97.4, II: 66.2, III: 45.0, IV: 36.0~24.0, V: 24.0~19.7, and VI: 19.7~6.5 kDa. In the aspects of relationship between the contents of protein fractions and the cooking properties of dumpling crusts, the results showed the contents of protein fractions of I, III, V, and VI were negatively correlated with the cooked weight gain of dumpling crusts. The contents of protein fractions of I was negatively correlated with the cooked volume gain of dumpling crusts. The contents of protein fractions of I, III, V, and VI were negatively correlated with the cooking loss of dumpling crusts. The results of the relationship between the contents of protein fractions and the quality of dumpling crusts showed the contents of protein fractions of I, II, III, IV, and V were positively correlated with the tensile strength of uncooked dumpling crusts. The contents of protein fractions of II, III, and IV were positively correlated with the tensile strength of cooked dumpling crusts. The contents of protein fractions of I and V was positively correlated with the Hunter color b value of dumpling crusts. The contents of protein fractions of VI was negatively correlated with the WI (white index) of dumpling crusts.
Key words: dumpling, dumpling crust, chemical composition, protein , wheat flour

目錄
頁次
封面內頁
簽名頁
授權書1 i
授權書2 ii
簽署人須知 iii
中文摘要 iv
英文摘要…………………………….……………..………………vi
誌謝 …………………………………………………………………ix
目錄 …………………………………………………………………x
圖目錄 ………………………………………………….……….…xii
表目錄 ……………………………………………………….……xiv
壹、緒論 ………………………………………….………………………………….1
貳、文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………………4
一、小麥之介紹……………………………………………………………………4
(一) 小麥之種類 ……………………………..………………4
(二) 小麥之結構………………………………………………5
(三) 小麥之物理性質…………………………………………6
(四) 小麥之製粉………………………………………………9
二、麵粉之介紹 ………………………………..………………..11
(一) 麵粉之組成成分及其性質…………...………………11
(二) 麵粉之等級 …………………………….…………………….………...13
三、麵糰之介紹 …………………………………..……………………….…….17
(一) 麵筋 …………………………………………….………………………17
(二) 澱粉 ………………………………………………….…………………22
(三) 酵素 …………………………………………………….………………23
(四) 麵糰之結構與流變性質…………………………………………24
四、麵粉之化學組成與麵條品質之相關性………………………… …..………26
參、材料與方法 …………………………………………..…………………….…..30
一、麵粉原料 …………………………….……………………………..………..31
二、藥品 …………………………………………………..………….32
三、方法………………………………………………….……………34
(一) 麵粉化學組成分析……………………………….………….34
(二) 水餃皮之製作及分析…………………...……………….………..37
(三) 水餃皮之蒸煮特性及品質分析 …...…………………40
(四) 統計分析… ……………………………………………43
肆、結果與討論……………………………………………………44
伍、結論……………………………………………………………83
參考文獻 …………………………………..………………………85
圖目錄
頁次
圖2.1麥粒之縱切與橫切圖……………………………………..…7
圖2.2 各種不同等級麵粉之關係圖……………………………..14
圖2.3 麵筋混合物之假想結構……………………………….….21
圖2.4 麵糰中小麥蛋白質之作用模式…………………………..21
圖2.5 小麥蛋白質之來源及交互作用情形………………..……22
圖2.6 小麥穀粒的電子顯微鏡剖面軟冬麥細胞剖面 。(a) 硬冬
麥細胞壁剖面(b) 軟冬麥細胞壁剖面。……….…..27
圖2.7 小麥胚乳細胞的電子顯微鏡剖面圖 。(a)硬冬麥。注意破
裂澱粉(BS)部位。(b)軟冬麥。…………………………..28
圖3.1 物性測驗使用之套頭及測試台…………………………..39
圖4.1 以含2% SDS之0.05 M磷酸鹽溶液（pH6.9）萃取所得之
五種不同麵粉蛋白質之SDS-PAGE電泳圖…………....48
圖4.2 本研究使用之麵粉樣品 (標準品、AHRS、AHRW、ASW、
APW和CWRS) 蛋白質與標準品之SDS-PAGE分析圖.49
圖4.3由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13 分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮前之色澤品評分數…..53
圖4.4由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮後之質地品評分數….54
圖4.5由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮後之整體接受性品評分
數………………………………………………………….55
圖4.6由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮前之抗張強度……58
圖4.7由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮後之抗張強度…….59
圖4.8由五種不同麵粉以添加38、 45、 52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮前之Hunter a 值…….61
圖4.9由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮前之Hunter b
值…………………………………………………….………62
圖4.10由五種不同麵粉以添加38、45、52% 水分及攪打7、10、
13 分鐘條件製成之水餃皮在蒸煮前之Hunter L 值……63
圖4.11由五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮其蒸煮時間對含水率的影
響……………………………………………………66
圖4.12由五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮其蒸煮3分鐘後之增重
率………………………………………………………….67
圖4.13由五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮其蒸煮3分鐘後之增容
率…………………………………………………….....68
圖4.14由五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮其蒸煮3分鐘後之耗損率………………………………….……………………………………………….…69
圖4.15由五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮在蒸煮前之色澤值…………………..…...71
圖4.16五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮在蒸煮3分鐘後之感官品評
分數………………………………………………………..73
圖4.17由五種不同麵粉製成之水餃皮在蒸煮3分鐘前後之抗張
強度……………………………………………….….…74
表目錄
頁次
表2.1中國國家標準之麵粉分級…………………………………..15
表2.2 一般常用之麵粉規格……………………………………….16
表4.1五種不同麵粉之基本組成………………………………….45
表4.2以電泳分析法所得之五種不同麵粉蛋白質之組成(g/100g
proteins)………………….…………………….…………………………….50
表4.3以電泳分析法所得之五種不同麵粉之各種蛋白質之含
量(g/100g flours)…..….………………………………...………………….…51
表4.4五種麵粉基本組成之含量與其水餃皮蒸煮特性之相
關係數…….………………………………………………...72
表4.5五種麵粉基本組成之含量與其水餃皮品質之相關係數………………..….78
表4.6五種不同麵粉之蛋白質組成含量與其水餃皮蒸煮特性之相
關係數…………………………………………..………………..81
表4.7五種麵粉之蛋白質組成含量與其水餃皮品質之相關係
質之相數……………………………………………….………..82

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