臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究將已有囊斑之成熟小海帶(Endarachne binghamiae)葉狀體置於12-18℃、無光的培養箱，經16小時後，陸續收集許多剛游離配子的葉狀體及配子，由穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)觀察葉狀體發現只有外層細胞經有絲分裂及變態而形成具活動之配子。此剛游出之配子再以掃描式(SEM)及穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察其超微結構，發現其中較特殊的特徵為：(一)高基氏體所分泌出的液泡，有二種不同類型(類型 I、II)的游走子。(二)近眼點之葉綠體上則有13條微管組成之圍繞微管根經過。(三)葉綠體內之眼點與平板間存一空隙。(四)前後鞭毛入主體成基體的過渡區域(transitional region)，皆可發現曲絲(coiled filaments)。第(四)項發現尤其可以支持褐藻的祖先為Sarcinochrysidales的理論，故也可據此推測褐藻中之小海帶可能與Sarcinochrysidales之親緣關係更接近的論點。
並且，藉穿透式電顯觀察配子間的變化，還可確切了解是否存在雌雄同株的葉狀體，故本研究續以觀察分別在單株及多株培養之葉狀體所釋出的配子，發現兩種培養之配子間皆有發生結合，此說明該葉狀體為配子體(gametophyte)，亦知此為一種可以產生同形配子(isogamete)之雌雄同株(monoecious)或異株(dioecious)的褐藻。
再者，由於同形配子繼續培養在50µE·m-2 s-1、20℃、12/12h(L/D)的條件，以光學顯微鏡觀察全程的變化，發現小海帶發育情形具多樣性且複雜，並無法區分其生殖方式究為有性或單為生殖。為求辨識，故本研究第三部份便利用含最低極限量的三種阻絕鞭毛活動之試劑(福馬林、EDTA、EGTA)處理這些剛釋出的同形配子，再繼續在條件50µE·m-2 s-1、18℃、10/14h(L/D)下繼續培養，觀察到行單為生殖的發育模式。

Studies on the gametogenesis and ultrastructure of algal gamete can provide not only references for the classification of brown algae, but also an ultrastructure-based assessment of algal evolutionary relationships within a class and between classes. In addition, the results also establish a basic referential ultrastructure model to the morphology study of the sequential development of gametes. This study, thus, launch on an ultrastructure observation of gametogenesis and its morphology of Endarachne binghamiae by cultivating ripe E. binghamiae thalli with dark brown patches in 12-18℃ dark incubator for 16 hours to collect newly released gametes and thalli for observations under SEM and TEM. Under the observation of TEM, only outer layer cells at the upper end of the cultivated thallus were found to release active gametes through mitosis and transformation. Meanwhile, four distinctive features of these newly released gametes are found under SEM and TEM; they are: (1) existing of two types of gametes which are characterized by different vesicles secreted from Golgi apparatus of different gametes, (2) the bypassing microtubular root consisting of about 13 microtubules, (3) a translucent space between eyespot and lamella, and (4) isogametes having some coiled fibrils in the anterior and posterior basal bodies being proximal to its transition region. The 4th finding especially can support the arguement that Sarcinochrysidales is ancestral to Phaeophyta. It may also be inferred that the phylogenetic relation of E. binghamiae to Sarcinochrysidales is closer than other brown algae to Sarcinochrysidales.
Ultrastructural observations of gametes during their TEM is employed in the follow up observation on the development of the released gametes from singly and mixedly cultivated thalli. Gametes released from these two groups of thalli is found to undergo gamete fusion. Obviously, the thalli have developed into gametophyte and E. binghamiae is definitely a monoecious or dioecious alga in which gametic fusion can be carried out between isogametes.
Previous light microscopic observations on the released isogametes, growing in a conditions of 50µE·m-2 s-1、20℃、12/12h(L/D) have found the various development patterns that can not be classified into specific reproduction mode. Therefore, three different kinds of solutions that can paralyze flagellar motility at their lowest dosages, i. e. 0.012%(v/v) formaldehyde (dissolved in filtered seawater), 0.105%(w/v) EDTA and 0.198%(w/v) EGTA (dissolved in filtered distillwater), are used in the last research of this study to initiate only parthenogenesis of isogametes for clear differentiation of parthenogenesis from sexual and asexual reproduction modes.

中文摘要 i ABSTRACT iii
謝辭 v
總論 1
第一章：
臺灣產小海帶配子形成過程
1.1 前言 29
1.2 材料與方法 31
1.3 結果 33
1.4 討論 37
第二章：
剛游離葉狀體之小海帶配子的超微細構造
2.1 前言 41
2.2 材料與方法 43
2.3 結果 45
2.4 討論 47
第三章：
小海帶配子間結合的情形及其發育的過程
3.1 前言 57
3.2 材料與方法 60
3.3 結果 63
3.4 討論 66
第四章：
同形配子行單為生殖及發育過程之形態變化
4.1 前言 70
4.2 材料與方法 72
4.3 結果 76
4.4 討論 79
參考文獻 83
第一章：圖表與說明 96
第二章：圖表與說明 110
第三章：圖表與說明 125
第四章：圖片與說明 133

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