臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

砂蝦雖在市場需求、國際競爭力都具有優勢，但田野養殖一向低的活存率與產量的劣勢卻使之成為蝦類養殖中的弱勢產業。此劣勢源之於砂蝦養殖技術始終未建立，在國內外的相關研究又甚少。因此本研究即利用兩年的時間探討砂蝦的養殖生態，期望以此資訊作為養殖技術改良與產業發展的基礎。
1999年之田野調查主要是針對砂蝦單養池與混養池的環境與生物相作比較，並瞭解整個生態體系的演替。實驗為於2個單養池及3個混養池(砂蝦、烏魚、虱目魚)，(砂蝦、虱目魚、蟳)，(砂蝦、蟳)中，分別對養殖生物、底棲生物、浮游生物、水土化學與經濟效益進行採樣調查與分析並加以比較。
結果發現混養池因飼料的投餵與混養生物的高密度及多樣性，使得底質老化與環境優養化的程度明顯的高於無投餵飼料且低養殖密度的單養池。混養池由於環境中複雜的有機質組成，使其生物相有較高的浮游動物密度與浮游植物歧異度；單養池因有施肥、生物少、有機質組成較單純，使其生物相有較高的底棲生物歧異度與浮游植物密度。
不同混養型態的蝦池間，由於養殖型式、環境條件、混養生物、池塘大小的不同，其水土化學因子的差異甚大。烏魚混養池中，生物相的種類少、密度高，呈寡優勢生態；池塘性質較相近的蟳混養池與虱目魚、烏魚混養池，生物相的種類多、密度均衡，呈多樣性優勢生態。
2000年之田野調查除了繼續探討砂蝦單養與混養的差異外，也同時從投撒不同改良劑的處理中，探討其對砂蝦之成長與活存、環境、生物相的影嚮。實驗的設計係採2×3複因子不均衡處理的組合，即2種養殖型態(單養與混養)配合3種環境處理方式(不撒、撒石灰、撒脫硫渣)，共5池，獨缺砂蝦混養並撒脫硫渣之處理。混養種類為烏魚與虱目魚。
結果發現砂蝦單、混養池環境條件、池塘大小雖相似，但仍因飼料的投餵與否及放養密度的多寡而反映在水土化學與生物相明顯的差異上。農用生石灰與脫硫渣可能因施撒劑量不足或頻率低並未造成環境與生物相明顯的差異。
綜合並比較兩年的結果發現，砂蝦養殖成功與否和養殖的型式(單、混養及混養種類)及改良劑的施撒並無絕對的關聯，徹底實施整池作業，完備之溶氧管理，適當的放苗策略(分批)與間捕，及提供餌料生物繁生的有利條件，才是決定性的因子。

謝辭---------------------------------I
摘要---------------------------------II
目錄---------------------------------IV
表目錄-------------------------------VIII
圖目錄-------------------------------X
附錄---------------------------------XII
前言---------------------------------1
文獻回顧-----------------------------6
村料與方法---------------------------10
1.田野調查之實驗設計-----------------10
2.田野調查之調查項目-----------------10
2.1養殖生物測定---------------------10
2.1.1採樣方法----------------------10
2.1.2養殖生物經濟效益分析----------11
2.2物化測定-------------------------11
2.2.1現場測定----------------------11
2.2.1.1採樣方法-------------------11
2.2.1.2測定項目-------------------11
2.2.1.3測定的方法-----------------11
2.2.2實驗室化學測定----------------11
2.2.2.1採樣方法-------------------11
2.2.2.2化學測定項目---------------12
2.2.2.3水質測定的方法-------------12
2.2.2.4底質測定的方法-------------14
2.3其它生物-------------------------18
2.3.1底棲生物測定------------------18
2.3.1.1採樣方法-------------------18
2.3.1.2生物樣品的處理-------------18
2.3.1.3種類鑑定與計數-------------19
2.3.1.4歧異度---------------------19
2.3.1.5豐度-----------------------19
2.3.2浮游動物測定------------------19
2.3.2.1採樣方法-------------------19
2.3.2.2生物樣品的處理-------------19
2.3.2.3種類鑑定與計數-------------20
2.3.2.4歧異度---------------------20
2.3.2.5總豐度與相對豐度-----------20
2.3.3浮游植物測定------------------20
2.3.3.1採樣方法-------------------20
2.3.3.2生物樣品的處理-------------20
2.3.3.3種類鑑定與計數-------------20
2.3.3.4歧異度---------------------21
2.3.3.5總豐度與相對豐度-----------21
3.統計分析---------------------------21
結果---------------------------------22
1.養殖生物---------------------------22
1.1經濟效益評估---------------------22
1.2成長與活存-----------------------22
2物理化學因子------------------------23
2.1酸鹼值---------------------------23
2.2溶氧量---------------------------24
2.3氧化還原電位---------------------24
2.4氮族-----------------------------24
2.5磷族-----------------------------26
2.6有機物---------------------------28
2.7硫化物---------------------------28
2.8底泥耗氣率-----------------------29
3.其它生物---------------------------29
3.1底棲生物-------------------------29
3.1.1定性分析----------------------29
3.1.2定量分析----------------------30
3.1.3歧異度分析--------------------30
3.2浮游動物-------------------------31
3.2.1定性分析----------------------31
3.2.2定量分析----------------------32
3.2.3種的歧異度--------------------32
3.3浮游植物-------------------------33
3.3.1定性分析----------------------33
3.3.2定量分析----------------------34
3.3.3種的歧異度--------------------34
4.相關性-----------------------------35
4.1反身相關性-----------------------35
4.1.1生物介量的相關性--------------35
4.1.2水質介量的相關性--------------35
4.1.3底質介量的相關性--------------36
4.2交叉相關性-----------------------37
4.2.1生物介量與水質介量的相關性----37
4.2.2生物介量與底質介量的相關性----37
4.2.3水質介量與底質介量的相關性----37
討論---------------------------------39
1.物理化學因子-----------------------39
1.1酸鹼值---------------------------39
1.2溶氧量---------------------------39
1.3氧化還原電位---------------------40
1.4氮族-----------------------------41
1.5磷族-----------------------------43
1.6有機物---------------------------45
1.7硫化物---------------------------46
1.8底泥耗氣率-----------------------47
2.其它生物---------------------------48
2.1底棲生物-------------------------48
2.1.1定性分析----------------------48
2.1.2定量分析----------------------49
2.1.3歧異度分析--------------------50
2.2浮游動物-------------------------51
2.2.1定性分析----------------------51
2.2.2定量分析----------------------52
2.2.3種的歧異度--------------------53
2.3浮游植物-------------------------53
2.3.1定性分析----------------------53
2.3.2定量分析----------------------55
2.3.3種的歧異度--------------------55
2.4浮游生物之利用-------------------56
3.養殖生物---------------------------57
3.1經濟效益評估---------------------57
3.2收獲、成長與活存-----------------58
4.生物相與水質底質間的動態關係-------60
4.1底棲生物與水質底質間的動態關係---62
4.2浮游動物與水質底質間的動態關係---62
4.3浮游植物與水質底質間的動態關係---63
結論---------------------------------64
參考文獻-----------------------------66
圖表---------------------------------78
附錄---------------------------------127
個人簡歷-----------------------------132

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