臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究目的為建立包含植被與土壤系統之一維地表過程模式，其中主要內容為開發多層植被層質能平衡次模式，並與李文生(1999)所發展的有限解析法(Finite-Analytic Method)一維未飽和層土壤水流/水蒸氣流與熱流之傳輸次模式結合，以此計算植被與土壤系統和大氣界面之熱通量交換和水分與溫度之垂向分佈。
本文之研究內容，主要有七項，分別為(1)建立多層植被層熱平衡次模式：採用Monteith(1988)和Halldin & Lindroth(1986)等人之想法，按照能量守恆的觀念，將植被層中之溫度、水蒸汽壓及熱通量，類比於電路之理論，並利用空氣動力阻抗、邊界層阻抗與氣門阻抗等主要參數表現植被層中熱或水汽之傳輸能力。(2)在能量守恆之條件下，增加植物生物質量(biomass)隨時間變化和葉片降雨截留水蒸發的影響。(3)利用空氣中風速與擴散度剖面之參數式來計算邊界層阻抗與空氣動力阻抗；而氣門阻抗則採用包括入射輻射量、空氣溫度、空氣飽和差與土壤張力水壓相關之參數式Jarvis-Type Model描述。(4)於土壤層傳輸次模式中加入根系吸水之滅點項。(5)耦合植被層質能平衡次模式與土壤層傳輸次模式，建立一維地表過程之數值模式。(6)以此數值模式之模擬結果與實測資料進行驗證與比較。(7)對各阻抗參數化公式中的參數、初始土壤水分條件與植被層之熱容量等項目進行敏感度分析，並討論對模式之影響。
本研究結果顯示，以模式模擬系統潛熱通量、可感熱通量、植被層溫度與蒸汽壓、土壤水分含量與溫度之分佈結果，皆能合理反映美國SGP’97水文實驗(Southern Great Plain Hydrology Experiment)小麥試區資料之變化趨勢。另外，對於模式敏感度分析之結果中，以風速消散係數、初始土壤水分條件與植被層之熱容量對蒸發散量影響最小，其中，初始土壤水分條件若只要處於一般水分條件下(-15bar以上)，則顯示植物根系吸水不會受土壤水分限制，而影響植物之蒸發散。對於本研究之小麥作物，其植被層中之空氣以及葉片生物質量等所構成之熱容量變化，對植被層次模式中熱通量的傳輸上影響不大。

This study proposed a 1-D surface process model for the canopy and soil system. The model development includes primarily the multi-layer canopy module for mass and energy balance and further combined with soil transport module － the Finite-Analytic 1-D soil water/vapor flow and heat flow model developed by Lee (1999). It is used to calculate the heat flux exchanges with ambient atmosphere, the variation of moisture and temperature within the canopy and soil zone respectively.
There are seven major features in this research: (1) Establishment of the multi-layer canopy module combines and modified the work of Monteith(1988) and Halldin & Lindroth(1986). Based on the energy conservation concept, the canopy temperature and vapor pressure and fluxes could be analogous to the electrical theory. Furthermore, the module utilized the aerodynamic resistance, boundary-layer resistance and canopy resistance to depict the transfer ability of heat or vapor. (2) Also based on energy conservation concept, considering the introduced effect of biomass changing by time and intercepted water evaporation in the canopy module. (3) Using the parameterized formula of the wind and eddy diffusivity profiles to calculate the aerodynamic resistance and the boundary-layer resistance. Canopy resistance adopted Jarvis-type model to parameterize the effects of stomata behavior influenced by environmental variables, which involves the incoming net radiation, air temperature, air specific humidity difference and soil metric head. (4) Modified and added the sink of roots that absorb water to the soil transport module. (5) Coupling the multi-layer canopy module and the soil transport module to establish the numerical 1-D surface process model. (6) Comparison and verification of the simulated results to the experiment and measurements. (7) Sensitivity analysis and discussion had held for many items that are the parameters in the parameterized formula of three resistances, the initial condition for soil water content and canopy heat capacity.
The simulated results for the trends of the latent heat and sensible heat fluxes, the canopy temperature and vapor pressure, soil moisture and temperature had reasonably matched with those trends measured by SGP''97 Experiment (Southern Great Plain Hydrology Experiment). Besides, the results of the sensitivity analysis that had showed that the smallest effect on evapotranspiration is the items of attenuation coefficient for wind, the initial conditions of soil water content and the canopy heat capacity. If the soil metric head were just over the normal conditions (greater than -15bar), the soil water would not limit the canopy root absorption and thus would not affect the evapotranspiration. In this study, the wheat canopy heat capacity included the change of the air and biomass heat capacity in the canopy would have insignificant effects on the canopy heat transportation.

第一章 導論……………………………………………………………………1
1-1研究動機…………………………………………………………………1
1-2研究目的…………………………………………………………………2
1-3文獻回顧…………………………………………………………………4
第二章 一維地表過程模式之建立…………………………………………12
2-1 物理特性描述…………………………………………………………12
2-2 植被層質能平衡次模式………………………………………………15
2-2-1 植被層熱平衡……………………………………………………16
2-2-2 截留水平衡………………………………………………………24
2-3 土壤層傳輸次模式……………………………………………………29
2-3-1 質傳守恆…………………………………………………………30
2-3-2 熱傳守恆…………………………………………………………34
2-4 地表界面耦合…………………………………………………………35
第三章 數值運算方法………………………………………………………39
3-1 數值方法………………………………………………………………39
3-2 模式計算邏輯…………………………………………………………46
第四章 植被層參數估計……………………………………………………48
4-1 淨輻射熱傳輸…………………………………………………………48
4-2 葉面指數………………………………………………………………49
4-3 風速剖面………………………………………………………………49
4-4 植被層外空氣動力阻抗………………………………………………51
4-5 植被層內空氣動力阻抗………………………………………………52
4-6 邊界層阻抗……………………………………………………………53
4-7 氣門阻抗………………………………………………………………55
4-8 植被儲存水分容量……………………………………………………58
第五章 模式之檢定、驗證與敏感度分析…………………………………59
5-1 實驗資料來源…………………………………………………………59
5-2 模式輸入條件及設定…………………………………………………60
5-3 模式檢定………………………………………………………………62
5-4 模式驗證………………………………………………………………63
5-4-1 驗證結果…………………………………………………………63
5-4-2 結果討論…………………………………………………………64
5-4 敏感度分析……………………………………………………………72
第六章 結論與建……………………………………………………………79
6-1 研究結論………………………………………………………………79
6-2 建議事項………………………………………………………………81
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………83
附表……………………………………………………………………………93
附圖…………………………………………………………………………100
符號索引表…………………………………………………………………144
附錄A…………………………………………………………………………148
附錄B…………………………………………………………………………151
附錄C…………………………………………………………………………153
附錄D…………………………………………………………………………156

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