臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
草坪植物是台灣公園綠地常用的地被植物，目前以種植暖季草種為主，而當冬季寒流來襲，常造成草坪生理及形態上不良的影響。本研究目的為耐寒性草種之選拔、耐寒性指標之評估，並探討矮化劑之施用及冷馴化處理提高耐寒性之可行性。
在草坪植物耐寒性之研究方面，依草種於低溫(15/13℃)下與高溫(30/25℃)下之相對生長量(%)為耐寒標準，試驗一(夏季試驗)草種耐寒程度以日本芝草最高，其次為小葉百喜草、類地毯草和假儉草相近，以地毯草最低。試驗二(冬季試驗)以小葉百喜草最高，其次為日本芝草、改良型百慕達草 ‘Sahara’、假儉草，普通百慕達草和類地毯草相近，以地毯草最低。由此可知，暖季草種以日本芝草、小葉百喜草耐寒性較佳，地毯草最差。
在耐寒性指標之評估方面，試驗一(夏季試驗)植株PSII光化學效率(Fv/Fm)的變化，以假儉草降低及回復的速度較其它草種快，其次為日本芝草、類地毯草、小葉百喜草，以地毯草低溫第8天才降到最低點，且降幅最大。試驗二(冬季試驗)植株電解質滲漏率依最高點比較之，以地毯草最高;其次為類地毯草、普通百慕達草、改良型百慕達草 ‘Sahara’、日本芝草、假儉草;而以小葉百喜草電解質滲漏率最低。低溫下除假儉草在初期CMR不降反升外，其餘草種有初期下降而後期上升的趨勢。耐寒性指標方面，以低溫第6、8天所測之相對Fv/Fm (%)與相對生長速率(%)呈顯著正相關，相關係數( r )為0.69**、0.92***，其次以所測之相對電解質滲漏率(%)與相對生長速率(%)呈顯著負相關，r以0.86*** (n=21)最高，最後以所測之相對CMR(%)與相對生長速率(%)相關性略低，r以0.80*** (n=21)最高。結果顯示此三者皆為合理、可靠之耐寒性指標，其中以葉綠素螢光相關性最高，其次為電解質滲漏率，最後為CMR。
以矮化劑(Paclobutrazol, PP-333)提高地毯草耐寒性之研究方面，秋季試驗中，25ppm葉面噴灑處理株之主莖長度較低溫對照組低，而PSII光化學效率值(Fv/Fm)及CMR較低溫對照組高，而電解質滲漏率較低溫對照組低。顯示施用PP-333有抑制生長效果，而且有提高光合作用能力、降低細胞膜及葉綠素破壞程度之作用，進而提高地毯草之耐寒性。冬季試驗將濃度提高至35ppm、70ppm，分別以土壤灌注 (S)、葉面噴灑 (D)方式施用於地毯草。結果顯示，以35ppm (S)處理主莖長度最高，其次為35ppm (D)、70ppm (S)處理，以70ppm (D)處理主莖長度最低，所以高濃度、土壤灌注抑制生長效果顯著。但PP-333處理組在Fv/Fm、電解質滲漏率及CMR並無一致的變化趨勢，所以地毯草之耐寒性並無隨著濃度的增加或不同施用方式而所差異。
不同溫度處理對地毯草生育之影響方面，以30/25℃(日/夜溫)處理生長量最佳，包括主莖、葉片生長等，其次為25/20℃、20/15℃，以15/13℃生長量最低，顯示低溫會嚴重地抑制地毯草之生長發育。Fv/Fm以30/25℃最高，其次為25/20℃、20/15℃，以15/13℃最低，CMR亦有類似的趨勢。電解質滲漏率則以30/25℃最低，其次為25/20℃、20/15℃，以15/13℃最高。
移溫處理對地毯草生育之影響方面，Fv/Fm的變化上，以逐次每週降溫處理最高且無明顯下降情形，其次為高溫(3週)、高溫(2週)移至低溫3天降到低點後即快速地回昇，高溫(1週)移溫後Fv/Fm緩慢降低，回昇速度亦慢。電解質滲漏率亦以逐次每週降溫處理增加的比率最低，其次為高溫(3週)、高溫(2週)，以高溫(1週)增加的比率最高。CMR以逐次每週降溫和高溫(3週)處理較高，而高溫(2週)和高溫(1週)則有明顯下降的趨勢，但以高溫(2週)處理回昇較高溫(1週)快。在移至低溫時之植株大小方面，以高溫(3週)最高，包括主莖長度、葉片等，其次為高溫(2週)、逐次每週降溫處理，以高溫(1週)最低。所以冷馴化可提高地毯草光合作用能力，減少細胞膜、葉綠素破壞程度的效果，而且高溫處理愈久，其植株生長愈繁盛，對低溫耐性愈佳。

Summary
Warm-turfgrasses is the main grasses for groundcovers of the parks in Taiwan. Low temperatures in winter always have harmful effects on physiological and morphological growth of warm-turfgrasses. The objectives of this study were to select the warm-turfgrasses with chilling resistance, to look for the index of chilling tolerance, and to research effects of Paclobutrazol (PP-333) and cold acclimation treatments on chilling tolerance of warm-turfgrasses.
In the experiments for studying chilling tolerance of warm-turfgrasses, the relative growth rate of each grass (growth rate in low temperature (15/13℃) / growth rate in high temperature (30/25℃)) was used for comparing. In experiment 1(summer exp.), Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica.) had the best chilling tolerance, followed by Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum cv. A33), Carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis), and Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophuroides). Tropical Carpetgrass (Axonopus compressus) had the least chilling tolerance. In experiment 2(winter exp.), Bahiagrass ‘A33’ was the best chilling tolerance grass, next were Zoysiagrass, Bermudagrass ‘Sahara’, Centipedegrass, common Bermudagrass, and Carpetgrass. Tropical Carpetgrass was still the grass with least chilling tolerance. Hence, Zoysiagrass and Bahiagrass ‘A33’ were the warm-turfgrasses with better chilling tolerance, and Tropical Carpetgrass was the weakest grass under low temperatures.
To research indexes for chilling tolerance, chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, and chlorophyll meter reading (CMR) values were measured for evaluating. From the results of measuring chlorophyll fluorescence in experiment 1(summer exp.), the PSII photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of Centipedegrass decreased and recovered faster than other tested grass species, followed by, Zoysiagrass, Carpetgrass , and Bahiagrass ’A33’. The Fv/Fm value of Tropical Carpetigrass decreased very slowly and went down to the lowest level. In the experiment 2(winter exp.), the electrolyte leakage of Tropical Carpetgrass was the highest, followed by Carpetgrass, Common bermudagrass, Improved bermudagrass, Zoysiagrass, Centipedegrass, and Bahiagrass was the lowest. Except for Centipedegrass which value increased all the time, the CMR values of warm-turfgrasses under low temperature decreased in the beginning and then increased later. There were significant positive correlations between the relative growth rate and the relative Fv/Fm ratio which measured at the 6,8 days after chilling treatment beginning, and the r were 0.69**, 0.92***(n=15). There were significant negative correlations between the relative growth rate and the relative electrolyte leakage (%) which measured after chilling treatment beginning, the r were 0.86**(n=21). There were significant positive correlations between the relative growth rate and the relative CMR values (%) which measured after chilling treatment beginning, and the r were 0.80***(n=21). The results showed that PSII photochemical efficiency, electrolyte leakage, and CMR can be reliable tool to predict the growth rate of warm-turfgrasses under low temperature.
To study the effect of PP-333 on chilling tolerance of Tropical Carpetigrass, 25 ppm PP-333 were applied to the shoots. The shoot length was shorter than control treatment. Both the PSII photochemical efficiency and the CMR value were higher than that of the control treatment, whereas the electrolyte leakage were lower than that of the control treatment. The results showed that PP-333 could inhibit the growth of Tropical Carpetigrass, increased photosynthesis efficiency, decreased the destruction of cell memberance and chlorophyll. In winter, 35 ppm or 70 ppm PP-333 were drenched to the soil or sprayed on the shoots of Tropical Carpetigrass. The results showed that the shoot length was the longest with 35 ppm by spraying, next were 35 ppm by drenching and 70 ppm by spraying. The shortest of shoot length was 70 ppm by drenching. However, the changes of Fv/Fm, electrolyte leakage and CMR value of PP-333 treatments were not identical with the PP-333 concentration or application methods.
To study the effect of temperatures on the growth and development of Tropical Carpetigrass, that results showed that the growth (include shoot length and leaf number) of Tropical Carpetigrass in 30/25℃(day/night) was the best, followed by plants grown in 25/20℃ and 20/15℃. The worst was in 15/13℃. The Fv/Fm ratio of Tropical Carpetigrass grown in 30/25℃ was the highest, and then were the plants grown in 25/20℃ and 20/15℃. The lowest value appeared on the plants grown in 15/13℃.The condition of CMR value was similar to the Fv/Fm ratio, whereas the electrolyte leakage of plants grown in 30/25℃ was the lowest , followed by the plants grown in 25/20℃, 20/15℃, and the 15/13℃was the highest.
The effects of transported temperature treatments on growth and development of Tropical Carpetigrass were that the treatment of reduced the temperature weekly had the highest level of Fv/Fm and without significantly fell down. Three-week high temperature treatment and two-week high temperature treatment were decreased to the lowest level and recovered fast at the 3rd day after chilling treatment beginning. One-week high temperature treatment fell down and recovered slowly. Electrolyte leakage was least on plants grown under the temperature reduced weekly, and then were the three-week high temperature treatment and two-week high temperature treatment. One-week high temperature treatment had the highest electrolyte leakage. The CMR values of the plants grown under the temperature reduced weekly and plants of the three-week high temperature treatment were higher. The CMR values of plants of two-week and one-week high temperature treatments decreased significantly, but the CMR values of plants of two-week high temperature treatment recovered faster than that of one-week high temperature treatment. The plant size (include shoot length and leaf number) after transported to low temperature was the highest on plants of three-week high temperature treatment. And then were that of two-week high temperature treatment and the plants under temperature reduced weekly. The growth rate of plants of one-week high temperature treatment was the lowest. The results showed that the cold acclimation can increase photosynthesis efficiency of Tropical Carpetigrass, and reduce the destruction of cell merbrance and chlorophyll.

目錄
(Content)
第一章緒論( Introducation).......................1
第二章前人研究( Literature review)...............3
(一)暖季草坪植物之耐寒性............................3
(二)低溫寒害對草坪植物之影響........................3
(三)提高作物耐寒性之方法............................12
第三章綠地草坪植物耐寒性之研究( The study of chilling tolerance on the turfgrasses )......................20
第四章耐寒性指標於草坪植物耐寒性偵測之應用 (Application of possible indices to evaluate the chilling tolerance of turfgrasses)........................................30
(一)低溫處理對草坪植物相對生長速率之影響.............35
(二)低溫處理對草種PSII 光化學效率值 (Fv/Fm)變化之影響35
(三)低溫處理對草種電解質滲率變化之影響...............35
(四)低溫處理對草種CMR變化之影響......................36
(五)評估草種相對生長速率(%)和相對Fv/Fm(%)、相對電解質
滲漏值(%)、相對CMR(%)之相關性........................36
第五章矮化劑─Paclobutrazol(PP-333)對地毯草耐寒性之影響( Effects of paclobutrazol on chilling tolerance of Tropical Carpetgrass)........................................48
(一)溫度與施用PP-333對地毯草生育之影響...............51
(二)不同方式、濃度施用PP-333對地毯草生育之影響.......51
第六章冷馴化與植株大小對地毯草耐寒性之影響( Effects of cold acclimation and plant size on chilling tolerance of Tropical Carpetgrass)..........................................65
摘要.................................................81
參考文獻( References)................................86

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