臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文旨在研究電池電容量檢測方法之設計與研製。由於此研究主題是欲解決實際問題，故本論文將準確度、成本兩議題並重考量。
本論文基於能量守恆理論發展電池電容量檢測方法，由於是基於基本理論所發展出的檢測方法，而非基於少數電池的特有充放電特性所發展，故此方法可廣泛應用於多種的電池。
本論文研究的基本假設如下:
電池剩餘電容量=電池初始電容量-電池已輸出電容量
根據此假設，欲準確估測電池在每一瞬間的剩餘可輸出電容量，就必須準確估測電池的初始電容量以及電池已輸出電容量。由於電池可輸出電容量會受到電池使用方式及環境的影響，故在電池初始電容量估測方面，以開路電壓法為基本架構，修正了電池老化效應、環境溫度以及自放電效應的影響，發展出修正開路電壓法。而在監測電池已輸出電容量方面，以積分法為基本架構，修正了輸出電流狀態與與環境溫度的影響，發展出修正積分法。
除了基於能量守恆原則發展出的檢測方法外，本論文亦由實驗中觀察出電池電壓斜率與電池初始電容量的規律關係，經由實驗證明，可由電池電壓斜率準確估測電池初始電容量值。
實驗結果證明本論文所發展出的電池電容量檢測方法確實可行。

The goal of research for this thesis is to develop measurement methodologies for battery residual capacity. The focus of our method is on the practical side and we emphasize accuracy as well as cost as the major factors of design. The proposed measuring method is based on the law of energy conservation, which is rooted on fundamental physical theories rather than particular electrochemical characteristics of the batteries. The method is intended to be valid for all kinds of batteries.
Our fundamental assumption is that (Battery residual capacity) = (Battery initial capacity) — (Battery used capacity). In order to accurately estimate the battery residual capacity at any time, accurate measuring of the battery initial capacity and the battery used capacity are required. The measurement of the initial capacity is based on the improved open-circuit voltage measurement, which compensates the effect of battery aging, environmental temperature and self-discharging. The measurement of the used capacity is based on the improved coulometer measurement, which compensates the effects of output current and environmental temperature.
The relationship between the voltage slope and the battery initial capacity is also studied, which helps to obtain the accurate value of initial battery capacity by measuring the slope of the battery voltage. Relevant experiment results show that the proposed method is feasible and is able to come up with accurate estimate of the residual capacity of a battery.

謝誌…………………………………………………………………………I
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………II
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………III
目錄…………………………………………………………………………IV
圖次…………………………………………………………………………VIII
表次…………………………………………………………………………XII
第一章 緒論………………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機與目的……………………………………………………1
1.2 研究背景與發展概況………………………………………………3
1.3 研究方法與系統描述………………………………………………5
1.4 論文架構……………………………………………………………7
第二章 二次電池介紹……………………………………………………9
2.1 前言…………………………………………………………………9
2.2 理想電池和實際電池的差別………………………………………9
2.3 二次電池介紹………………………………………………………14
2.3.1鉛酸電池………………………………………………………17
2.3.2鎳鎘電池………………………………………………………21
2.3.3鎳氫電池………………………………………………………25
2.3.4鋰電池…………………………………………………………27
2.3.4.1鋰金屬電池……………………………………………28
2.3.4.2鋰離子電池……………………………………………28
2.3.4.3高分子鋰電池…………………………………………34
2.3.5二次電池性能比較……………………………………………35
2.4電池等效電路 ………………………………………………………36
2.4.1理想模型………………………………………………………37
2.4.2線性模型………………………………………………………37
2.4.3戴維寧等效模型………………………………………………38
2.4.4等效電容模型…………………………………………………39
2.4.5Pspice巨觀模型………………………………………………39
第三章 電池電容量估測方法之介紹……………………………………42
3.1影響電池可輸出電容量的因素 ……………………………………42
3.1.1放電電流………………………………………………………42
3.1.2環境溫度………………………………………………………44
3.1.3電池老化………………………………………………………45
3.1.4自放電率………………………………………………………46
3.2電容量檢測方法之介紹 ……………………………………………47
3.2.1比重法…………………………………………………………48
3.2.2開路電壓法……………………………………………………49
3.2.3加載電壓法（閉回路電壓法）………………………………52
3.2.4查表法…………………………………………………………54
3.2.5庫倫檢測法(安培小時法、積分法)…………………………55
3.2.6內電阻法………………………………………………………56
3.2.7其他方法………………………………………………………63
3.2.8各方法之比較…………………………………………………64
第四章 二次電池殘電量檢測方法………………………………………66
4.1 簡介…………………………………………………………………66
4.2 電壓斜率法…………………………………………………………66
4.3 修正開路電壓法搭配修正積分法…………………………………74
4.3.1 修正開路電壓法 ……………………………………………75
4.3.1.1開路電壓與初始電容量的關係………………………75
4.3.1.2修正老化效應…………………………………………78
4.3.1.3開路電壓與溫度的關係………………………………82
4.3.1.4修正開路電壓法系統…………………………………84
4.3.2修正積分法……………………………………………………85
4.3.2.1修正環境溫度…………………………………………85
4.3.2.2修正輸出電流狀態……………………………………88
4.3.2.3修正積分法系統………………………………………91
4.3.3 整合系統(修正開路電壓法＋修正積分法) ………………92
第五章 檢測方式系統實現 ………………………………………………99
5.1 架構概念 …………………………………………………………99
5.2實驗儀器 ……………………………………………………………101
5.3 電壓量測電路………………………………………………………105
5.4 溫度量測電路………………………………………………………106
5.5 定電流放電電路……………………………………………………109
5.6電壓比較器 …………………………………………………………111
第六章 實驗結果與分析 …………………………………………………114
6.1前言 …………………………………………………………………114
6.2 實驗背景……………………………………………………………114
6.3驗證斜率法 …………………………………………………………114
6.4 驗證修正開路電壓法 + 修正積分法 ……………………………117
第七章 結論………………………………………………………………136
7.1 總結…………………………………………………………………136
7.2 未來工作……………………………………………………………137
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………138

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