臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

我國於2000年修改勞動基準法第三十條，法定正常工時由每週四十八小時縮減到每兩週八十四小時，並自2001年起開始實施，各界對此政策頗有疑慮，學者們的論點也難以得到共識。因此本研究擬採時間數列分析(time series analysis)，透過對日本實證資料的研究，釐清縮減工時對經濟之正、負面影響。
本研究首先蒐集日本有關縮減工作日、週等工時制度與其他相關制度之資料，以瞭解其縮減工時之背景與實施狀況及對企業之影響；接著參考學者有關工時之相關研究，並依其縮減工時對產出、雇用、勞動生產力、加班與企業獲利影響之理論或模型，加入縮減法定工時因素，以作為本研究的理論模型架構；由於日本於1988年開始實施縮減法定工時，因其產業發展背景不但與臺灣較相近，而且領先臺灣甚遠。本研究以日本資料來作實證研究，預期能彌補國內、外相關縮減工時理論及實證分析之不足，除可減少勞工、企業與政府三方對縮減工時之疑慮外，並有助於政府未來施政方針的訂定。
根據對日本製造業實證分析的結果，縮減工時可增加雇用人數及提升勞動生產力，對產出、加班及企業獲利則並沒有顯著影響。以這五項重要經濟指標來看，大致可顯示縮減工時對日本經濟有正面的效果，保守來說，至少以日本的例子來看，並沒有證據顯示縮減工時將不利於經濟。一般認為，製造業相較其他產業受到縮減工時的影響較為深遠，因此縮減工時對日本其他產業的影響想必更小。就此點看來，類推至臺灣，若政府能採用類似日本在縮減工時之際所實施的各項因應措施或政策，我國企業界便沒有必要對縮減工時產生過度的疑慮。

The Republic of China had updated the 30th clause of Labor law to reduce the work hours from 48 hours per week to 84 hours biweekly in 2000 and it had been effective in 2001. The public and academia concern the new policy, but there is no consensus appeared. We hope to find out the effect of reducing work hours to the economics by using time series analysis upon the historical data from Japan.
We first collected relative historical data of reducing work hours from Japan so that we could realize the background of this policy and the effect to the enterprises. Then we made our thesis structure by combining the model from relative research about product, hire, manpower, overtime, profit in business and the factor of legally reduced work hours. The reduce work hour policy has been carrier out in Japan since 1988 and its background of industry development is pretty similar and far more advanced in business operation to Taiwan. The Japanese example could make up the practical incompetents of the reducing-working-hour theory and lessen the doubt from the public as well as do some help to our government in making reasonable policies.
According to the analytical result from the Japanese industry, reduction of working hours could increase the number of hiring and the manpower product, but no significant effect was found in output, overtime and profit. We could generally conclude that reduce of work hours policy might have some positive effect to the Japanese economic by these 5 important index. At least we don’t have sufficient evidence to prove any negative effect to the economic. It’s generally believed that the manufactory industry would sustain more impact than other industries by this policy, so we may believe that the impact would be smaller in other industries. By the experiences from Japan, we could conclude that the enterprises in Taiwan could be less doubt on this policy if the government would take appropriate actions.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機
第二節 研究目的
第三節 章節結構
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 工時及縮減工時的定義與型態
第二節 日本歷年工時之趨勢型態與制度演變
第三節 縮減工時的經濟影響效果
第三章 研究方法
第一節 理論模型與變數定義
第二節 研究對象與資料來源
第三節 研究分析方法
第四章 實證分析
第一節 日本歷年工時與相關經濟指標之趨勢
第二節 縮減工時對日本製造業經濟影響之實證分析
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 縮減工時對日本的經濟影響
第二節 可提供臺灣縮減法定工時之建議
第三節 研究限制與未來發展
參考文獻

中文部份：
成之約 (1995)「縮減工時之國際趨勢與政府、企業因應之探討」，企業內工作時間縮減與企業經營。
成之約 (2000) 「工時縮減與企業因應策略」，財團法人國家政策基金會─國政專論研究論文。
邱淑芬 (1995)「縮減工時對企業經濟影響之探討」，企業內工作時間縮減與企業經營。
邱淑芬 (1997)「縮減工時對生產力與勞動市場之研究」，國科會專題研究計畫成果報告。
邱駿彥 (2000)「勞動基準法當前課題之研究─以縮短工時相關法制為中心」，2000年工業關係研討會論文。
黃同圳 (1996)「工時縮短之因應措施─日本之借鏡」，勞工之友，(544)：16-19。
黃同圳 (1997)「日本縮短工時對生產力的影響」，人力發展月刊，(45)：4-8。
張清溪，許嘉棟，劉鶯釧，吳聰敏 (1995)，經濟學理論與實務，第三版
日文部份：
下井隆史 (1996) 労働基準法，第二版，有斐閣。
日本労働省大臣官房部發行：労働統計調查月報。
日本労働省政策調查部發行：每月勤労統計速報。
日本銀行調查統計局發行：金融経済統計月報。
日本銀行調查統計局發行：経済統計月報。
日本銀行調查統計局發行：経済統計年報。
日本総務庁統計局發行：日本統計年鑑。
平成2年政令357號 (1990)
昭和62年政令397號 (1987)
財団法人社会経済生産性本部發行：労働生產性統計月報。
菅野和夫 (1995) 労働法，第五版，弘文堂。
週刊東洋経済發行：経済統計年鑑1990年版。
英文部份：
Aberg, Y. (1987). “The Impact of Working Hours and Other Factors on Production and Employment” , Avebury.
Anderson, R. , W. Black , J. Hair & R. Tatham. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis, 4th ed, New York : Macmillan Publishing.
Anxo, D. & A. Bigsten. (1989). “Working Hours and Productivity in Swedish Manufacturing” , Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 91(3):613-619.
Bauer, T. & K.F. Zimmermann. (1999). “Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany” , Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46(4):419-436.
Blyton, P. (1985). Changes in Working Time , St. Martin’s Press.
Blyton, P. (1987). “The Working Time Debate in Western Europe“ , Industrial Relations, 26(2):201-207.
Bosch, G. (1990). “From 40 to 35 Hours : Reduction and Flexibilisation of the Working Week in the Fedral Republic of Germany” , International Labour Review, 129(5):611-627.
Boulin, J. (1993). “French Policies on Working Time” , Futures, 25(5):587-602.
Boulin, J. , G. Cette & D. Taddei. (1993). “A Major Change in Working Time” , Futures, 25(5):494-501.
Brunello, G. (1989) “The Employment Effect of Shorter Working Hours : An Applications to Japanese Data” , Economia, 56:473-486.
Calmfors, L. (1985). “Work Sharing, Employment and Wages“ , European Economic Review, 27:293-309.
Calmfors, L. & M. Hoel. (1988). “Work Sharing and Overtime“ , Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 90(1):45-62.
Calmfors, L. & M. Hoel. (1989). “Work Sharing, Employment and Shiftwork” , Oxford Economic Papers, 41:758-773.
Cette, G. & D. Taddei. (1993). “The Economic Effects of Reducing and Reorganizing Working Time” , Futures, 25(5):561-577.
Chan, W. (1996). “Intersectoral Mobility and Short-Run Labor Market Adjustments” , Journal of Labor Economics, 14(3):454-471.
Cole, E. (1992). “Work and Leisure in Japan” , California Management Review, 34(3):52-63.
Corneo, G.G. (1995). “Distributional Implications of a Shorter Working Week : An Unpleasant Note ” , Journal of Economics, 62(1):25-31
Delson, L. (1991). “Atypical Employment Relations and Government Policy in Europe” , Labour, 5(3):123-149.
Ehrenberg, R.G. & P. Schumann. (1982). Longer Hours or More Jobs , Cornell University Press.
Evans, A. & S. Palmer. (1985). Negotiating Shorter Working Hours , Macmillian Press.
Hart, R.A. (1984). “Work Sharing and Factor Prices” , European Economic Review, 24:165-188.
Hart, R.A. & P.J. Sloane (1979). “Working Hours and the Distribution of Work” , Collective Bargaining and Government Policies, Paris : OECD.
Hippo, Y. (1993). “Japan: The Reduction in Working Time” , Futures, 25(5):537-550.
Holm, P. & J. Kiander. (1993). “The Effects of Work Sharing on Employment and Overtime in Finnish Manufacturing 1960-87 : Comparison of Three Alternative Models” , Applied Economics, 25:801-810.
Houseman, S.N. (1988). “Shorter Working Time and Job Security : Labor Adjustment in the Steel Industry” ,Employment, Unemployment and Labor Utilization, Mass : Unwin Hyman:64-85.
Hughes, J. (1980). “The Reduction in the Working Week : A Critical Look at Target 35” , British Journal of Industrial Relations, November:287-296.
Mangan, J. & J. Steinke. (1988). “Working Time Reductions in Australian Industry : Did They Create Jobs and Who Funded Them?” , Economic and Industrial Democracy, 9:165-178.
Marchand, O. (1993). “An International Comparison of Working Times” , Future, 25(5):502-510.
Neifer-Dichmann, E. (1991). “Working Time Reductions in the Former Federal Republic of Germany : A Dead End for Employment Policy” , International Labour Review, 130(4):511-522.
Olmsted, B. (1983). “Changing Times : The Use of Reduced Work Time Options in the United States” , International Labour Review, 122(4):479-492.
Owen, J.D. (1979). Working Time : An Economic Analysis ,(Canada : D.C. Heath & Co.), 207p.
Owen, J.D. (1989). Reduced Working Hours : Cure for Unemployment or Economic Burden? , John Hopkins University Press.
Scheuer, S. (1999). “The Impact of Collective Agreements on Working Time in Denmark” , British Journal of Industrial Relations, 37(3):465-481.
Seifert, H. (1991). “Employment Effects of Working Time Reductions in the Former Federal Republic of Germany” , International Labour Review, 130(4):495-510.
Thurman, J.E. (1990). “Working Time” , in R. Blanpain eds. , Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations in Industrialized Market Economics, Vol. 1, 4th ed. , pp. 133-166.
Van Ginneken, W. (1984). “Employment and Reduction of the Work Week : A Comparison of Seven European Macro-economic Models” , International Labour Review, 123(1):35-52.
網站資料：
日本大蔵省統計資料─http://www.mof.go.jp/siryou.htm
日本労働研究機構統計資料─http://www.jil.go.jp/statis/index.htm
日本厚生労働省統計資料─http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/itiran/roudou/index.html
日本経済產業省統計資料─http://www.meti.go.jp/statistics/index.html
中華民國經濟部統計處─http://www.moea.gov.tw/~meco/stat/four/index104.htm
中華民國勞委會主要國家勞動統計指標─http://www.cla.gov.tw/acdept/h04.htm
I. L. O. Bureau of Statistics─http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/index.htm