臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本實驗利用高溫方形爐先將稻殼煅燒成灰，再利用硫酸對稻殼灰進行活化，接著以酸活化後稻殼灰對大豆油進行脫色，然後以分光光度計測定脫色前與脫色後大豆油的β-胡蘿蔔素濃度。利用元素分析儀、感應耦合電漿質譜儀、X光繞射分析儀、掃描式電子顯微鏡、表面積測定儀對稻殼及酸活化後稻殼灰進行組成分析及物理性質之觀察或測定。
實驗分成兩部份：第一部份對不同吸附劑(稻殼灰或白土)的吸附能力進行評比；第二部份則以酸活化稻殼灰進行大豆油脫色動力學研究。
第一部份結果顯示：以稻殼灰或白土為吸附劑吸附大豆油中的胡蘿蔔素時，沒有新的產物產生。在氮氣氣氛下，灰化成的稻殼灰比在空氣氣氛下灰化者的脫色能力為佳；經酸活化處理的稻殼灰較未處理者為佳；未水洗者比水洗者為佳。
第二部份結果顯示：脫色速率會隨著稻殼灰粒徑變小而增大；隨酸灰/大豆油重量比或脫色溫度增加而增加。根據上述數據，我們可以迴歸出大豆油以酸灰脫色的速率式，脫色速率式的適用範圍為：酸灰粒徑大小在44.3~193.0μm間、酸灰/大豆油重量比在0.02~0.04間及脫色溫度在100~140℃間。

Rice hull was ashed in a box furnace and then activated by sulfuric acid. Soy oil was then bleached by the ash produced. A spectrophotometer was then employed to determine the concentration of β-carotene in the oil before and after bleaching. An elemental analyzer, an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer, an X-ray diffractometer, a scanning electron microscope and a surface area meter were used to determine the composition and physical properties of rice hull and activated rice hull ash.
This study was divided into two parts. Bleaching capabilities of different rice hull ashes and clays were compared in the first part. Bleaching kinetics of soy oil with activated rice hull ash was studied in the second part.
The results of the first part indicated that there was no new products generated during the bleaching with the rice hull ashes or clays. It also demonstrated that the bleachings with rice hulls ashed in nitrogen stream were generally more efficient than those ashed in air stream. Acid activated ashes showed higher bleaching capability than unactivated ones. Moreover, unwashed activated ashes were found to be more effective in adsorption than washed ones.
The results of the second part indicated that the bleaching rate was found to be increased by increasing the ratio of activated rice hull ash/soy oil or bleaching temperature and by decreasing the particle size of activated rice hull ash. Following is the expression of the bleaching rate obtained by regression of experimental data. The applicable ranges of the expression of the bleaching rate are particle size of activated rice hull ash 44.3~193.0μm, ratio of activated rice hull ash/soy oil 0.02~0.04 and bleaching temperature 100~140℃.

中文摘要Ι
英文摘要II
誌謝IV
目錄V
圖表索引VIII
第一章緒論1
第二章文獻回顧2
2-1 吸附劑的種類2
2-2 稻殼的灰化4
2-3 稻殼灰的活化6
2-4 植物油的脫色8
2-4-1 吸附機制9
2-4-2 植物油脫色過程的描述9
2-4-3 脫色條件對脫色速率的影響11
第三章實驗部份16
3-1 藥品、氣體及吸附劑16
3-1-1 藥品16
3-1-2 氣體16
3-1-3 吸附劑17
3-2 實驗儀器及設備23
3-2-1 稻殼灰化裝置23
3-2-2 稻殼灰活化裝置25
3-2-3 脫色實驗裝置27
3-2-4 β-胡蘿蔔素濃度測定儀器31
3-2-5 稻殼灰組成及物性測定儀器32
3-2-6 其他儀器與設備36
3-3 實驗步驟38
3-3-1 稻殼的前處理38
3-3-2 稻殼的灰化38
3-3-3 稻殼灰的活化39
3-3-4 脫色實驗41
3-3-5 分光光度計之分析42
3-3-5-1 檢量線的製作43
3-3-6 元素分析儀之分析45
3-3-7 感應耦合電漿質譜儀分析45
3-3-8 X光繞射分析46
3-3-9 掃描式電子顯微鏡分析47
3-3-10 比表面積、孔隙體積、平均孔徑大小及孔徑分佈分
析 48
3-4 實驗工作項目49
3-4-1 不同吸附劑的吸附能力評比49
3-4-2 脫色動力學50
3-4-2-1 稻殼灰粒徑大小50
3-4-2-2 稻殼灰/大豆油重量比51
3-4-2-3 脫色溫度51
第四章結果與討論52
4-1 不同吸附劑的吸附能力評比52
4-2 稻殼灰的組成及物性測定56
4-2-1 元素分析儀之測定結果57
4-2-2 感應耦合電漿質譜儀之測定結果58
4-2-3 X光繞射儀之測定結果58
4-2-4 掃描式電子顯微鏡之測定結果58
4-2-5 比表面積、孔隙體積、平均孔徑大小及孔徑分佈的測
定結果61
4-3 脫色動力學66
4-3-1 分光光度計之吸收光譜圖67
4-3-2 各種變數對吸附速率之影響67
4-3-2-1 ARHA粒徑大小的影響72
4-3-2-2 ARHA/大豆油重量比的影響72
4-3-2-3 脫色溫度的影響73
4-3-3 脫色速率式73
第五章 結論88
參考文獻89
附錄一：實驗數據94
附錄二：實驗數據的迴歸程式100
作者簡介102
授權書103
簽署人須知104

Amick, J. A., “Purification of Rice Hulls as a Source of Solar Grade Silicon for Solar Cells”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 129(4), 864-866 (1982).
Armstrong, M. R. and C. E. Ireland, “The Bleaching of Soybean Oil. A Spectrophotometric Evaluation”, JAOCS, 35(8), 425-428 (1958).
Brekke, O. L., “Bleaching”, in “Handbook of Soy Oil Processing and Utilization”, the America Soybean Association and the American Oil Chemists’ Society, New York, pp. 105-130 (1980).
Brimberg, U. I., “Untersuchungen Über die Kinetik des Bleichens mit Bleicherden”, Fette Seifen Anstrichm., 83(5), 184-190 (1981).
Brimberg, U. I., “Kinetics of Bleaching of Vegetable Oils”, JAOCS, 59(2), 74-78 (1982).
Chakraverty, A., P. Mishra and H. D. Banerjee, “Investigation of Combustion of Raw and Acid-leached Rice Husk for Production of Pure Amorphous White Silica”, J. Mat. Sci., 23(1), 21-24 (1988).
Chang, Y. Y., C. I Lin and H. K. Chen, “Effect of Acid Activation on Sesame Oil Bleaching by Rice Hull Ash”, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 34(1), 1-6 (2001).
Chitnis, S. R. and M. M. Sharma, “Industrial Applications of Acid-treated Clays as Catalysts”, Reactive & Functional Polymers, 32(1), 93-115 (1997).
Clark, P. K. and A. Proctor, “Effects on Lutein Adsorption of Adding Polar Solvents to Silicic Acid or to Soy Oil/Hexane Micellas”, JAOCS, 70(10), 1003-1007 (1993).
Dudley, H. W., and I. Fleming, “Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry”, 4th edition., McGraw-Hill Book Co. Ltd., London, pp. 1-3 (1987).
Guillaumin, R., and J. F. Pertuisot, “Modification in the UV Spectra of Vegetable Oil Produced by Bleaching Earths”, Rev. Fr. Corps Gras, 14, 449-460 (1967).
Hamad, M. A., “Thermal Characteristics of Rice Hulls”, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 31(10), 624-626 (1981).
Helmy, H. E., “Studies on the Pigments of Some Citrus, Prune and Cucurbit Seed Oils when Processed with or without Cottonseed Oil”, 67(6), 376-380 (1990).
Henderson, J. H., “A Laboratory Study of the Press Effect in Adsorptive Bleaching”, 70(9), 831-835 (1993).
Houston, D. F., “Rice Hulls”, Rice Chemical and Technology, Chap. 12, Editor: D. F. Houston, American Association of Cereals Chemistry, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota (1972).
Hsu, W. H., and B. S. Luh, in “Rice Production and Utilization”, Chap.22, Editor：B. S. Luh, AVI Pub. Co. Inc. Westport, Connecticut (1980).
IMSL: User’s Manual, IMSL Math/Library, Fortran Subroutines for Mathematical Applications, 1.1 Ed., IMSL, Houston, Texas (1989).
James, E. M., “The Refining and Bleaching of Vegetable Oils”, JAOCS, 35(2), 76-83 (1958).
Kalam, A. and J. B. Joshi, “Regeneration of Spent Earth by Wet Oxidation”, JAOCS, 65(9), 1536-1540 (1988a).
Kalam, A. and J. B. Joshi, “Regeneration of Spent Earth in Aqueous Medium”, JAOCS, 65(12), 1917-1921 (1988b).
Kheok, S. C. and E. E. Lim, “Mechanism of Palm Oil Bleaching by Montmorillonite Clay Activated at Various Acid Concentrations”, JAOCS, 59(3), 129-131 (1982).
Khoo, L. E., F. Morsingh and K. Y. Liew, “The Adsorption of β-Carotene I. by Bleaching Earths”, JAOCS, 56(7), 672-675 (1979).
King, P. R. and F. W. Wharton, “Oxidation Effects in Adsorption Bleaching of Vegetable oils”, JAOCS, 26(5), 201-207 (1949).
Liew, K. Y., A. H. Yee and M. R. Nordin, “Adsorption of Carotene from Palm Oil by Acid-treated Rice Hull Ash”, JAOCS, 70(5), 539-541 (1993).
Liew, K. Y., M. R. Nordin and L. S. Goh, “Reaction of Carotenes in Palm Oil with Acid”, JAOCS, 71(3), 303-306 (1994).
Low, K. S., C. K. Lee and L. Y. Kong, “Decolorisation of Crude Palm Oil by Acid-activated Spent Bleaching Earth”, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 72(1), 67-73 (1998).
Mingyu, J. and A. Proctor, “The Effect of Added Solvents on Soy Oil Lutein Adsorption by Silicic Acid”, JAOCS, 70(6), 575-578 (1993).
Morgan, D. A., D. B. Shaw, M. J. Sidebottom, T. C. Soon and R. S. Taylor, “The Function of Bleaching Earths in the Processing of Palm, Palm kernel and Coconut oils”, JAOCS, 62(2), 292-299 (1985).
Norris, F. A., “Bleaching”, in “Bailey’s Industrial Oil and Fat Products”, 3rd edition, Editor：D. Swern, Interscience Publishers, New York, pp. 769-792 (1964).
Patel, M., A. Karera and P. Prasanna, “Effect of the Thermal and Chemical Treatments on Carbon and Silica Contents in Rice Husk”, J. Mat. Sci., 22(7), 2457-2464 (1987).
Patterson, H. B. W., “Bleaching Practices in Europe”, JAOCS, 53(6), 339-341 (1976).
Patterson, H. B. W., “Bleaching and Purifying Fats and Oils”, AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, (1992).
Pritchett, W. C., W. G. Taylor and D. M. Carroll, “Chlorophyll Removal during Earth Bleaching of Soybean Oil”, JAOCS, 24, 225-227 (1947).
Proctor, A. and S. Palaniappan, “Soy Oil Lutein Adsorption by Rice Hull Ash”, JAOCS, 66(11), 1618-1621 (1989).
Proctor, A. and S. Palaniappan, “Adsorption of Soy Oil Free Fatty Acids by Rice Hull Ash”, JAOCS, 67(1), 15-17 (1990).
Proctor, A., “X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope Studies of Processed Rice Hull Silica”, JAOCS, 67(9), 576-584 (1990).
Proctor, A., L. C. Tan and S. Palaniappan, “ Phospholipid Adsorption onto Rice Hull Ash from Soy Oil Miscellas”, JAOCS, 69(10), 1049-1050 (1992).
Proctor, A., P. K. Clark and C. A. Parker, “Rice Hull Ash Adsorbent Performance under Commercial Soy Oil Bleaching Conditions”, JAOCS, 72(4), 459-462 (1995).
Rich, A. D., “Some Basic Factors in the Bleaching of Fatty Oils”, JAOCS, 41(2), 315-321 (1964).
Rich, A. D., “Some Fundamental Aspects of Bleaching”, JAOCS, 47(12), 564A-566A (1970).
Richardson, L. L., “Use of Bleaching, Clays, in Processing Edible Oil”, JAOCS, 55(11), 777-780 (1978).
Stout, L. E., D. F. Chamberlain and J. M. McKelvy, “Factors Influencing Vegetable Oil Bleaching by Adsorption”, JAOCS, 26(3), 120-126 (1949).
Tollenaar, F. D., and H. Hockmann,”Bleaching of Oils with Bleaching Earth”, Fette Seifen Anstrichm., 66(6), 430-437 (1964).
Topallar, H., “Bleaching kinetics of sunflowerseed oil”, JAOCS, 75(4), 531-533 (1998).
金華, “脫色處理(上)”, 黃豆與製油雜誌, 12(6), 15-24 (1984).
金華, “脫色處理(下)”, 黃豆與製油雜誌, 12(7), 27-31 (1984).
林俊一, “工業化學”, pp. 353, 全威圖書有限公司 (1996).
羅政忠, “稻殼前處理及其熱解反應動力學之研究”, 國立中央大學化學工程系博士論文 (1998).
張悠揚, “稻殼灰對芝麻油脫色之研究”, 國立台灣科技大學化學工程系碩士論文 (1999).
林士平, “以稻殼灰為吸附劑之芝麻油脫色研究”, 國立台灣科技大學化學工程系碩士論文 (2000).