臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以句法對比為基礎，探討具備不同語法功能的核心名詞組與關係詞所呈現的西班牙語與漢語的限定性關係子句結構類型，並應用變形語法理論 (Chomsky (1957)) 分析其表層與深層結構。由結構對比分析中所得的結果，融合台灣西語學習者在西班牙語限定性關係子句結構的書寫表達實證，加以探討並解釋其學習成果與遭遇的困難。整篇論文除著重句法結構的分析，同時也強調結合結構對比分析與外語學習結果分析的重要性。
本論文根據核心名詞組在關係子句中所具的主詞、直接受詞、間接受詞、介系詞受詞及所有格等語法功能而進行句法結構分析，並討論其他相關主題如：西漢限定性關係子句深層結構到表層結構的變形過程，主要子句及關係子句中詞序的轉變、用以連接兩個子句的西語關係代名詞與漢語修飾標誌「的」在此種句型中的特性、核心名詞組在兩種語言中位置的差異及具備的文法與語意功能、以及接應代詞出現的必要性等。
關於台灣學生在西語學習上的表現，我們設計一份涵蓋二十種不同語法功能組合的練習內容進行測試，由收集的結果中，以正確率百分比計算類型難易度，同時以卡方統計檢定不同結構與成分間的顯著關係。除運用本研究在對比結構分析中所得的結論解釋所得結果外，也應用Slobin (1966) 的「中斷假設」、Sheldon (1974) 的「平行功能假設」與「外位假設」、Tavakolian (1978) 的「合併句假設」以及Lu (2000) 的「主詞動詞倒置假設」，去分析學生所犯的錯誤傾向與類型成份間的相關性。從檢定結果中，我們推論出：與主詞之語法功能相關以及與間接受詞相關的限定性關係子句結構，分屬於最容易學習與最難學習的結構。針對每一種結構，學習者書寫表達的正確階層排序並不完全符合Keenan y Comrie (1977) 提出的階層理論。且雙重受詞與介系詞的出現是影響學習者對此類句型理解與表達的可能因素。同時，在第一個簡單句與合併句中的主要子句之間、第二個簡單句與合併句中的關係子句之間，以及西文合併句與中文譯句之間存在顯著關係。
最後，在結合結構分析與西語外語學習分析外，為提高學習者的學習動機並提升教學品質，本研究提出可輔助西語限定性關係子句教學的遊戲活動參考範例。藉由本文的結論，希望提供西語學習者與教學者最實際的助益。

This research is based on the syntactic and contrastive analysis aiming to explore the construction of restrictive relative clauses in Spanish and Chinese formed by the nuclear noun phrase and relative pronoun with different grammar functions as well as applying Transformational Rules (Chomsky 1957) to analyze it’s surface structure and deep structure. According to the result gained from structure analysis, together with the evidence of the writing expression on Spanish restrictive relative construction of the learners of Spanish in Taiwan, it is possible to explain and study the learners learning efficiency and the difficulty they may encounter. Besides the analysis of structure analysis, this thesis also focuses on the importance of combining the syntactic analysis contrast as well as the analysis of foreign language learning efficiency.
Through different grammatical functions of the noun phrase of the relative construction, including subject, direct object, indirect object, prepositional object and genitive case, this research proceeds to analyze the syntactic structure and investigate other relevant themes such as the change of word order in the main clause and the relative clause, the characteristics of the relative pronouns in Spanish and of the marker “DE” in Chinese, the differences of the position of Head noun phrase in Spanish and Chinese and the presence or absence of resumptive pronoun.
According to the result of structural analysis, we design an exercise with twenty combinations of grammatical functions to test the students. We use the Chi square (x2) method of SPSS to examine the relations between the different structures or elements. With respect to analyze the tendency and types of students’ errors, we interpret the results gained by this research by applying Slobin’s Interruption Hypothesis (1966), Sheldon’s Parallel Function Hypothesis and Extraposition Hypothesis (1974), Tavakolian’s conjunct clause analysis and Lu’s S-V Inversion Hypothesis (2000). The result shows that the structure which is related to the nominative case is the easiest structure and with dative case is the most difficult learning. Zooming in those 20 structures, the hierarchy of learners’ writing ability does not always meet the Keenan and Comrie’s Accessibility Hierarchy (1977). The appearance of double objects and preposition may possibly affect the learners’ comprehension and expressions of the structural pattern. In the meantime, significant relations are found between the first simple sentence and the main clause of the relative construction, between the second simple sentence and the subordinate clause of the relative construction and between the Spanish relative construction and the Chinese translation.
To conclude, in addition to combining syntactic analysis and language learning analysis, some teaching activities to assist to teach Spanish restrictive relative construction are also provided for reference. Hopefully, the conclusion of this research can help some learners of the Spanish language as well as teachers.

RESUMEN EN CHINO...............................................i
RESUMEN EN INGLES............................................iii
AGRADECIMIENTOS................................................v
INDICE.......................................................vii
LISTA DE CUADROS .............................................xi
CAPITULO 1 INTRODUCCION.......................................1
1.1Origen...............................................1
1.2Área y preguntas de estudio..........................3
1.3Objetivo.............................................3
1.4Método...............................................4
1.5Organización.........................................5
1.6Conclusión...........................................6
CAPITULO 2 ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL DE LA CONSTRUCCION DE CLAUSULA RELATIVA RESTRICTIVA EN ESPAÑOL...............................8
2.0Introducción.........................................8
2.1Construcción de cláusula relativa con funciones gramaticales diferentes........................................8
2.2El proceso de transformación........................13
2.3Análisis estructural................................28
2.3.1Estructura superficial y estructura profunda........28
2.3.2El pronombre relativo y el antecedente..............30
2.3.3Construcción de la cláusula relativa con función gramatical de sujeto..........................................31
2.3.4Construcción de la cláusula relativa con función gramatical de objeto directo..................................35
2.3.5Construcción de la cláusula relativa con función gramatical de objeto indirecto................................39
2.3.6Construcción de la cláusula relativa con función gramatical de objeto preposicional............................41
2.3.7Construcción de la cláusula relativa con función gramatical de caso genitivo...................................45
CAPITULO 3 ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL DE LA CONSTRUCCION DE CLAUSULA RELATIVA RESTRICTIVA EN CHINO.................................49
3.0 Introducción........................................49
3.1Estructura correspondiente en chino a la construcción de cláusula relativa restrictiva en español..................49
3.1.1 Construcción de cláusula relativa con diferentes funciones gramaticales.......................................49
3.2 El proceso de transformación........................59
3.3 Análisis estructural................................68
3.3.1 Estructura superficial y estructura profunda........69
3.3.2El Modificador y el SN-núcleo.......................70
3.3.3Construcción de cláusula relativa con la función gramatical de sujeto..........................................72
3.3.4Construcción de cláusula relativa con la función gramatical de objeto directo..................................75
3.3.5Construcción de cláusula relativa con la función gramatical de objeto indirecto................................78
3.3.6Construcción de cláusula relativa con la función gramatical de objeto preposicional............................80
3.3.7Construcción de cláusula relativa con la función gramatical de caso genitivo...................................85
3.4 Posibilidades que corresponden a la construcción de cláusula relativa española.....................................88
CAPITULO 4 CONTRASTE DE LA CONSTRUCCION DE CLAUSULA RELATIVA RESTRICTIVA ENTRE EL ESPAÑOL Y EL CHINO......................94
4.0 Introducción........................................94
4.1 Semejanza de la ausencia del SN repetido en la cláusula relativa...............................................94
4.2 Contraste de la posición del SN-núcleo..............95
4.3 Contraste entre los Complementantes.................96
4.4 Pronombre recobrado.................................98
4.4.1 Pronombre recobrado en español......................99
4.4.2 Pronombre recobrado en chino........................103
4.4.3 Contraste entre la presencia de pronombre recobrado....106
CAPITULO 5 APRENDIZAJE DE LA CLAUSULA RELATIVA ESPAÑOLA DE LOS ESTUDIANTES TAIWANESES...................................112
5.0 Introducción.......................................112
5.1 Ejercicio..........................................112
5.1.1 Propósito..........................................113
5.1.2 Preguntas..........................................113
5.1.3 Hipótesis..........................................114
5.1.4 Sujetos............................................115
5.1.5 Método.............................................115
5.1.6 Resultado y Discusión..............................116
5.1.7 Conclusión del ejercicio...........................139
5.2 Juegos relacionados con la enseñanza de cláusula relativa....................................................140
5.2.1 El juego básico---Cartas movilizables..............140
5.2.2 Juego avanzado---Papeles desempeñados..............144
CAPITULO 6 CONCLUSION......................................147
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS..................................154
APENDICES...................................................160

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