臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

直流動力系統因具有穩定的電壓及功率輸出已廣泛應用到工業及交通運輸。整流變壓器則為達成這性能的重要關鍵元件。本研究係對整流變壓器在捷運交、直流系統上作短路電流計算、三相不平衡模型推導、系統諧波改善等作分析以期瞭解整流變壓器的功能及重要性，並提出改善方法。
在整流變壓器功能分析中，借由敘述台北捷運系統南港板橋線直流動力推進電聯車的設備功能來達成。另說明24脈波整流相序及整流變壓器如何由「相位變壓器」產生相位移以獲得多脈波的整流，並經由計算式詳加證明。
淡水新店線與南港板橋線的整流變壓器額定容量相當，其同類的直流短路電流測試值也相當（參見第三章的比較表），可見整流變壓器的接線方式之不同，不致引起直流短路電流值太大的不同，因此，本文所建議的特殊接線方式應可免於掛慮直流短路電流。
變壓器「三相不平衡率」模型推導為本研究重點所在。以往台北捷運系統對保護電驛及諧波分析都有研究並改善，卻忽略三相不平衡的存在。本研究經由對不同接線方式的「三相不平衡率」的模型推導，顯示捷運未來路線可經由整流變壓器接線方式的改變，來改善三相不平衡造成電聯車發燙的問題，提高電聯車壽命。並指出Scott、Le-Blanc、Modified-Woodbridge三種接線方式可適用於未來捷運路線。
最後討論系統諧波改善。經由測試系統諧波圖形來說明南港板橋線需等土城線加入營運後才加掛高通濾波器的原因，並指出36脈波與諧波的關係式。
整流變壓器對於捷運動力就猶如心臟之於人體般的重要，本研究對整流變壓器作以上分析，期盼能提升直流動力在捷運系統上的重要性。

The DC power system has been widely adopted in industry and particularly in traffic transportation, mainly due to its power efficiency and voltage stability. A good rectifier transformer is vital to the functioning of the DC power system. For this reason, we focus our study on the rectifier transformer. This study analyzed the performances of the AC/DC rectifier transformer used in rapid transit system in three aspects, namely, the short-circuit current calculation, the set-up of three-phase unbalance model and the improvement of system harmonics. Based on these analyses, ways to improve the DC power system are suggested.
In the section of the rectifier transformer functional analysis, this study described the car-borne equipment functions in DC traction EMU （electrical multiple unit）of the Nankang & Panchiao line of the Taipei rapid transit system. The process through which the rectifier transformer achieves the twenty-four pulse rectification and how the impulse shift which is required for the twenty-four pulse rectification is produced by the interphase transformer of the rectifier transformer are illustrated and explained.
Several types of DC short-circuit current tests are discussed in this study. Results of tests for Nankang & Panchiao line and Tamshui & Hsintien line are listed for comparison. It shows that the difference in the wiring patterns of the TSS does not cause any significant changes in DC short-circuit currents as long as the rated capacities of the TSS of the two lines are the same. Therefore, no attempt is made to calculate the DC short-circuit currents for the special wirings of TSS proposed in this study for the reason that they should not be a concern.
Following the basic description of the rectifier transformer, more efforts are put in the making of the models for the evaluation of the three phase unbalance factors of the rectifier transformers of different wiring patterns,because, in the past, the existence of the three-phase unbalance was rarely noticed or even ignored. Protection relay and harmonic fluctuations in Taipei rapid transit system had received much more attentions than the three-phase unbalance and got earlier improvement. The three-phase unbalance could cause problems too, such as EMU（electrical multiple unit）heating. This study shows that the EMU heating could be improved by changing the wiring of the rectifier transformer. Three special wiring patterns, Scott, Le-Blanc and Modified-Woodbridge that could achieve better three-phase balance are identified and suggested for possible use in the next lines.
In the last portion of this study, system harmonics are discussed. Demonstration test results indicated that the harmonic fluctuations of Nankang & Panchiao line are still within limits but only marginally. It is then concluded that if Tucheng line is added to Nankang & Panchiao line as an extension, high-pass filters have to be installed to avert the harmonic fluctuations. Thirty-six pulse rectification will certainly improve harmonic fluctuations, but technical problems and cost-benefit issues associated with it have to be studied first.
The importance of the rectifier transformer to the rapid transit traction power is like the heart to human body. It is our hope that the analyses of the rectifier transformer in this study will help promote the value of the DC power in the rapid transit system.

摘要 iii
誌謝 vi
目次 vii
表目錄 xi
圖目錄 xii
第一章緒論………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機………………………………………………1
1.2 研究目的………………………………………………2
第二章 整流變壓器功能分析…………………………… 3
2.1 單線圖…………………………………………………3
2.2 系統單元………………………………………………7
2.2.1 輸入單元……………………………………7
2.2.1a 22KV AC高壓開關箱…………………7
2.2.1b 負迴流箱……………………………9
2.2.2 輸出單元………………………………………9
2.2.2a 整流器斷路箱…………………………9
2.2.2b 軌道饋電斷路箱………………………12
2.2.3 軌道傳輸跳脫單………………………………12
2.2.4 整流單元………………………………………15
2.2.4a 整流變壓器……………………………15
2.2.4b整流二極體………………………………15
2.2.5 系統推進動力示意圖…………………………19
2.3 整流變壓器相量分析……………………………………20
2.3.1 三相全波整流分析………………………………………20
2.3.1a 24脈波解說……………………………………………20
2.3.1b 三相全波整流電壓計算式……………………………20
2.3.2 整流變壓器相量圖演算………………………………23
2.3.2a 銘牌規格………………………………………23
2.3.2b 一號機相量圖演算……………………………23
2.3.2c 二號機相量圖演算……………………………24
2.4 比較南港板橋線與淡水新店線接線模式………………28
2.4.1 比較接線圖…………………………………28
2.4.2 比較一次側線電壓演算式………………28
第三章 直流短路測試…………………………………………33
3.1 短路的種類與計算設定…………………………………33
3.1.1 短路的種類………………………………………33
3.1.2 短路的計算設定…………………………………34
3.2 直流短路測試型式………………………………………34
3.2.1 測試的意義………………………………………34
3.2.2 測試型式…………………………………………36
3.2.2.1 封閉式近距離短路測試………………………………36
3.2.2.2 開放式近距離短路測試………………………………37
3.2.2.3 開放式中距離短路測試………………………………37
3.2.2.3a 兩站之間測試………………………………37
3.2.2.3b 一站不供電，三站之間測試 ……………37
3.2.2.4 開放式遠距離短路測試………………………………37
3.3 直流短路測試實例………………………………………39
3.3.1 何謂再襲電壓……………………………………41
3.3.2 實測要求…………………………………41
3.3.3 實測結果…………………………………42
3.4 故障電流計算……………………………………………45
3.4.1 術語定義………………………………………46
3.4.2 交流短路電流計算式…………………………47
3.4.3 直流短路電流計算………………………………49
第四章 變壓器電壓不平衡率模型推導…………………51
4.1 變壓器模型說明…………………………………………51
4.1.1台北捷運系統變壓器供電模式……………………51
4.1.2 變壓器電壓不平衡影響考慮………………………52
4.2 如何定義電壓不平衡率……………………………………53
4.3 特殊變壓器電壓不平衡率推導……………………………55
4.3.1 V-V接線變壓器……………………………………56
4.3.2 Scott/Le-Blanc接線變壓器………………………58
4.3.3 Modified-Woodbridge接線變壓器…………………62
4.3.4 Star-Zigzag接線變壓器…………………………65
4.4 傳統變壓器電壓不平衡率推導……………………………68
4.4.1 單相接線變壓器……………………………………68
4.4.2三相Wye-Delta接線變壓器………………………71
4.5 本章結論………………………………………………74
第五章 系統諧波改善………………………………………75
5.1 諧波發生原因與影響……………………………………75
5.1.1 諧波發生原因……………………………………75
5.1.2 諧波基本公式……………………………………78
5.2 系統諧波改善……………………………………………81
5.2.1 捷運改善諧波的方法………………………………81
5.2.2 利用36脈波改善諧波失真…………………………83
第六章 結論與未來研究方向…………………………………85
6.1 結論…………………………………………………………85
6.2 未來研究方向……………………………………………86
參考文獻…………………………………………………………87
附錄
一、TPC變壓器阻抗參數表………………………………89
二、台電至各變電站電纜阻抗表………………………90
三、台電至各變電站X/R值衰減表………………………91
四、B站BSS 全載諧波電壓失真率計算書………………92
五、B站BSS 半載諧波電壓失真率計算書………………93
作者簡介………………………………………………………94

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