臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣地區垃圾處理用地取得不易，故垃圾經由焚化處理，以達減量安定衛生之目的，是處理都市垃圾問題整體規劃中不可或缺之一環，惟焚化灰渣只為中間處理，爾後仍須以掩埋方式處置，因此探討灰渣掩埋特性及灰渣滲出水水質為刻不容緩的工作。為了有效且迅速地處理隨著人口日益成長及都市型態改變而逐漸增加的垃圾量,並達到符合現階段生活需求的標準,未來台灣使用焚化處理作為都市垃圾處理方式是目前極力推展之政策。但是衛生掩埋場的設置仍舊是解決都市垃圾處理問題所無法避免的,其也勢必成為焚化灰渣之最終處置方法。
本研究以採自都市垃圾焚化廠之焚化底灰進行模擬掩埋實驗，於室內設立掩埋管柱，再於室溫下模擬降雨，管柱中兩槽以蒸餾水實施每日淋滲；另兩槽則分別以TCLP1、TCLP2萃取液進行淋滲實驗，並對滲出水作長期的分析，藉由觀測結果比對有機物及無機物在不同pH值下之溶出趨勢及探討其隨掩埋時間之滲出情形。
研究結果發現，由於焚化灰渣具有的鹼度及緩衝能力，使滲出水不會因淋滲液具有較低pH值而產生pH值偏低之較難處理的狀況，且COD在短期雖無明顯固定的關係，但BOD5則明顯地受淋滲液pH值之變化所影響，短期內可以藉由掩埋層中微生物之作用予以有效降低。同時，比對底灰在不同的萃取液淋滲下，經一段時間後其重金屬溶出之累積量與經批次TCLP溶出試驗之重金屬溶出總量得知，以酸液淋滲時不但不會加速重金屬的釋出，而且由於pH已降至微生物適於生長的範圍而產生生物作用，反而有將其滯留於灰渣中之效果。所以在推估底灰於掩埋過程中之重金屬滲出量及重金屬溶出趨勢時，針對其與pH值之關係進行探究，能提供相當程度的幫助。
本研究獲得之結果能對焚化灰渣中殘存有機物及垃圾中含量較多的重金屬在掩埋層中之滲出特性加以歸納，同時由於使用酸液作為淋滲實驗之淋滲液，可以做為日後焚化灰渣掩埋場操作參考及針對廢水處理設計提供建議。而沿用周氏及楊氏於吸脫附實驗中所求出之吸脫附參數代入本實驗掩埋特性之數據加以計算後，應用於高思懷及周錦東所發展之滲出水水質估算模式，建立符合實際狀況、具實用性之滲出水水質預測模式，由模擬之結果顯示對滲出水水質有極佳的模擬效果。
由於掩埋場滲出水主要來自降水，本研究旨在以水文現象為探討基礎，以Horton(1940)入滲理論作為降雨入滲至都市垃圾與焚化灰渣共同掩埋場之基礎方程式，並初步假設以平均流速作為水分在掩埋層中之流佈特性，且將水分在掩埋層中的移佈予以簡化，排除颱風或暴雨情形使水分在掩埋層中之移佈速度產生的差異。藉由降水量以及衛生掩埋場資料便可求取滲出水水量模式。
本水量模式推演的結果，經由兩座設立於室外之大型掩埋實驗模場的驗證，初步結果證實可以模擬出滲出水水量之變化特性，對於掩埋層較淺之衛生掩埋場滲出水量具有相當良好的估算結果。

In this study, four laboratory scale lysimeters were designed to simulate the landfill of incineration ashes in laboratory. Fixed quantity of extraction that was estimated by precipitation data and was installed to simulate the precipitation on the actual landfill site. Since the leaching condition of both organic material and heavy metals are important factors to the leachate quality, the simulation of precipitation in this study was considered first and migrated with different pH so as to explore the characteristics of pollutant leaching. The migration and extraction characteristics of the organic component and heavy metals in the ashes were established through long terms observing and batch analysis of ashes. According to these experiment data, Langmuir equation can be solved at the variety characteristics of the adsorption, desorption ability of organic matter in landfill layer at different temperature through statistics model.
Experiment results indicated that because of the alkalinity and buffer ability of incineration ashes, therefore pH of leachate would not change violently. COD of leachate would not be stable at a short-term, but BOD5 of leachate would be affected by the variety of pH of migratory liquid. BOD5 would be a stable situation at a short- term. At the same time, bottom ashes migrated with different extract liquid, then compare to the quantity of heavy metals through the batch TCLP test and the accumulative quantity of heavy metals of leachate. We can find out that migrated with acid liquid will not accelerate the release of heavy metals. Because of the pH in landfill layer would maintain at the range that could cause the reaction of microorganism, the biological reaction would improve the quality of leachate.
According to the results, the quantity of organic material and heavy metals in the incineration ashes were obtained. Preliminary results explore the leaching characteristics of heavy metals and organic material of the leachate from landfill. The characteristics of migration distribution and extraction potential with time also were determined by comparing with batch experiment of incineration ashes. On the one hand, such results can be used as the base to describe the pollutant accumulation in the landfill of incineration ashes. On the other hand the parameters of adsorption and desorption were obtained in laboratory can be applied to the quality model of leachate which developed by the writer. Finally, a reasonable and practical quality model of leachate can be established. The simulation results of leachate quality are approximate to the experiment data.
Two laboratory scale lysimeters that are designed to simulate the landfill of MSW combined with incineration residuals outdoors, and compared with simulation and analysis results. Recognizing that precipitation is the main source of leachate, in the study, the basic equation of precipitate through the MSW combined with incinerated residuals landfill site is based on hydrologic parameter and Horton(1940) infiltration theory, giving the assumption that migration characteristic is at the average velocity flow through the landfill zone and neglecting the variations formed by typhoons or storms. Models of landfill leachate quantity from precipitation and data about sanitary landfill site are thus obtained.
Prove by two laboratory scale lysimeters that are designed to simulate the landfill of MSW combined with incineration residuals outdoors and compared with simulation and analysis results, the variation of leachate quantity for the experimental data and simulation results are approximately and similarly deduced.

目 錄
圖目錄Ⅳ
表目錄Ⅵ
第一章 前言
1-1 緒論1
1-2 研究緣起2
1-3 研究目的與內容4
第二章 文獻回顧
2-1 都市垃圾焚化灰渣基本特性6
2-2 焚化灰渣掩埋滲出水特性9
2-3 焚化灰渣掩埋滲出水水質模式13
2-4 焚化灰渣掩埋滲出水水量模式20
第三章 研究方法與實驗設備
3-1 研究方法28
3-2 實驗設備及設計29
3-3 分析項目及方法32
第四章 實驗結果與討論
4-1 灰渣基本特性33
4-2 掩埋管柱之溫度變化35
4-3 滲出水之水量變化35
4-4 滲出水pH值之變化36
4-5 滲出水COD之變化38
4-6 滲出水BOD5之變化41
4-7 滲出水重金屬濃度之變化43
4-8 微生物生物作用之影響55
第五章 模式建立與模擬結果
5-1 模式推導58
5-2 運算流程64
5-3 參數值之探討70
5-3-1 水質模式參數70
5-3-2 水量模式參數76
5-4 模式模擬結果與討論77
5-4-1 水質模式模擬值與實測值之比較77
5-4-2 水量模式模擬值與實測值之比較82
5-4-3 水質模式模擬參數值之比較85
第六章 結論與建議
6-1 結論86
6-2 建議88
參考文獻89
圖 目 錄
圖3-1 掩埋管柱設計圖29
圖4-1 管柱溫度變化曲線35
圖4-2 滲出水量變化曲線36
圖4-3 滲出水pH值變化曲線37
圖4-4 COD釋出曲線38
圖4-5 COD累積淨釋出變化曲線40
圖4-6 BOD5釋出曲線42
圖4-7 BOD5累積淨釋出變化曲線42
圖4-8 滲出水中Zn濃度變化曲線44
圖4-9 以蒸餾水淋滲滲出水中Zn累積溶出趨勢45
圖4-10 以TCLP1淋滲滲出水中Zn累積溶出趨勢45
圖4-11 以TCLP2淋滲滲出水中Zn累積溶出趨勢46
圖4-12 滲出水中Fe濃度變化曲線47
圖4-13 以蒸餾水淋滲滲出水中Fe累積溶出趨勢48
圖4-14 以TCLP1淋滲滲出水中Fe累積溶出趨勢48
圖4-15 以TCLP2淋滲滲出水中Fe累積溶出趨勢49
圖4-16 滲出水中Cu濃度變化曲線59
圖4-17 以蒸餾水淋滲滲出水中Cu累積溶出趨勢51
圖4-18 以TCLP1淋滲滲出水中Cu累積溶出趨勢51
圖4-19 以TCLP2淋滲滲出水中Cu累積溶出趨勢52
圖4-20 滲出水中Pb濃度變化曲線53
圖4-21 以蒸餾水淋滲滲出水中Pb累積溶出趨勢54
圖4-22 以TCLP1淋滲滲出水中Pb累積溶出趨勢54
圖4-23 以TCLP2淋滲滲出水中Pb累積溶出趨勢55
圖4-24 以TCLP1淋滲液淋滲後灰渣之生物圖56
圖4-25 以TCLP2淋滲液淋滲後灰渣之生物圖56
圖5-1 k值估算程式運算流程圖68
圖5-2 水量估算模式運算流程圖69
圖5-3 以蒸餾水淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱1之COD模擬結果78
圖5-4 以蒸餾水淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱2之COD模擬結果78
圖5-5 以TCLP1萃取液淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱3之COD模擬結果79
圖5-6 以TCLP2翠取液淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱4之COD模擬結果79
圖5-7 以蒸餾水淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱1之BOD模擬結果80
圖5-8 以蒸餾水淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱2之BOD模擬結果81
圖5-9 以TCLP1萃取液淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱3之BOD模擬結果81
圖5-10 以TCLP2萃取液淋滲灰渣掩埋管柱4之BOD模擬結果82
圖5-11 大型室外掩埋模場1滲出水量模擬結果83
圖5-12 大型室外掩埋模場2滲出水量模擬結果84
表 目 錄
表2-1 焚化底灰之主要組成成分分析表6
表2-2 國外之都市垃圾焚化底灰之重金屬含量分析表8
表2-3 國內之焚化底灰之重金屬總量與TCLP溶出結果分析表8
表2-4 國內之焚化底灰之重金屬TCLP溶出試驗結果分析表9
表3-1 分析方法整理表32
表4-1 實驗底灰之基本性質34
表4-2 實驗底灰之重金屬特性34
表4-3 實驗底灰之蒸發散百分比分析表36
表4-4 各掩埋模擬管柱之COD累積釋出量40
表4-5 各掩埋模擬管柱之BOD5累積釋出量41
表4-6 各掩埋模擬管柱之Zn累積釋出量44
表4-7 各掩埋模擬管柱之Fe累積釋出量47
表4-8 各掩埋模擬管柱之Cu累積釋出量50
表4-9 各掩埋模擬管柱之Pb累積釋出量53
表5-1 水質模式代入計算之各參數值74
表5-2 水質模式模擬參數值之比較85

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