臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

秘魯的古柯文化歷史悠久．二十世紀中期之前，秘魯古柯生產主要用於當地日常生活之傳統用途，及國際飲料與製藥市場之合法市場．七零年代中期國際古柯鹼毒品需求興起後，秘魯古柯產業開始轉入以非法市場為目的之生產階段．生產利潤遠勝於其他合法產品的古柯，成為秘魯重大經濟收入來源，此後秘魯的古柯生產規模開始激增，其古柯產量至八零年代更高居世界之冠．
古柯加工產銷利潤形成所謂的古柯經濟，雖有利於該國古柯產區內地方商業，服務業與娛樂業之興盛，並為秘魯廣大貧困的農村家庭帶來可觀的工作機會與收入，但也有其負面影響，例如：日益嚴重的洗錢問題、國家經濟依賴非法毒品收益支撐正規經濟等異常現象，以及秘魯毒品走私組織、哥國販毒集團、光明之路、杜巴克阿瑪魯游擊隊，此四大勢力彼此爭奪毒品利益所發生之暴力衝突，對秘魯社會安全之破壞．古柯生產亦形成秘魯農工人口逐現金收入而居之遷徙風氣，該國自然生態環境之破壞問題，及其人民之毒品濫用問題．
九零年代後，秘魯在國際反毒壓力下雖與美國達成繼續打擊古柯生產之共識，但秘魯在消除古柯種植與加工、與推動古柯替代方案等行動上，卻仍存在著許多緝毒技術與貪污及司法漏洞等問題．秘魯兩大游擊隊勢力雖因九零年代初期藤森政府的強力掃蕩下而衰微，但秘魯南部之新興古柯產區，未來仍可能成為游擊隊敗部復活的根據地．倘若秘魯游擊隊勢力再度坐大，將不利秘魯政府古柯抑制政策之推行，並將影響農民接受古柯替代方案之意願．秘魯政府應在考量古柯經濟利益之際，同時重視古柯生產所引起之各項社會問題，經濟與社會發展並重之古柯政策，方為有利秘魯國家整體發展的長久之計．

The culture of coca cultivation since Inca civilization has been a long history in Peru. Until mid-twentieth century, coca in Peru had been cultivated and produced legally mainly for its domestic chewing and medical usage, and to supply foreign demand of pharmacy and beverage market. It was not until the seventies, stimulated by international illegal cocaine demand, that Peruvian traditional legal coca production turned out to be illegal purposed industry, with stronger economic incentives working more powerfully to keep up supply. With profit way above higher than any other legal exports, the dimension of coca production booms vastly in the eighties, forming a special phenomenon called “white gold rush”.
Production and exports of coca and its derivatives have many different impacts on the Peruvian economy and society. On the positive side, “coca economy” not only provides extremely poor peasant and labor families with more incomes, but also adds foreign exchange earnings that, at least in part, flow through to the legal economy and help finance imports. Besides, cash from illegal coca trade makes Peruvian local commerce in rural areas flourish. On the negative side, coca pulls human effort and land into production at the expense of possible alternative food production; holds down the incentives for legal exports; aggravates violence of terrorism and the costs to the society of trying to restrain it; causes Peasant and labor migration and ecological damage from the chemical residues used to process cocaine; and Peruvian drug abuse problems as well.
Under the international anti-cocaine pressure, Peruvian government keeps cooperating with White House intercepting illegal cocaine production and smuggling in Peru. However, there are dilemmas retarding the effect of anti-coca policy, such as: technological problems of coca eradication; difficulty of quantifying area of coca plants and amount of its derivatives; corruption in the military, police, and civilian government. Despite wiped out of the Upper Huallaga Valley in the beginning of the nineties, Shining Path and MRTA guerillas may possibly take advantage of the newly flourishing coca cultivation province in southern Peru to recover their force from the decline in the future. If this should happen, Peruvian anti-coca policy and alternative crops promotion plans might be thwart by the terrorists.

秘魯古柯生產與其經濟社會發展關係之研究：
(1970-1995)
總　目　次:
第一章 緒論..............................1
第一節　研究動機與目的....................1
第二節　研究方法與範圍....................4
第三節　資料來源與限制....................9
第四節名詞解釋－古柯相關毒品........................................12
古柯膏(Pasta Básica Cocaína, PBC)
古柯鹼底(Cocaine Base, PBL)
鹽酸古柯鹼(Hydrochloride Cocaine，HCI)
古柯鹼(Cocaine)
快克(Crack)
斯佩斯-貝斯(Space-base)
第二章　秘魯古柯生產之興起與發展........................................15
第一節　秘魯古柯生產之傳統與爭議........................................15
一． 古印地安文化習俗.....................16
二． 殖民時代之古柯價值........................................18
三． 近代對古柯之爭議.....................22
第二節　七零年代後古柯生產規模之擴展..... 27
一．國內外環境因素.................. 27
二．秘魯古柯種植之熱潮....................................... 31
三．秘魯古柯產量之擴張........................................35
第三節　非法古柯產品之產銷概況.............42
一. 古柯膏之加工業.........................42
二. 古柯鹼之走私問題.......................48
第三章　秘魯古柯產業對其經濟環境之影響.....57
第一節　毒品外匯對秘魯經濟之影響...........57
一． 毒資流入之洗錢問題....................60
二． 國家外匯收入之補充....................65
第二節　對其他產業發展之影響...............74
一． 傳統農業與產業之衰退...............74
二． 服務業與商業之興盛..................79
第三節 對農工家庭生計之助益................86
一． 從事古柯種植之農民.....................86
二． 古柯採收、搬運與加工之勞工..............91
第四章　秘魯古柯產業對其社會之影響............96
第一節　社會秩序與安全之破壞.................97
一． 游擊隊與毒品走私勢力之互動.............97
二． 毒品恐怖主義與社會暴力.................105
第二節　毒品產業之其他社會效應...........................................115
一． 農工人口之遷移題..............................................120
第三節　對秘魯生態環境之傷害...............................................125
一. 林木資源之破壞.............................125
二. 河川水源之污染...............................................128
第五章八零年代後秘魯政府之古柯政策...........132
第一節　秘魯政府之立場與考量..................132
一． 國際古柯鹼氾濫問題嚴重.........…........133
二． 美國為首之國際反毒壓力..........................................136
第二節　秘魯之古柯抑制政策..............................................142
一． 古柯抑制計劃之實行...........................142
二． 古柯抑制行動之成效.............................................151
第三節　秘魯反古柯政策之評估.............................................163
一. 農民對古柯作物之依賴..............................................163
二. 政府官員心態與執法效能...................166
三. 掃毒技術與司法制度之缺失.......................................170
第六章結論..............................176
參考資料書目………..………………………….….186
表次:
【表一】秘魯各省古柯葉產量佔全國總產量百分比(1970-1982)…………………………….……………………37
【表二】一九九零年上華亞加地區農作物利潤比較…………...….40
【表三】古柯鹼製造三階段在各國加工完成之百分比(%)…………47
【表四】一九八五年秘魯每公斤古柯產品交易價……………….…53
【表五】秘魯毒品外匯相當其出口貿易額比例(%)………………..68
【表六】秘魯通貨膨脹率與貿易順逆差(1985-1989)…………….………..70
【表七】秘魯每公頃所產古柯葉與古柯膏生產利潤比較…………..…….94
圖次:
【圖一】秘魯古柯葉產量圖(1986-1990)……………………....…….39
【圖二】秘魯非法古柯鹼產量之估計方式…………………….……45
【圖三】秘魯古柯鹼產銷利潤分配圖…………………….….………52
【圖四】八零年代南美三國古柯鹼外匯年收入…………………….67
【圖五】南美三國毒品外匯回流其國內之投資趨向………..…..….81
【圖六】秘魯農作物每公頃年生產利潤之比較………………….….88
附錄:
【附錄一】秘魯地圖……………………….……………………….…207
【附錄二】秘魯重要城鎮圖………………………………..………..208
【附錄三】重要外文簡稱與中譯索引…………….…….………….209
【附錄四】祕魯打擊古柯政策大事紀………………………..…….211

參考資料書目
中文部分
一、 書籍：
王嘉源譯，Claire Sterling原著，黑道入侵，臺北：時報文化出版社，一九九六年。
江時學譯，現代拉丁美洲，北京：世界知識出版社，一九九六年一月。
江時學編，拉美國家的經濟改革，北京：經濟管理出版社，一九九八年一月。
汪仲譯，Rachel Ehrenfld原著，洗錢，臺北：時報文化出版社，一九九四年。
李明德編，拉丁美洲和加勒比發展報告，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，一九九九年四月。
林東茂，經濟犯罪之研究，臺灣： 中央警官學校刑事司法叢書十一，一九八六年四月。
俞曉東等編，大禁毒，北京：團結出版社，一九九三年。
徐萃文譯，Charles A. Intriago原著，各國對洗錢之防治對策，台北：財政部金融局，一九九二年五月。
章寶宇等著，拉丁美洲外債簡論，北京：社會科學文獻出版社，一九九三年十一月。
陳嶽等著，國際政治經濟學概論，北京： 中國人民大學出版社，, 一九九九年十二月。
張文峰編，當代世界毒品大戰，北京：當代世界出版社，一九九五年六月。
張清溪等著，經濟學，臺北：翰蘆圖書出版社，一九九八年五月。
張清溪等著，經濟學理論與實際下冊，臺北：雙葉書廊有限公司，一九九三年二版。
趙秉志等著，毒品犯罪研究，北京：中國人民大學出版社，一九九三年。
蔡慧玲，江東峰譯，投入國際金融世界，臺北：聯經出版社，一九九四年。
駱宜安，毒品認識與毒害防治，臺灣： 臺灣書店，一九九四年。
二、 學術期刊：
吳德明，「拉美毒品問題禁而不止」，北京：，中國社會科學出版社，拉丁美洲研究，第一期，一九九四年。
吳德明，「當前拉美經濟發展過程中的毒品問題」，北京：中國社會科學出版社，拉丁美洲研究，第二期，一九九六年。
段秋關，「毒品犯罪的洗錢活動」，臺北：中外法學，第四期，一九九九年。
焦震衡，「毒品問題與拉美的反腐敗鬥爭」，北京，中國社會科學出版社：拉丁美洲研究，第四期，一九九四年。
楊西，「拉丁美洲毒品問題與拉美關係」。北京，中國社會科學出版社：拉丁美洲研究，第六期，。一九九零年。
張文雄，「世界毒品產銷概況」，臺北：問題與研究，第二十四卷第九期，一九八五年六月。
許桂森，蕭水銀，「古柯鹼的濫用」，臺北：藥學雜誌，第七卷第三期，一九九一年九月。
劉天均，「祕魯毛派共黨光明之路組織的研究」，臺北：問題與研究，第二十七卷第二期，一九八五年十一月。
劉天均，「祕魯動亂之源: 光明之路」，臺北：問題與研究，第三十卷第七期，一九九一年七月。
謝立功，董顯惠節譯, Financial Action Task Force原著，「國際間洗錢犯罪新趨勢」，臺北：新知譯粹，第十六卷第一期，二OOO年四月。
三、學術論文著作：
石雅如，哥倫比亞毒品問題之研究，淡水：淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，中華民國八十七年十二月。
朱永祥，墨西哥反毒政策之研究，淡水：淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，中華民國八十八年十二月。
黃碧雲，秘魯印地安人問題之研究，淡水：淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，中華民國八十二年。
張東盈，秘魯杜巴克阿瑪魯革命運動之研究，淡水：淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，中華民國八十九年六月。
張政維，秘魯光明之路初期形成之研究，淡水：淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，中華民國八十七年一月。
陳泰宏，戰後秘魯經濟發展經驗－兼論藤森與九零年代變革，淡水：淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，中華民國八十七年六月。
四、網際網路資料：
古柯鹼. www.ymjh.kh.edu.tw/s21/dopingp.htm
古柯鹼. www.doh.gov.tw/focus/drug/a4.html.
古柯鹼Cocaine House. http://cocaine.hypermart.net
古柯鹼. www.edu.tw/military/warondrugs/page-210a.htm
古柯鹼.www.cju.edu.tw/sme/sprins/防治濫用藥物/認識毒品
古柯鹼. www.ntcn.edu.tw/center/society/ntenwher/do15-1.4.htm
古柯鹼的禁斷症狀. www.nppi.edu.tw/sunshine/anti.htm
行政院衛生署-反毒大進擊-毒品教室. www.doh.gov.tw/focus/drug/a4.html
青少年常是毒品犧牲者. ww.ntctc.edu.tw/s874280/new-page-7.htm
服用毒品的症狀. www.cju.edu.tw/sme/sprins/防治濫用藥物/毒品危害檔案內容.htm
毒品的分級. www.ntcn.edu.tw/center/society/ntcnwher/do-la.htm
祕魯駐臺北商務辦事處.www.peru.org.tw/c/trade/business.html
國際販毒交易企業集團情報解剖. www.shang.com.tw/as-book.htm
販毒走私方式. www.shang.com.tw/as-book.htm
清洗黑錢. www.info.gov.hk/sb/chinese/bound/launder.htm
DSM-III-R. (對化學物質使用不當之診斷) www.health.seed.net.tw/general/toxin.html
歡迎到祕魯來. www.peru.org.tw/c/trade/business.html
五、報紙新聞
美國是世界最大非法毒品市場。人民日報。一九九七年三月六日。
去年全球犯罪生產毛額一兆美元。工商時報。一九九六年二月十五日。
西文部分
一、 書籍：
AHART, John; STILES, Gerald, The Military’s Entry into Air Interdiction of Drug Trafficking from South America. Santa Monica: Rand Graduate School, 1990.
ANICAMA, José, Drogas, Viloencia y Ecología. Lima: Centro de Información y Educación para la Prevención del Abuso de Drogas, Memoria VI Seminario Internacional 25 al 27 de Mayo de 1994.
ATKINS, G. Pope, ed., South America into the 1990s. New York, Washington D.C: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, Westview Press, 1990.
BAGLEY, Bruce M.; WALKER III, William O., Drug Trafficking in the Americas. Florida: University of Miami, Fall, 1996.
BARSALLO Burga, Jose, Drogas Responsabilidad Compartida. Lima, Peru: J.C. Editores S.A, 1988.
BROWN, Miguel; FERNANDEZ, Eduardo. War of Shadows: The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon. Santa Monica: RAND, March 1990.
CARRILLO Mendoza, José Luis,ed., Violencia en la Región Andina: Coso Perú. Perú: Asociación Peruana de Estudiose Investigación para La Paz (APEP), Octubre 1993.
CASTILLO III, Celerino; HARMON, Dave, Powerburns-Cocaine, Contras & the Drug War. Canada: Sundial an imprint of Mosaic Press, 1994.
CAULKINS, Jonathan P., Developing Price Series for Cocaine. Santa Monica: RAND’s Drug Policy Research Center, 1994.
Centro de Información y Educación Para la Precvención del Abuso de Drogas, CEDRO, Legislacion Peruana Sobre Drogas A Partir de 1920. Lima, Peru: CEDRO, 1988.
CHITWOOD, Dale D.; RIVERS, James E.; INCIARDI, James A., The American Pipe Dream: Crack Cocaine and the Inner City. Florida: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996.
CLAWSON, Patrick L.; LEE III, Rensselaer W., The Andean Cocaine Industry. New York: St. Martín’s Press, 1996.
CLEMENT, Joan Boldo I., La Coca Andina . Mexico: Instituto Indigenista Interamericano, 1986 .
COTLER, Julio, Drogas y Política en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1999.
－, Perú 1964--1994 Economía, Sociedad y Política. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP), Setiembre 1995.
CRABTREE, John ; THOMAS, Jim, El Perú de Fujimori: 1990-1998. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP), 1999.
CROSSMAN, Michael; CHALOUPKA Frank J.; BROWN, Charles C., The Demand for Cocaine by Young Adults: A Rational Addiction Approach . New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, INC. Working Paper 5713, August 1996.
ELIECER Jorge, Orozco, El Hombre, Bogotá: Plaza y Janes, 1987.
FLYNN, John C., Cocaine-an In-depth Look at the Facts, Science, History and Future of the World’s Most Addictive Drug. New York: A Birch Lane Press Book, published by Carol Publishing Group, 1991.
FRIEDMAN, Samuel R., PhD.; LIPTON, Douglas S., PhD., Cocaine, AIDS, and Intravenous Drug Use . New York: Harrington Park Press, 1991.
GAGLIANO, Joséph A., Coca Prohibition in Peru-The Historical Debates. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1994.
GARCIA-SAYAN, Diego, Coca, Cocaína y Narcotráfico: Laberinto en Los Andes. Lima: Comisión Andina de Juristas, 1989.
GOMEZ Abramonte, Luis, Los Comites Campesinos como Alternativa de Organización para La Producción. Lima: Centro de Investigación, Documentación, Educación, Asesoramiento y Servicios (IDEAS) y Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos Bartolomé de Las Casas-Cuzco (CBC), Noviembre 1991.
GOOTENBERG, Paul, ed., Cocaine-Global Histories. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 1999.
GRINSPOON, Lester; BAKALAR, James B., Cocaine-A drug and Its Social Evolution. New York: Revised edition by Basic Books, Inc, Publishers, 1985.
HARGREAVES, Clare, Snowfields -- The War on Cocaine in the Andes. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1992.
INCIARDI, James A., ed, Crack Cocaine, Crime, and Women-Legal, Social and Treatment Issues. California: SAGE Publications, Inc. 1996.
IVAN Degregori, Carlos, Que Difícil Es Ser Dios. Lima: El zorro de Abajo, 1989.
JACK Riley, Kevin , Snow job? The War against International Cocaine Trafficking. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1996.
－, Snow job? The Efficacy of Source Country Cocaine Policies . Santa Monica: Rand Graduate School, 1992.
JAMIESON, Alison, Terrorism and Drug Trafficking in the 1990s. Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited Gower House, 1994.
JOHNSON, Bruce; WILLIAMS, Terry, Cocaine Distribution Networks. New York: Narcotic and Drug Research, Inc., January 1985.
KENNEDY, Michael; REUTER, Peter ; RILEY, Kevin Jack, A Simple Economic Model of Cocaine Production. Santa Monica: National Defense Research Institute, 1994.
KERVYN, Bruno, La Economía Campesina en el Perú-Teorías y Políticas. Cusco, Perú: Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos “Bartolome de Las Casas”, marzo 1988.
LABROUSSE, Alain, La Droga, el Dinero y Las Armas. S.A. de C.V., México: Siglo veintiuno editors, 1993.
LAITY, Jim, The Coca Economy in the Upper Huallaga Valley. Lima: USAID, 1989.
LANNING, Edward P., Peru before the Incas. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967, p.77.
LAQUEUR, Walter, The Terrorism Reader: A Historical Anthology. New York: A Meridian Book, 1978.
LEE III, Rensselaer W., The White Labyrinth-Cocaine and Polítical Power. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Third printing, Transaction Publishers, 1991.
MABRY, Donald J., The Latin American Narcotics Trade and U.S National Security. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989.
MACDONALD, Scott B., Dancing on a Volcano-The Latin American Drug Trade. New York: Green Press Inc, 1988.
－, Mountain High, White Avalanche-Cocaine and Power in the Andean States and Panama. Washington, D.C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1989.
MAC GREGOR, Felipe E., ed., CAVANAGH, Jonathan; UNDERHAY, Rosemary, translated, Coca and Cocaine: An Andean Perspective. New York: Westport: Greenwood Press, 1993.
MCCORMICK, Gordon H., The Shining Path and the Future of Peru. Santa Monica: the Department of State; National Defense Research Institute, March 1990.
MENZEL, Sewall H., Fire in the Andes--U.S. Foreign Policy and Cocaine Policies in Bolivia and Peru. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc. 1996.
MELGAR Bac, Ricardo ; LASTRA Maria, Teresa Bosque, Perú Contemporaneo — El Espejo de Las Identidades . Mexico: Universidad Naciónal Autonoma de Mexico, 1993.
MOORE, Bonnie Dombey; RESETAR, Susan; CHILDRESS, Michail, A System Description of the Cocaine Trade . Santa Monica: RAND’s Drug Policy Research Center, 1994.
MORALES, Edmundo, Cocaine-White Gold Rush in Peru . Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, third printing 1989.
－, Cocaine-Fiebre del Oro Blanco en el Perú . Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 1996.
MORTIMER, W. Golden, M.D., Peru--History of Coca “The Divine Plant” of the Incas. New York: J. H. Vail & Company, First AMS edition, 1978.
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DE ZEVALLOS, Felipe Ortiz, The Peruvian Puzzle . New York : Priority Press Publications, 1989.
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PACINI, Deborah; FRANQUEMONT, Christine, ed., Coca and Cocaine. Peterborough, New Hampshire: Transcript Printing Company, 1986.
PAREDES, Carlos E.; Sachs, Jeffery D., Peru’s Path to Recovery-A Plan for Economic Stabilization and Growth. Washington D.C.: the Brookling Institution, 1991.
PASTOR Jr., Manuel, Inflation, Stabilization, and Debt-Macroeconomic Experiments in Peru and Bolivia. Oxford: Westview Press, 1992.
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POOLE, Deborah; RENIQUE, Gerardo, Peru-Time of Fear. London: Latin America Bureau, November 1992.
RICE, Berkeley, Trafficking —The Boom and Bust of the Air America Cocaine Ring. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989.
ROJAS Albertini, Maritza, Los Campesinos Cocaleros del Departamento de San Martín. Lima: CEDRO, 1995.
RYDELL, C. Peter; EVERINGHAM, Susan S., Controlling Cocaine-Supply versus Demand Programs. Santa Monica: RAND’s Drug Policy Research Center, 1994.
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SALDARRIAGA, Victor Prado, El Tráfico de Drogas en el Perú Enfoque Político y Social. Lima: Cultural Cuzco S. A. Editores, 1989.
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Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs, Cocaine Production, Eradication And The Environment: Policy Impact And Options., Senate Print 101-110. 101st Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C: US Government printing Office.1990.
SHEAHAN, John, Patterns of Development in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
SMITH, Peter H., ed., Drug Policy in America, Washington D.C.: Westview Press, 1992.
－, El Combate a Las Drogas en America. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, S.A. de C.V. , 1993 .
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TARAZONA-SEVILLANO, Gabriela; REUTER, John B., Sendero Luminoso and the Threat of Narcoterrorism. Washington, D.C.: the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1990.
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TINOCO, Inés Coronado, Coca, Cocaína y Narcotráfico. Lima: Editora Juridica Grijley E.I.R.L., Noviembre 1993.
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TULLIS, La Mond, Handbook of Research on the Illicit Drug Traffic: Socioeconomic and Political Consequences . New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
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YOUNGERS, Coletta, Senior-associate, Peru under Scrutiny : Human Rights and U.S. Drug Policy . Washington, D.C.: Washington office on Latin America, January 13, 1992.
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－, The National Drug Control Strategy: A New Policy for the Andes? . Washington, D.C.: Washington office on Latin America. February 4, 1995.
二、 學術期刊：
ANDREAS, Peter, “ Why Varganomics Won’t Work: Peru’s Addiction to Coca Dollars.” The Nation, Vol.250, No.15, Aril 16, 1990, pp.515~518.
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ARCE M., Daniel G. “Inflation, Stabilization, and Debt: Macroeconomic Experiments in Peru and Bolivia.” Latin American Research Review., Vol. 34, i1, Winter 1999, pp. 212~220.
BAGLEY, Bruce, “Assessing The Americas’ War On Drugs.” Special Issue of the Journal of International Studies and World Affairs, Summer-Fall, 1988.
BENAVIDES, Maria A., “Poverty and Peasantry in Peru’s Southern Andes, 1963-90.” Latin American Research Review., Vol. 31, No. 2, Spring 1996, pp. 173~193.
BERRIDGE, Virginia, “Drug Policy: Should the Law Take a Back Seat?” The Lancet, February 3, 1996, Vol.347, No.8997, pp.301~305.
BUDD, Robert d., “Cocaine Abuse and Violent Death.” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse., Vol.15, No. 4, December 1989, pp. 375~382.
BURCHARD, Roderick E., “Coca Chewing and Diet .” Journal of Drug Issues., Vol. 33, No. 1, February 1992, pp.1~24.
CHAVEZ Morales, Jorge, “Al Día Siguiente.” Sí, June 8, 1987, pp.2-10.
CONAWAY, Janelle. “Cooperating in the Drug War. ” Americas(English Edition)., Vol. 52, i1, January 2000, p. 54.
CONTRERAS, Joseph, “Guerrilla Alarm in Peru.” Newsweek, August 15, 1988, United States Edition, International Section,p.32.
DIETZ , Henry A., “Peru Since 1990.” Latin American Research Review., Vol. 33, no. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 197~206.
－, “Peru: A Country Study.” Latin American Research Review., Vol. 33, No. 2, Spring 1998, pp. 197~203.
Economist Newspaper Ltd.(England),”The Kickback from Cocaine.” The Economist, Vol.316, No.7664,July 21, 1990,p.40.
FARRELL, Graham, “A Global Empirical Review of Drug Crop Eradication and United Nations’ Crop Substitution and Alternative Development Strategies. ” Journal of Drug Issues., Vol. 28, i. 2, Spring 1998, pp.395~420.
FUCHS, Andrew, “Coca Chewing and High-Altitude Stress: Possible Effects of Coca Alkaloids on Erythropoiesis.” Current Anthropology, Vol.19, No.2, June 1978, pp.277-291.
GAGLIANO, Joseph, “La Medicina Popular y la Coca en el Perú: Un Analisis Historico de Actitude.” America Indigena, Vol.38, No.4, October-December 1978, pp.789-805.
GATJANIS, Greg, “Cocaine’s Latest Victim: The Waters Run Red.” UN Chronicle-Drug Control, June 1995, p. 66.
GOLDENBERG, Sonia. “War No More. ” The Nation., Vol. 254, No.12, March 30, 1992, p.401.
GOODMAN, Billy, “Drugs and People Threaten Diversity in Andean Forests.” Science., Vol. 261, No. 5119, July 16, 1993, p. 293.
GROSSE, Robert, “The Economic Impact of Andean Cocaine Traffic on Florida.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs., Vol. 32, No. 4, 1990, pp.137~159.
GUTIERREZ, Miguel, “El negocio que se fue al carajo.” La Republica, February 11,1996, pp.8-13.
HEDGES, Michael, “Drug Production Creates an Ecological Nightmare.” Insight on the News, August 22, 1994, Vol. 10, No.34, PP.16-17.
HENMAN, Anthony R. “Coca and Cocaine: Their Role in “Traditional.” Cultures in South America.(Special Issue: Alternatives to the War on Drugs). ” Journal of Drug Issues., Vol.20, No.4, Fall 1990, pp. 577~588.
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House of Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs and Task Force On International Narcotics Control, The Situation In Peru And The Future of the War On Drugs Joint Hearing. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, 7 may, 1992.
JACOBSON, Douglas, “Environmentalists Could Be a Shot in the Arm for Drug War.” Insight on the News, November 1997, Vol. 13, No.41.
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JOYCE, Stephanie, “Snorting Peru’s Rain Forest.” International Wildlife, Vol.20, No.3, 1990, pp.20-23.
KAY, Bruce H., “Violent Opportunities: The Rise and Fall of ‘King Coca’ and Shining Path.” Journal of Interamerican studies and World Affairs., Vol. 41, I 3, Fall 1999, pp. 97~113.
KIRK, Robin, “Oh! What a Lovely Drug War in Peru. ” The Nation., Vol. 253, No.10, September 30, 1991, pp.357~361.
－, “Campus Thrives Amid Perils of Cocaine Trade; Isolation, Guerrilla Violence Test Peru's U. of Jungle.” The Chronicle of Higher Education., Vol. 38, No. 21, January 29, 1992, pp.38~40.
KLARE, Michael T., “Scenario for a Quagmire: Fighting Drugs with the Military. ” The Nation., Vol. 250, No.1, January 1, 1990, pp.8~11.
LEE III, Rensselaer W., “South America Cocaine: Why the U.S Can't Stop It.” Current., No. 313, 1989, pp.22~31.
MALENGREAU, Jacques. “Linking Separate World: Urban Migrants and Rural Lives in Peru.” Current Anthropology., Vol. 41, i1, February 2000, p. 142.
MARTENSEN, Robert L., “From Papal Endorsement to Southern Vice: the Cultural Transit of Coca and Cocaine.” The Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA, Vol. 276, No.19, November 20, 1996, p.1615.
MASSING, Michael. “In the Cocaine War...The Jungle is Winning.” The New York Times, Vol.139, 1990, pp.26~30.
MAYER, Enrique. “The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon.” Latin American Research Review., Vol. 29, No. 2, Spring, 1994, pp. 141~171.
MORALES, Edmundo, “The Polítical Economy of Cocaine Production: An Analysis of the Peruvian Case.” Latin American Perspectives., Vol. 17, No. 4, 1990, pp.91~109.
－, “Comprehensive Economic Development: An Alternative Measure”. Journal of Drug Issues. , Vol. 20, No. 4, 1990, pp. 629~637.
－, “Coca and Cocaine Economy and Social Change in the Andes of Peru.” Economic Development and Cultural Change., Vol. 35, October 1986, pp.143~161.
Narcotics Affairs Section (NAS), Briefing Paper., Lima, Peru; US Embassy, 1990.
North American Congress on Latin America, NACLA, “Report on The Americas.” NACLA, USA:NACLA, December/January 1990.
OLSON, Elizabeth, “Test of Swiss Anticorruption Drive.” Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 93, Issue 40, 23 January, 2001, p6.
PAUST, Jordan J., “A Survey of Possible Legal Responses to International Terrorism: Prevention, Punishment and Cooperative Action.” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law , Vol. 5, 1975.
PEARL, Francis Raphael, “Congress, International Narcotics Policy, And The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988.” Journal of Interamerican Studies. Vol.34, Fall, 1988.
PEARSON, John, “Debt and Poverty Have Peru Tilting to the Left.” Business Week, April 23, 1984, p.44.
QUEISER Morales, Waltraud, “Latin America and the Multinational Drug Trade (Review)”. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs., Vol. 41, i2, 1999, pp. 140~146.
RAMRAKH, Punit S.; BARTON, Ian, “Drug Smuggler’s delirium: Suspect Cocaine Intoxication in Travelers with Fever and a Bizarre Mental State.” British Medical Journal., Vol. 306, No. 6876, February 20, 1993, pp470~471.
SALLY, Bowen, “Peru Shifts to Battling Drugs Instead of Rebels.” The Christian Science Publishing Society, April 28, 1995, p.7.
STENGEL, Richard, “To Spike or Not to Spike? Targeting Peru’s Coca Crop.” Time, June 27, 1988, Vol.131, No.26, p.23.
STERN, Steve J., ed. “Shining and Other Paths: War and Society in Peru 1980-1995.” Journal of International Affairs., 1998, pp. 831~834.
SUN, Marjorie, “Herbicide Refused for Coca Spraying.” Science, Vol. 240, No. 4858, June 10, 1988, pp. 1401.
The Economist, “The General And the Cocaleros (The Coca Growing Business of Peru).” The Economist, Vol.313, No.7632, December 9, 1989, pp.40~41.
－, “The Andean Coca Wars: A Crop That Refuse to Die.” The Economist (London), Vol.354, No.8160, March 4,2000, pp.23~25.
－, “Drug War-High in the Andes.” The Economist (US), Vol. 326, No.7798, February 13, 1993, pp.45~46.
U.S. Department of State, “Summary of April 12,1993 International Narcotics Control Report.” US Department of State Dispatch. Vol.4, Nol.15, p.235.
US General Accounting Office (GAO), The Drug War: US Programs in Peru Face Serious Obstacles. GAO/NSIAD/92-36. Washington D.C.: General Accounting Office, 1991.
VEEKEN, Hans. “A Country Torn Apart by Violence.” British Medical Journal., Vol. 306, No. 6887, May 8, 1993, pp. 1263~1264.
－, “Peru Revisited.(Public Health Worker Describes Visit and Consequences of Violence).” British Medical Journal., Vol. 311, No. 7006, pp. 672~674.
WALSH, John, “In Peru, even Potato Research is High Risk.” Science., Vol. 247, No. 4948, March 16, 1990, pp. 1286~1287.
WILLIAMS, Phil, “Transnational Criminal Organizations: Strategic Alliances.” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 1995.
WILLIAMS, Sarah, “Cocaine’s Harmful Effects.” Science., Vol. 248, No. 4952, April 13, 1990, p. 166.
三、 學術論文著作：
ERNESTO Revilla, Julio, The Economic Development of Peru: The Cases of External Debt of the Guano Economy and Labor Migration of the Coca Economy. Boston University Graduate School, 1992.
四、 報紙新聞：
“Drug Shootout in Peru.” The New York Times, Late City Final Edition, July 23, 1987, Thursday, Foreign News; Section A; Column 1.
“Drug Raid in Peru Nets 4 Colombian Officers, UPI, Lima, Peru, Aug. 1.” The New York Times, Late City Final Edition, August 2, 1983, Tuesday, Foreign Desks; Section A; Column 5.
GOLDEN, Tim, “Fungus Considered as a Tool to Kill Coca in Colombia; Questions over Ecology; Washington and Bogota Work on Developing a Powerful Biological Herbicide. ” The New York Times., 2000.
ROBBINS, Jim, “Drug War Awaits Attack of Killer Fungus.” The New York Times., July 18, 2000.
MASSING, Michael, “In the Cocaine War.. the Jungle Is Winning.” The New York Times., Vol. 139, , March 4, 1990.
LANE, Charles, “Peru Steps up War on Cocaine Industry.” Los Angeles Times, Home Edition, Wednesday, December 11, 1985.
“Peru Drug Lab Destroyed.” Los Angeles Times, Wednesday, December 11, 1985.
“Did Peru Army Alter Case to Hide Drug Role?.” Los Angeles Times, Home Edition, March 19, 1994, Saturday.
SMITH, James F.; STAFF Writer, Times, “Damage to Environment at Issue; Aerial Attack on Coca? Peru Stalls U.S. Plan.” Los Angelos Times, Home Edition, July 23,1988, Thursday.
Financial Times, “Frontier Battle to Wean Peru Farmers off Cocaine Trade..” Financial Times (London), USA Edition, July 28, 1999, Wednesday.
“Peru’s Deadly Drug Habit; Behind the Fujimori Front, Corruption and Cocaine Trafficking Are Booming.” Washington Post, Home Edition, February 28, 1993, Saturday.
“US Takes New (Old) Path in Narcotics Battle.” Washington Post, January 12, 1994.
“Peru.” Information Bank Abstracts, Miami Herald, September 6, 1999, Monday.
“Peru.” Information Bank Abstracts, Journal of Commerce, December 21, 1993, Tuesday.
“Peru.” Information Bank Abstracts, Miami Herald, August 28, 1993, Saturday.
Sharon Stevenson, “Peru’s Police, Army Hit Drug Base.” Information Bank Abstracts, Miami Herald, March 27, 1992, Friday.
STEVENSON, Shron, “Peru.” Miami Herald, August 28, 1993, Section A.
“U.S. Antidrug Policy Puts Peru’s Stability in Jeopardy.” Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN), September 10, 1991.
STRONG, Simon, “Peru Attacks Jungle Drug Strongholds.” The Independent, September 21, 1989, Thursday.
－, “Peru Shifts to Battling Drugs Instead of Rebels.” The Christian Science Publishing Society, April 28, 1995.
五、 網際網路資料
“Que es CEDRO? www.rcp.net.pe
“Las Drogas y Su Impacto en el Perú” www.ekeko.rcp.net/cedro/impacto.htm
“Las Drogas y Su Efecto”.
www.ekeko.rcp.net.pe/cedro/efecto.htm
“Documentos y Publicaciónes”., www.ekeko.rcp.net.pe/cedro
“Committee to Support the Revolution in Peru”.,www.csrp.org/cmte.htm
“US Drafts Mutant Fungus into “War on Drugs”” www.csrp.org/pan/fungus.html
“Newsbriefs form the Battlefiedl”.,2000/6/7. www.csrp.org/awtwnews.htm
“U.S. Hands Off Peru!” . Revolutionary Worker. Feb 23, 1997. No. 895. 2000/6/7. www.csrp.org/rw/rw895.htm
“Fact Sheet on U.S. Intervention in Peru-Why the People in Peru Say: Yankee Go Home!” Revolutionary Worker. Circa June 1993. 2000/6/7. www.csrp.org/rw/rwfacts.htm.
“Dictating Terms: The U.S. Anti-Terrorist List”., Revolutionary Worker. November 23, 1997. No. 933. 2000/6/7. www.csrp.org/rw/rw933.htm
Macroeconomy. News of Peru. 2000/6/7. www.peru.org.tw/e/news.html