臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於經濟型態不斷的變遷，公民所需具備的經濟素養愈形重要。若學生缺乏經濟知識與能力以應用經濟推理解決經濟問題，將影響他們成功扮演好一個公民的角色。教育部雖列舉出國民小學社會科課程中有關經濟概念的通則，但卻缺乏適當的教材或教學媒體以配合經濟教育的實施。因此，如何落實經濟教育，除了教師需具有一定的知識協助學童學習如何將基本經濟概念用於分析個人及社會議題之外，應該有良好的課程指引與配合學生的認知發展所設計之經濟概念教材。
本研究以國民小學中年級應教授之基本經濟概念為主題，並結合相關學科之知識，以「系統化教學設計」的方式，針對學童的認知發展、課程的特性與需求進行分析、設計，進行國民小學經濟教育網站之製作與單元教學活動計畫之設計。首先，經由相關文獻以及國外現有兒童經濟教育網站之探討，歸納出國小中年級兒童經濟教育網站與教材於內容及功能之設計原則，以做為發展網站及教材之參考指引；繼而依照系統化教學設計模式進行分析、設計、發展、實施及形成性評鑑。
依據教材開發過程中的發現與心得，本研究分別對於兒童經濟教育網路化教材製作以及未來研究方向提出建議，希望能作為未來發展兒童經濟教育教材之參考，以提昇國內兒童經濟教育實施之成效。

Due to the rapid economic changes in the present society, the economic literacy for all citizens becomes much more significant. If students are lack of economic knowledge and skills to solve problems, their ability of behaving as a good citizen will be affected. Although the Ministry of Education, Taiwan, Republic of China, has listed the general guidelines of economic concepts for the Social Studies in the elementary level, there are no appropriate teaching materials or media to accompany with the enforcement of economic education. Therefore, it is advocated that elementary teachers need to have certain knowledge and skills to help students applying basic economic concepts to personal and social issues in order to implement economic education; In addition, good syllabus and teaching materials developed with the consideration of students’ knowledge are also essential.
The purpose of this study was to design and develop a courseware of economic education for elementary students. The basic economic concepts that should be taught in the middle grades of elementary education were presented, such as scarcity, decision-making, opportunity cost, production, exchange, money and interdependence. This study combined with the knowledge of related subjects applies instructional system design, focusing on students’ knowledge development, the specialty and need of the course. In accordance with the analysis of the related literature review and the foreign economic educational websites for children, the principles of designing economic educational websites and teaching materials for middle elementary level children were also utilized. Moreover, this study used the instructional system design to analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate the websites and the teaching materials. Finally, based on the results of the formative evaluation, suggestions of revisions and the directions for further investigation were also included in the end.

第一章 緒論..............................................1
第一節研究動機與背景..................................1
第二節研究目的........................................4
第三節研究範圍與限制..................................5
第四節預期貢獻........................................7
第五節重要名詞釋義....................................8
第二章 文獻探討..........................................10
第一節國民小學教育與經濟教育..........................10
第二節國小經濟教育實施現況............................19
第三節網路與教學之探討................................40
第四節教學設計模式....................................63
第三章 研究過程..........................................72
第一節分析階段........................................73
第二節設計階段........................................82
第三節發展階段........................................91
第四節評鑑計劃........................................98
第四章 研究成果與評鑑....................................102
第一節網站介紹........................................102
第二節教材內容及教學活動介紹..........................115
第三節形成性評鑑結果..................................121
第五章結論與建議......................................127
第一節結論............................................127
第二節建議............................................130
參考文獻.................................................133
附 件...................................................140
附件一 需求分析訪談大綱...............................141
附件二 學科內容專家評鑑表.............................143
附件三 教學設計專家評鑑表.............................145
附件四 學習者訪談大綱.................................148
附件五 單元教學活動指引...............................150

一、中文部分
王立行（民81）。電腦輔助教學的理論與實務探討。資訊與教育，29期，頁24-35。
王若文（民81）。學生的經濟認知。中等教育，43卷5期，頁46-55。
吳明隆（民87）。以網路為主的教學環境（Web-Based Instruction）內涵及規劃原則。教育部電子計算機中心簡訊，8712期。
URL：http://www.edu.tw/moecc/art/8712/index.htm
吳清基（民79）。建立以學生為中心的學習環境。研習資訊，62期，頁1-3。
呂愛珍（民82）。國民小學社會科課程與教材。台北：五南。
杜日富（民80）。CAI 課程軟體評估法則。資訊與教育，25期，頁46-51。
杜榮珠、王美智（民83）電腦在教學上的應用--美國中小學電腦教學最新概況。資訊與教育，44期，頁37-41。
林向愷（民83）。經濟概念。載於江文瑜主編：體檢國小教科書（157-169頁）。台北：前衛。
林奇賢（民87）。網路學習環境的設計與應用。資訊與教育，67期，頁34-50。
侯志欽（民81）。教學設計的哲學省思─由客觀主義到建構主義。教育資料集刊，17期，頁221-230。
侯志欽（民81）。教學設計的哲學省思─由客觀主義到建構主義。教育資料集刊，17期，頁221-230。
徐淑敏（民88）。台灣中小學經濟學教育之研究。國教新知，45卷5期，頁49-59。
張史如（民86）。從建構主義的觀點探討網路超文件/超媒體應用於教學上的意義。資訊與教育，58期，頁39-48。
張玉成（民81）。英國小學社會科課程之分析。台北：三民。
張怡婷（民88）。國民小學社會科經濟學課程之分析研究。國立台北師範學院課程與教學研究所碩士論文。
張祖忻等（民84）。教學設計─基本原理與方法。台北：五南。
郭壽星（1990）。社會科學文獻學。武昌：武漢大學。
陳年興、曾建翰（民85）。Web-Title豐富網際網路上的教材。資訊與教育，55期，頁43-53。
陳明月（民86）。電腦與社會科教學。教學科技與媒體，32期，頁26-30。
陳昭雄（民77）。電腦輔助教學概論。台北：松崗。
程健教（民79）。我國兒童社會學需要經濟學教育素養。幼兒教育年刊，2期，頁46-76。
黃政傑（1991）。課程設計。台北：東華書局。
黃炳煌（民88）。邁向二十一世紀的臺灣社會科課程改革。
楊昭儀（民88）。國小兒童網路學習社群之設計與發展研究─以淡水紅樹林的自然生態為例。淡江大學教育資料科學研究所教學科技組碩士論文。
溫明忠（民88）。國中經濟教育的理論與實施。台北：水牛。
溫騰光（民79）。學校加強經濟教育的必要性與途徑。國民教育，30卷11、12期，頁23-29。
溫騰光（民81）。國民中小學經濟教育課程內涵分析之研究。中國文化大學中山學術研究所博士論文。
廖永靜（民85）。國民小學經濟教育。教師之友，37卷1期，頁32-45。
歐用生（民81）。國民小學社會科教學研究。台北：師大書苑。
謝寶煖（民87.9.3）。社會科學概論。
URL：http://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/sosci_source/content.htm
二、英文部分
Alexander, s. (1995). Teaching and learning on the World Wide Web
URL：http://www.scu.edu.au/ausweb95/paptes/education2/alexander/
Barr, R., Barth, J., & Shermis, S. (1977). Defining the Social Studies. Arlington, VA: National Council for Social Studies.
URL：http://ceiba.cc.ntu.edu.tw/sosci_source/content.htm
Berge, Z. L. (1998). Guiding principles in web-based instructional design. Educational Media International, 35(2), 72-76.
Bruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of Instruction. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Clamp, S. J. (1983). Computer-assisted learning and the less able. Remedial education, 18(1), 15-17.
Cummings, S. & Taebel, D. (1978). The Economic Socialization of Children: A Neo-Maryist Analysis, Social Problems, 26, 198-210.
Dick & Carey (1996). The systematic design of Instruction. Harper Collins.
Hackbarth, S.(1997). Integrating Web-Based Learning activities into school curriculums. Educational Technology, 37(3), 59-70.
Hedberg, J., Brown, C., & Arrighi, M. (1997). Interactive multimedia and web-based learning: similarities and differences. In Khan BH(ed.), Web-based Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 47-58.
Helbun, S. W. (1985). Economics and Economic Education: the Selective Use of Discipline Structures In Economics Curricula, In S. Hodkinson & D. Whitehead eds. Economics Education: Research and Development Issues, New York: Longman.
Herron, N. L. general editor. The Social Sciences: A Cross-Disciplinary Guide to Selected Sources. 2nd ed. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1996.
Hicks, B. & Hyde, D. (1973). Teaching about CAI. Journal of teacher education, summer, 24, p.120.
Hilke, E. V. & Skrentny, R. (1990). A Study and Simulation of International Trade. Social Education, 54(1), 51-53.
Husen, T. & Postlethwaite, T. N. (1985). The international encyclopedia of education research and studies. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Jahoda, G. (1981). The development of thinking about economic institution: The Bank, Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 1(1), 55-73.
Khan, B. (1997). Web-based Instruction (WBI): What is it and why is it? In Khan BH(ed.), Web-based Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 5-18.
Kourilsky, M.L. (1977). “The Kinder-Economy” A Case Study of Kindergarten Pupils’ Acquisition of Economic Concepts. The Elementary School Journal, 77(3), 182-191.
Lin, X. et al.(1996). Alternative assessment for constructivist learning environment. In Wilson, B.G.(Ed.), Constructivist learning environment: case studies In Instructional design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology, 191-220.
Maxim, G. W. (1987). Social Studies and the Elementary School Child. (3d ed.), Columbus, Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company.
Meszaros, B. (1997). Economic standards: a guide for curriculum planners. Social Education, 61(6), 324-327.
Meszaros, B. & Suiter, M. (1998). The Case for Economics in the Elementary Classroom. The Region, December 1998.
URL：http://woodrow.mpls.frb.us/pubs/region/98-12/meszaros.html
Moore, M. G. (1989). Three types of interaction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2).
National Council for the Economic Education (1996). A Framework for Teaching Basic Economic Concepts with Scope and Sequence Guidelines, K-12. Washington, D.C.: Author.
National Council for the Social Studies. (1989). Social Studies for Early childhood & Elementary School Children: Preparing for the 21st Centary. Washington, DC: Author.
Nourse, E. (1966). Current Aspects of Our Pers-Istent Economic Problems. Social Education, 30(4), 235.
Piaget, J. (1967). Six Psychological Studies. New York: Vintage Books.
Relan, A., & Gillani, B. B. (1997). Web-based instruction and the traditional classroom: similarities and differences. In Khan BH(ed.), Web-based Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 41-46.
Ritchie, D., & Hoffman, B. (1997). Incorporating Instructional design principles with the World Wide Web. In Khan BH(ed.), Web-based Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications, 135-138.
Savage, T. V. & Armstrong, D. G. (1987). Effective Teaching In Elementary Social Studies. New York: Macmillan.
Schlene, V. J. (1993) Teaching Economics in the Elementary School: An ERIC/ChESS Sample. Social Studies and the Young Learner; 5(4), 13-14.
Schug, M. C. & Birkey, C. J. (1985). The Development of Children’s Economic Reasoning. Theory and Research in Social Education, 13(1), 31-42.
Schug, M. C. (1996). Introducing Children to Economic Reasoning: Some Beginning Lessons. The Social Studies, 87(3), 114-118.
Schug, M. C. (1982). Economic Education across the Curriculum. Fastback 183, Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Bloomington, Ind.
Seefeldt, C. (1993). Social Studies for the Preschool-Primary Child (4th ed.), New York: Mcmillan.
Siegel, M. A. & Davis, D. M. (1986). Understanding computer-based education. New York: Random House.
Smith, p., & Ragan, T. (1993). Instructional Design. New York: NY, Macmillan.
Trujillo, G. (1977). Consumer and Economic Education, K-12: A Comparative Analysis, U. S. Office of Education, Washington, D.C.: Office of Consumer Education.
Walstad, W. (1998). Why It’s Important to Understand Economics. The Region, December 1998.
URL：http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/98-12/walstad.html