中文摘要
利用假單胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescence TIT16進行有機廢水生物處理過程中的脫氮作用之研究。在脫氮過程中，添加異丙醇當作電子供給體（electron donor）以及微生物所需之碳源（carbon source）。在這個研究中，利用攪拌式批次反應槽、膜反應器系統（MBR system）以及塑膠擔體流體化床等三種模式，進行最適脫氮條件之探討。由攪拌式批次反應槽之實驗中，最適脫氮酸鹼度為pH 7.5，反應進行12小時，硝酸氮從140 ppm降至10 ppm以下，整個反應過程偵測不到亞硝酸氮，而且在此酸鹼度下也能維持菌體的生存。在pH 6.5偏酸的情況下，硝酸氮的變化很慢，在反應8小時後硝酸鹽氮才開始降低，反應至12小時硝酸氮仍有50 ppm，而且菌體濃度有衰退的現像。在pH 8.5偏鹼的情況下，反應24小時，硝酸氮幾乎沒有改變，細菌也無法在此酸鹼度下繼續存活。用膜反應器系統，其中細菌的添加劑量是每升0.54克的細胞乾重，廢水的硝酸氮是80 ppm，每天之最大處理量為反應槽的8倍體積，在此處理條件下，流出液之硝酸鹽氮維持在10 ppm左右，而且細菌可繼續存活。若將每天處理量提高至10倍體積，流出液之硝酸氮提高至40 ppm左右，而且細菌無法繼續存活，菌體濃度（OD600）由1.4降至0.2。若將廢水硝酸氮降至60 ppm，每天處理量維持10倍體積，則流出液之硝酸氮降至10 ppm左右，且菌體濃度（OD600）也可以維持在1.8左右。用塑膠擔體流體化床進行脫氮時，每天處理量為2倍體積，硝酸氮最高至100 ppm左右幾乎可完全去除。
關鍵詞：假單胞菌、脫氮作用、批次反應、膜反應器、流體化床、廢水處理。

Abstract
In the process of organic wastewater treatment, the denitrification using cells of Pseudomonas fluorescence
TIT16 was investigated. Isopropanol served as electron donor and carbon source for denitrification. Three kinds of models, including a stirred tank batch reactor, a MBR system and an up-flow fluidized bed reactor, were provided for the studies of the optimum denitrification. For stirred tank batch reaction, the optimum pH was 7.5. After a 12-hour denitrification at pH 7.5, nitrate-N dropped from 140 to 10 ppm. Whereas nitrite was not detected and bacteria sustained life throughout the denitrification process. At pH 6.5, under a slightly acidic condition, the decrease of nitrate-N occurred slowly. The decrease of nitrate-N began at hour 8 and 50 ppm nitrate-N was left behind at hour 12. Meanwhile, the bacteria cells have decayed. At pH 8.5, under a slightly alkaline condition, nitrate-N held still and the bacteria died after a 24-hour denitrification was carried out. By MBR system at a bacteria dose of 0.54 g l-1 cell dry weight, the maximum dilution rate was 8 d-1 for the feeding of wastewater containing 80 ppm nitrate-N. The nitrate-N of the effluent was as low as 10 ppm and the bacteria cells kept alive. With the feeding of wastewater containing 80 ppm nitrate-N, when the dilution rate was shifted to 10 d-1, 40 ppm nitrate-N in the effluent was detected and the bacteria was dying according to the decrease of OD600 value from1.4 to 0.2. In the case of wastewater containing 60 ppm nitrate-N and at a dilution rate of 10 d-1, the effluent contained a nitrate-N below 10 ppm and the OD600 value held at 1.8. By the up-flow fluidized bed reactor, the denitrification of wastewater containing 100 ppm nitrate-N, was successfully performed at a dilution rate of 2 d-1 with a trace of nitrate present in the effluent. Among these three ways of denitrification using cells of Pseudomonas fluorescence TIT16, the MBR system gave the most efficiency for the removal of nitrate-N in wastewater.
Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescence, denitrification, batch reaction, MBR system, fluidized bed, wastewater treatment

ABSTRACT I
CHINESE ABSTRACT III
CONTENTS IV
LIST OF FIGURES VIII
LIST OF TABLES X
CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1
CHAPTER 2. Literature review 2
2.1 Nitrogen cycle in the nature 2
2.2 The nitrogen compounds influence the environment 3
2.3 Respiration of nitrate 4
2.4 What is the denitrification 7
2.5 The denitrifying prokaryotes 8
2.6 Electron transport systems 9
2.7 Control of denitrification 12
2.7.1 Effect of oxygen on enzyme activities in whole
cell 12
2.7.2 Effect of oxygen on gene expression 13
2.7.3 pH 13
2.7.4 Temperature 14
2.7.5 Organic carbon 14
2.7.6 Nitrogen oxides 16
2.7.7 Inhibitors 17
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 18
3.1 Materials 18
3.2 Microorganisms 18
3.3 Culture media 19
3.4 Determination of nitrate, nitrite and ammonia 20
3.5 Procedures for screening of denitrifying bacteria 21
3.6 Influence of oxygen on the denitrifying bacteria 21
3.6.1 Procedures for the influence of oxygen on
denitrifying bacteria 21
3.7 Denitrification using a stirred tank bioractor 22
3.7.1 The optimum pH of denitrification using a stirred tank bioreactor 22
3.7.2 Procedures for the optimum pH using a stirred tank bioreactor 22
3.8 Denitrification using a fluidized bed reactor 23
3.9 Denitrification using a MBR system 25
3.9.1 The maximum dilution rate of denitrification using the MBR system 27
3.9.2 Procedures for the maximum dilution rate of denitrification using the MBR system 27
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION 28
4.1 Screening of the denitrifying bacteria 28
4.2 Influence of oxygen on the denitrifying bacteria 31
4.3 The optimum pH of denitrification using a stirred tank bioreactor 33
4.4 The maximum concentration of nitrate for denitrification by the up-flow fluidized bed reaction 40
4.5 The maximum dilution rate of denitrification by the MBR system 42
4.6 Comparison in rates of denitrification via three kinds of processes 49
CHAPTER 5. Conclusion 50
REFERENCE 52

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