臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文應用零電壓轉換之Boost與Buck-Boost DC-DC轉換器為太陽能最大功率轉換系統。太陽能最大功率轉換系統能隨時追蹤太陽能電池的最佳工作點，使其能以最大功率輸出，同時亦可經由DC-DC轉換器將能量儲存於蓄電池中。而柔切技術之應用則能進一步提昇太陽能最大功率轉換系統的效率。除此之外，本文並探討不同日射量條件下，最大功率轉換器追蹤過程的變化以及對蓄電池充電時間長短的影響，並且比較有無柔切的情況下，對於電池充電之時間與轉換器之效率兩者的差別。
第二部分則探討應用Class D轉換器之電子式安定器系統，並在Class D下橋開關上並聯一柔切電容，此一並聯電容能降低轉換器的切換損失及提升整體電子式安定器的效能。接著介紹應用可變式電容調變技術於半橋式電子式安定器之相關原理與分析，利用傅利葉級數分析以探討穩態之可變式電容調光電子式安定器系統，藉由調變可變式電容上之並聯開關的相移角 ，使得諧振網目的諧振頻率改變，進而達到燈管調光的目的。模擬與實驗結果則被用來驗證理論分析之正確性。
　　最後將柔性切換太陽能最大功率轉換系統與可變式電容調光電子安定器整合成為柔性切換之太陽能供電驅動調光電子式安定器系統。整體系統之控制部分皆使用德儀公司所生產的TMS320C240數位訊號處理器加以完成（包括程式撰寫、A/D轉換、最大功率追蹤法的運算、柔性切換開關信號及PWM輸出等）。

This thesis is the application of the Boost and Buck-Boost converters with zero-voltage-transition technology to the photovoltaic maximum power conversion system (PMPCS). PMPCS can always track the best operating condition to draw the maximum power of the solar array, and the application of the soft-switching technology can improve the efficiency of the PMPCS. Under the different sunlight condition, the tracking process of the PMPCS and the charging time of the battery are discussed. Furthermore, this thesis will compare the difference with and without the soft-switching technology about the charging time of the battery and the efficiency of the converter.
This thesis also discusses Class D zero voltage switching inverter in which a single capacitor is connected in parallel with one of the switches. This method can reduce the switching loss and increase the efficiency of the inverter. The related principle and analysis of the half-bridge inverter regulated by the switch-controlled capacitor(SCC) will be introduced later. Fourier series analysis is used to discuss the steady-state operation of the half-bridge inverter regulated by the SCC. By the regulation of the phase shift of the SCC, the resonant network can alter the resonant frequency to adjust the light. Simulation and experimental results will prove the theoretical analysis.
Combination of the soft-switching PMPCS with the half-bridge inverter system regulated by SCC constitutes the overall lighting system powered by the solar cells. As for the control portion of the system, it is completed by the TMS320C240 Digital-Signal-Processor.

目錄頁次
中文摘要………………………………………………………………I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………II
誌謝………………………………………………………………III
目錄………………………………………………………………IV
表目錄………………………………………………………………VII
圖目錄………………………………………………………………VIII
第一章緒論
1.1 研究背景與目的……………………………………………1
1.2 論文大綱……………………………………………………3
第二章太陽能最大功率轉換系統
2.1 前言…………………………………………………………4
2.2 太陽能電池特性介紹………………………………………5
2.3 太陽能最大功率追蹤法的介紹……………………………9
2.3.1 電壓迴授法…………………………………………………9
2.3.2 功率迴授法…………………………………………………10
2.3.3 擾動與觀察法………………………………………………11
2.3.4 增量電導法…………………………………………………12
2.3.5實際量測法…………………………………………………13
2.4 系統之軟、硬體規劃與製作………………………………14
2.4.1 DC-DC轉換器與驅動電路………………………………… 14
2.4.2 電壓與電流迴授……………………………………………15
2.4.3 太陽能電池模組與蓄電池組………………………………17
2.4.4 控制器部分…………………………………………………17
2.5 實驗結果……………………………………………………24
第三章柔性切換之太陽能轉換系統
3.1 前言…………………………………………………………30
3.2 柔性切換的動作原理的分析………………………………31
3.3 柔性切換架構於DC-DC轉換器中之設計與說明………… 34
3.4 柔性切換之太陽能轉換架構之分析與設計………………37
3.5 系統之軟、硬體規劃與製作………………………………40
3.5.1 硬體製作……………………………………………………40
3.5.2 軟體規劃……………………………………………………40
3.6 模擬與實驗結果……………………………………………41
第四章應用Class D之調光控制之電子安定器
4.1 前言…………………………………………………………49
4.2 燈管特性的分析與介紹……………………………………50
4.3 諧振電路之分析與介紹……………………………………53
4.3.1 諧振電路……………………………………………………53
4.3.2 高頻方波產生器……………………………………………58
4.4 電子安定器之調光控制方法的介紹………………………60
4.4.1 振福調變……………………………………………………60
4.4.2 頻率調變……………………………………………………60
4.4.3 脈寬調變……………………………………………………62
4.4.4 相移調變……………………………………………………62
4.5 應用零電壓切換於調光電子安定器的介紹………………62
4.6 系統之軟、硬體規劃與製作………………………………66
4.6.1 電子安定器系統架構………………………………………66
4.6.2 控制電路……………………………………………………66
4.7 模擬與實驗結果……………………………………………67
第五章應用可變式電容調光之電子安定器系統
5.1 前言…………………………………………………………76
5.2 可變式電感與可變式電容調變技術………………………77
5.2.1 可變式電感技術的調光方法………………………………77
5.2.2 可變式電容技術的調光方法………………………………79
5.3可變式電感與可變式電容調變技術對電子安定器系統調
光之影響……………………………………………………83
5.4 應用可變式電容調光之電子安定器系統分析……………84
5.4.1 零電壓切換…………………………………………………87
5.4.2 諧振轉換器變數之傅利葉級數展開………………………89
5.5 系統之軟、硬體規劃與製作………………………………94
5.5.1 硬體部分……………………………………………………95
5.5.2 軟體部分……………………………………………………97
5.6 理論分析的模擬結果………………………………………98
第六章太陽能供電之調光電子安定器系統
6.1 前言…………………………………………………………102
6.2 太陽能供電之單燈管調光電子安定器之設計與製作……103 6.2.1 太陽能供電之單燈管調光電子安定器之設計步驟………103
6.2.2 太陽能供電之單燈管調光電子安定器之製作……………104
6.2.3 模擬與實驗結果……………………………………………108
6.3 多燈管調光電子安定器之設計與製作……………………120
6.4 太陽能供電之多燈管調光電子安定器之設計與製作……128
6.4.1 太陽能供電之多燈管調光電子安定器之設計步驟………128
6.4.2 太陽能供電之單燈管調光電子安定器之製作……………129
6.5 系統之軟、硬體規劃與製作………………………………132
6.5.1 硬體部分……………………………………………………132
6.5.2 軟體部分……………………………………………………132
6.6 實驗結果……………………………………………………134
第七章結論 ……………………………………………………… 143
參考文獻………………………………………………………………144

[1]Z. Salameh, F. Dagher and W.A. Lynch, “Step-Down Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic System,” Solar Energy Vol.46, pp.278-282, 1991.
[2]O. Wasynczuk, “Dynamic Behavior of a Class of Photovoltaic Power System,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-102, Sep. 1983.
[3]F. Harashima, H. Inaba and N. Takashima, “Microprocessor-Controlled SIT Inverter for Solar Energy System,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. IE-34, pp.50-55, Feb.1987.
[4]B.K. Bose, P.M. Szczesny and R.L. Steigerxald, “Microcomputer Control of a Residential Photovoltaic Power Conditioning System,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-21, pp1182-1191, Sep. 1985.
[5]C.R. Sullivan and M.J. Powers, “A High-Efficiency Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Arrays in a Solar-Powered Race Vehicle,” IEEE PESC ''93, pp.574 —580, 1993.
[6]K. H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino and M. Osakada, “Maximum Photovoltaic Power Tracking : an algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions,” IEE Proc. -G, Vol.142, pp.59-64, Jan.1995.
[7]“太陽光電發電示範系統設置技術,” 太陽光電發電示範系統設置技術研討會, 2000.
[8]林忠榮, “太陽能儲能系統之研製,” 國立雲林技術學院電機所碩士論文, 1996.
[9]沈志明, “最大功率追蹤太陽能電力轉換器之研製,” 國立雲林技術學院電機所碩士論文, 1997.
[10]張耀暉, “太陽光電能驅動照明系統之充放電器分析與設計,” 國立中正大學電機所碩士論文, 1997.
[11]劉智偉, “太陽光電能驅動之調光電子式安定器設計與製作,” 國立中正大學電機所碩士論文, 1997.
[12]Chihchiang Hua and J.R. Lin, “DSP-Based Controller Application in battery Storage of Photovoltaic System,” IECON’96, Vol.3, pp1.705 —1710, 1996.
[13]Chihchiang Hua and Chihming Shen, “Control of DC/DC Converters for Solar Energy System Maximum Power Tracking,” IECON’97, Vol.2, pp.827-832, 1997.
[14]J. A. Gow and C. D. Manning, “Controller arrangement for boost converter systems sourced from solar photovoltaic arrays or other maximum power source,” IEE Proc. Electric Power Applications, Vol.147, pp.15 —20, Jan. 2000.
[15]“TMS320C24X DSP controller reference set,” Volume 1.
[16]“TMS320C24X DSP controller reference set,” Volume 2.
[17]G. Hua, Ching-Shan Leu, Y. Jiang and Fred C. Y. Lee, “Novel zero-voltage-transition PWM converters,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronic, Vol. 9, March 1994, pp.213-219.
[18]Da Cunha Duarte C. Manoel and Barbi I., “A New Family of ZVS-PWM Active-Clamping DC-to-DC Boost Converters: Analysis, Design, and Experimentation,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronic, Vol.12, pp.824—831, 1997.
[19]J.P. Gegner and C.Q. Lee, “Zero-Voltage-Transition Converters Using an Inductor Feedback Technique,” IEEE APEC''94, Vol.2, pp.862—868, 1994.
[20]D.M. Sable and F.C. Lee, B.H. Cho, “A Zero-Voltage-Switching Bidirectional Battery Charger/Discharger for the NASA EOS Satellite,” IEEE APEC''92, pp.614-621, 1992.
[21]G. Moschopoulos, P.K. Jain, Yan-Fei Liu and G. Joos, “A Zero-Voltage-Switched PWM Boost Converter with an Energy Feedforward Auxiliary Circuit,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronic, Vol.14, pp.653-662, July 1999.
[22]N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland and W.P. Robbins “Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design,” Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
[23]原田耕介著, 陳連春譯, “交換式電源技術手冊,” 建興出闆社, 5.1997.
[24]C.A. Canesin and I. Barbi, “Novel Zero-Current-Switching PWM Converters,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.44, pp372-381, June 1997.
[25]M. Marx and D. Schroder, “A Novel Zero-Current-Transition Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter,” IEEE PESC ''96, Vol. 1, pp.664-669, 1996.
[26]J.Y. Zhu and Daohong Ding, “Zero-Voltage- and Zero-Current-Switched PWM DC-DC Converters Using Active Snubber,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol.35, pp.1406-1412, 1999.
[27]Abraham I. Pressman, “Switching Power Supply Design,” Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1999.
[28]I. Glasner and J. Appelbaum, “Advantage of boost vs. buck topology for maximum power point tracker in photovoltaic systems,” IEEE Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel, pp.355-358, 1996.
[29]N.K. Lujara, J.D. van Wyk and P.N. Materu, “Power Electronic Loss Models of dc-dc Converters in Photovoltaic Applications,” ISIE ''98, Vol.1, pp.35-39, 1998.
[30]吳永駿, “電子安定器低壓氣體放電燈之應用與實務考量,”國立中正大學電機所博士論文, 2000.
[31]劉文和, “可飽和鐵心在零電壓切換脈波寬度調變架構之應用與實現,”國立雲林科技大學電機所碩士論文, 1998.
[32]C.S. Moo, Y.C. Chuang, Y.H. Huang and H.N. Chen, “Modeling of Fluorescent Lamps for Dimmable Electronic Ballasts,” IEEE IAS ''96, Vol. 4, pp.2231—2236, 1996.
[33]M.K. Kazimierczuk and Wu Chuyun, “Frequency-Controlled Series-Resonant Converter with Synchronous Rectifier,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.33, pp.939—948, July 1997.
[34]T.J. Liang, T.S. Liu and F.J. Chang, “Design and Analysis of Dimming Electronic Ballast,” IEEE Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Vol.1, pp.397-402, 1997.
[35]M.K. Kazimierczuk and M.K. Jutty, “Phase-Modulated Series-Parallel Resonant Convertor with Series Load,” IEE Proc.-Electric Power Applications, Vol.140, No.5, pp.297—306, Sept. 1993.
[36]張英彬與柯聖浩, “電子安定器之實作技術,”初版,文京出版社, 2000.
[37]M.K. Kazimierczuk and D. Czarkowski, “Resonant Power Converters,” John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1995.
[38]W.J. Gu and K. Harada, “A New Method to Regulate Resonant Converters,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronic. Vol. PE-3, pp.430-439, 1988
[39]J.-H. Cheng, “Steady-State and Dynamic Analysis of High-Order Resonant Converters for High-Frequency Applications,” Ph.D Dissertation, University of Arizona, 1996.
[40]J.L Vollin, “Resonant Power Processing at a Fixed Frequency Using a Controllable Inductance,” Ph.D. Thsis, California Institute of Technology, 1994.
[41]J.S. Glaser and J.L. Vollin, “Systematic Design of High-Power Class-D Switching DC-DC Converters,” IEEE PESC''97, Vol.1, pp.255-261, 1997.
[42]W.-J. Gu and K. Harada, “A Circuit Model for the Class E Resonant DC-DC Converter Regulated at a Fixed Switching Frequency,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.7, pp.99-110, Jan. 1992.
[43]Jung-Hui Cheng, A.F. Witulski, J.L. Vollin and D.L. Shaw, “A Generalized DC Model and Low-Frequency Dynamic Analysis for the Class-D Converter at Fixed Frequency,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol.15, pp.1212-1220, 2000.
[44]Y.-L. Lin, “Resonant Inverters and Their Applications to Electronic Ballasts and High Voltage Power Converters,” Ph.D Dissertation, University of Arizona, 1996.
[45]Tsai-Fu Wu, Chien-Hsuan Chang and Yong-Jing Wu, “Single-Stage Converters for PV Lighting Systems with MPPT and Energy Backup,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol.35, pp.1306-1317, Oct. 1999.
[46]C. Branas, F.J. Azcondo and S. Bracho, “Contributions to the Design and Control of Resonant Inverters to Drive High-Power HPS Lamps,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.47, pp.796-808, 2000.
[47]謝沐田, “高低頻變壓器設計,” 全華科技圖書股份有限公司印行, 1995.
[48]R. Petkov, “Optimum Design of a High-Power, High-Frequency Transformer,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 11, pp.33—42, Jan. 1996.
[49]M.A. Co, D.S.I. Simonetti and J.L.F. Vieira, “High-Power-Factor Electronic Ballast Based on a Single Power Processing Stage,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol.47, pp.809-820, Aug. 2000.