臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要是探討貨物運送於接駁式轉運中心的車輛排程模式。接駁式轉運中心，又可稱為越庫作業，其定義是產品由工廠透過配送系統運至零售點，而不將產品儲存於物流中心的一種觀念，如此即可達成連續補給的快速作業；由於減少了貨物於運輸路網上的停留時間，所以貨車的整合排班對於整體轉運系統而言則顯得相當重要。
通常討論整合多重路線的貨車班表，必須要討論到各路線的發車間距。本研究所分析的路網主要分為一對一、多對一以及多對多的路網形式，藉由一對一路網所建構的基本模式來導出多重路網的數學模式；整合的策略也分為三種：未整合策略、共同間距策略以及整數比間距策略。在整體系統的成本考量上，包含非轉運成本與轉運成本，前者包含操作成本、持有成本與庫存成本，而轉運成本則是貨物因進出轉運中心之前後貨車排程無法適時銜接，所產生的額外等候成本。
本研究求解的方式主要是利用數學解析法來進行最佳解的求得。由於整數比策略的發車間距有多種組合方式，因此本研究採取合併分枝界限法的啟發式解法來尋找最優解。文中分別建立三種路網之最佳派車策略，由於共同策略與整數比策略可有效降低轉運成本，因此都比未整合策略來得好；最後並對模式中所設定的參數進行敏感度分析，結果發現1. 不同的參數環境會影響最佳決策的選擇。2. 當路網中有部份供應點與需求點的相關資料如貨物量、載運量等，與其他節點具有較大的差距時，整數比策略會有較好的表現。3. 間距與貨物量、庫存成本係數呈反比，而與其他參數呈正比。4. 由於發車間距須受限於各路線之最大間距，因此沒辦法無限制地提高發車間距，須滿足基本需求。

Cross-docking is an operating strategy at flow consolidation terminals or distribution centers that moves items from the receiving dock to shipping dock directly without putting them into storage. By arranging for immediate cross-docking of incoming product, customers are able to reduce to a minimum in-transit time for their incoming product. However, cross docking requires close synchronization of all inbound and outbound shipments. This research intends to schedule the inbound and outbound vehicle routes serving a cross-docking terminal.
In this research vehicles are dispatched according to a fixed schedule (headway). Our problem is to minimize the total system costs of operating a given distribution network, including especially the value of delay time at the consolidation terminal. Three different distribution networks are discussed: one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many distribution. Three strategies including uncoordinated schedules, coordinated schedules with a single common headway and integer-ratio headways are proposed. For integer-ratio headway coordination a heuristic algorithm incorporating branch-and-bound is developed to obtain the optimal (or near optimal) inbound and outbound headways as integer multiples of a base cycle. The base cycle to insure that vehicles on different routes can be operated “in phase” and arrive simultaneously (or nearly so) at the terminal.
Three illustrations representing different distribution networks are tested. The results show that as demand decreases (headway increases), coordinated schedules become desirable. They also show, for routes with significantly different characteristics (e.g., demand and route capacity), that the benefit of coordination with integer-ratio headway is large than with a single common headway.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………ii
致謝…………………………………………………………………iii
目錄…………………………………………………………………iv
圖目錄………………………………………………………………v
表目錄………………………………………………………………vii
第一章緒論………………………………………………………1
1.1研究動機…………………………………………………1
1.2研究目的…………………………………………………4
1.3研究範圍…………………………………………………4
1.4研究架構與流程…………………………………………4
第二章文獻探討…………………………………………………6
2.1接駁式轉運與路網之研究………………………………6
2.2貨物於轉運路網上運輸成本之研究……………………7
2.3乘客於轉乘路網上客運成本之研究……………………10
2.4結論………………………………………………………13
第三章轉運分析與成本建構……………………………………14
3.1接駁式轉運系統說明及假設……………………………14
3.2主要運送成本分析………………………………………15
3.3模式建構…………………………………………………16
3.3.1基本模式………………………………………………19
3.3.2多對一轉運模式………………………………………27
3.3.3多對多轉運模式………………………………………33
3.3.4函數式列表比較………………………………………38
3.4整數比啟發式解法………………………………………39
3.4.1間距分群………………………………………………39
3.4.2搜尋限制………………………………………………40
3.4.3分枝界限法……………………………………………42
3.4.4求解步驟………………………………………………45
第四章模式測定與範例解析……………………………………49
4.1一對一路網模式…………………………………………50
4.2多對一路網模式…………………………………………56
4.3多對多路網模式…………………………………………58
4.4參數敏感度分析…………………………………………62
第五章結論與未來研究方向……………………………………73
5.1結論………………………………………………………73
5.2未來研究方向……………………………………………74
參考文獻…………………………………………………………76

[1]Abdelwahab, W. M. and Sargious, M., “Freight Rate Structure and Optimal Shipment Size in Freight Transportation”, Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.271-292, 1990.
[2]Abkowitz, M., Josef, R., Tozzi, J. and Driscoll, M. K., “Operational Feasibility of Timed Transfer in Transit System”, Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 113, No. 2, pp. 168-177, 1987.
[3]Adamski, A. and Turnau, A., “Simulation Support Tool for Real-Time Dispatching Control in Public Transport”, Transportation Research, Vol. 32A, No. 2, pp. 73-87, 1998.
[4]Bartholdi, J. J., Ⅲ, and Gue, K. R., “Reducing Labor Costs in an LTL Crossdocking Terminal”, Operations Research, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 823- 832., 2000.
[5]Baumol, W. J. and Vinod, H. D., “An Inventory Theoretic Model of Freight Transport Demand”, Management Science, Vol. 16, No. 7, pp. 413-421, 1970.
[6]Blumenfeld, D. E., Burns, L. D., Diltz, J. D., and Daganzo, C. F., ”Analyzing Trade-offs between Transportation, Inventory and Prod- uction Costs on Freight Networks”, Transportation Research, Vol.19B, No. 5, pp.361-380, 1985.
[7]Buffa, F. P., “Inbound Logistics: Analysing Inbound Consolidation Opportunities”, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, 16, pp.3-32, 1986.
[8]Cooke, J. A., “Do You Have What It Takes to Cross-Dock? ”, Logistics Management, Vol. 35, pp.47-49, 1996.
[9]Cooke, J. A., “Cross-Docking Software: Ready or Not? ”, Logistics Management, Vol. 36, pp.56-58, 1997.
[10]Coyle, J. J., Bardi, E. J. and Novack, R. A., Transportation, 4th edition, West, USA, 1994.
[11]Daganzo, C. F., “On the Coordination of Inbound and Outbound Schedules at Transportation Terminal”, Proceedings of the 11th Transportation and Traffic Theory Symposium, pp. 379-390, 1990.
[12]Daganzo, C. F., Logistics Systems Analysis, Springer-Verlag Press, Berlin, HeiDelberg, 1991.
[13]Donaldson, H., Johnson, E.L., Ratliff, H. D., and Zhang, M., “Schedule-Driven Cross-Docking Networks”, GA Tech. Report 99-04, 1999.
[14]Farahbod, K., and Logan, L., ”A Conjoint Analysis Approach to Service in the Motor Carrier Industry ”, Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.185-212, 1991.
[15]Gattorna, J., Jones, T., Danks, A., Dhillon, Y., Holdforth, L., Strategic Supply Chain Alignment, pp.390, 1998.
[16]Guenthner, R. P. and Hamat, K., “Distribution of Bus Transit On-Time Performance”, Transportation Research Record, 1202, pp.1- 8, 1988.
[17]Hall, R. W., “Vehicle Scheduling at a Transportation Terminal with Random Delay En Route”, Transportation Science, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 308-320, 1985.
[18]Hall, R. W., “Consolidation Strategy: Inventory, Vehicles and Terminals”, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 57-72, 1987.
[19]Hall, R. W., “Direct Versus Terminal Freight Routing on a Network with Concave Costs”, Transportation Research, Vol. 21B, No. 4, pp. 287-298, 1987.
[20]Hall, R. W. and Chong, C., “Scheduling Timed Transfers at Hub Terminals”, Transportation and Traffic Theory, pp. 217-236, 1993.
[21]Higginson, J., “Modeling Shipper Costs in Physical Distribution Analysis”, Transportation Research, Vol. 27A, No. 2, pp.113-124, 1993.
[22]Jansson, J. O., “A Simple Bus Line Model for Optimization of Service Frequency and Bus Size”, Journal of Transportation Economics and Policy, 14(1), pp.53-80, 1980.
[23]Jones, P. C. and Qian, T., “Fully Loaded Direct Shipping Strategy in One Warehouse/ N Retailer Systems without Central Inventories”, Transportation Science, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 193-195, 1997.
[24]Kinnear, E., “Is There Any Magic in Cross-Docking”, Supply Chain Management, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.49-52, 1997.
[25]Land, A. H. and Doig, A. G., “An Automatic Method of Solving Discrete Programming Problems”, Econometrica, Vol. 28, pp.497-520, 1960.
[26]Lee, K. T. and Schonfeld, P., “Optimal Slack Time for Timed Transfers at a Transit Terminal”, Journal of Advanced Transportation, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 281-308, 1991.
[27]Lu, B., “A Study of Bus Route Coordination”, Master Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 1990.
[28]Moore, T. and Roy, C., “Manage Inventory In a Real-Time Environ- ment”, Transportation and Distribution, pp.93-97, November 1997.
[29]Onal, H., Jaramillo, B. M., Mazzocco, M. A., “Two Formulations of the Vehicle Routing Problem: An Empirical Application and Computational Experience”, Logistics and Transportation Review, Vol. 32, pp. 177-190, 1996.
[30]Speranza, M. G., “Minimizing Transportation and Inventory Costs for Several Products on a Single Link”, Operations Research, Vol. 42, No. 5-6, pp. 879-894, 1994.
[31]Ting, C. J., “Transfer Coordination in Transit Networks”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Civil Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A., 1997.
[32]Turnquist, M. A. and Blume, S. W., “Evaluating Potential Effectiveness of Headway Control Strategies for Transit System”, Transportation Research Record, 746, pp. 25-29, 1980.
[33]吳清醮，「大眾運輸準確轉車系統車輛排程之研究」，國立成功大學交通管理科學研究所，碩士論文，民國七十六年。
[34]邱裕鈞，「線性軸輻路網接駁轉運最適整合模式之研究」，國立交通大學交通運輸研究所，博士論文，民國八十八年。
[35]邱榮毅，「分枝界限法排程問題之軟體發展探討」，國立台灣科技大學工業管理工程技術研究所，碩士論文，民國八十年。
[36]柯彥行，「以下限值為主應用在電路板插件順序的啟發式方法的問題與探討」，私立元智大學工業工程與管理研究所，碩士論文，民國八十四年。
[37]唐富藏、張有恆，運銷學，初版，華泰書局出版，台北，民國八十四年8月。
[38]張有恆，運輸業經營與管理，初版，華泰書局出版，台北，民國八十五年11月。
[39]鄭啟忠，「配送中心場址規劃及選擇」，私立元智大學工業工程與管理研究所，碩士論文，民國八十四年。
[40]蔣敏玲，「網路購物商品之配送策略研究」，國立交通大學運輸工程與管理研究所，碩士論文，民國八十八年。