臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究提出一個超音波心臟影像左心室改進的邊緣搜尋演算法，採用動態邊緣圈選(Active Contour)進行原始影像圓柱平面掃瞄(Polarized Scan)，初步建立邊緣控制點，將控制點由圓柱座標轉為立體空間座標後，配合第二次動態邊緣圈選(Active Contour)，做Z平面掃瞄（Z-Cube Scan），可快速且正確的搜尋食道超音波影像左心室腔室邊緣，以此邊緣資訊運算左心室容積及左心室功能性參數，顯示心臟功能是否正常。因食道超音波影像為多角度，多時序影像，所以本研究採用，手動圈選幾個不同角度左心室影像初始邊緣，配合此演算法使用。
驗証此邊緣搜尋演算法是否正確時，採用容積驗証方式，以水球容積本系統所得之容積相比較。結果圓柱平面掃瞄(Polarized Scan)配合Z平面掃瞄（Z-Cube Scan）技術所得容積結果會較只以傳統動態邊緣圈選（Active Contour）技術精確，其相關係數為0.9685。臨床容積驗証上，尤於左心室容積沒有標準可做為比較，所以採用與醫院所使用的容積量測系統相比，容積結果均呈現正相關，相關係數為0.9364，肉眼觀察此技術搜尋之左心室邊緣均貼附於影像邊緣。此技術加上高度半自動化的初始邊緣搜尋，較同種類的左心室分析系統快速。
利用正確邊緣搜尋及高速的優點，本研究可提供左心室容積參數量測及形態分析和心室壁運動參數分析，為方便觀察，採用牛眼圖(Bull’s Eye)的方式，以顏色呈現左心室功能性參數結果，將牛眼圖(Bull’s Eye)結果貼附於左心室立體模型上，顯示左心室心摶週期中運動異常的部位，高度視覺化的觀察左心室模型及功能性參數指標。

This paper reports an improved methodology of LV contour delineating procedure of Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) image of heart. The active contour algorithm was used to delineate LV chamber from initial images in Cylinder coordinates (Polarized Scan). The LV chamber was delineated again (Z-Cube Scan), using previous delineated information in Cartesian coordinates. Using this, the Left Ventricular of TEE image can be traced more efficiently and correctly. From the delineating contour of LV, the LV volume can be calculated by Simpson’s rule. The ejection fraction (EF) can be calculated from the volume at end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume ESV. The above procedure was initiated using a set of hand-traced pattern to improve the efficiency of delineation process. The procedure was proved effectively and accurately.
This paper uses volume validation to prove the effectiveness of methodology for delineating border. The volume calculated from the images was compared to the volume of water balloon. The result shows the volume calculated by this methodology of using Polarized Scan and Z-Cube Scan is more accuracy than the preciously reported studies. The coefficient of correlation is 0.9685. Because the volume of LV does not have the gold standard, the LV calculated volume was tested to the volume calculated by Tomtec heart analysis system. The result shows positive correlation. The coefficient of correlation is 0.9364.
With the excellence of LV border delineating, this paper also reported the capability of calculating LV volume, parameters of LV shape analysis and wall motion analysis. The Bull’s Eye display method was used to illustrate the results of shape analysis and wall motion analysis. Texturing the LV 3D model by this Bull’s Eye Image, this system can display the unusual repositions of LV border in heartbeat.

第一章．緒論
1.1前言
1.2相關文獻及研究背景
1.3研究目的
1.4論文架構
第二章．基本理論
2.1Tiff影像的解碼
2.1.1 IFH
2.1.2 IFD
2.2動態邊緣圈選機制（Active Contour）
2.3邊緣內插
2.4邊緣收斂
2.5三維立體重組
2.5.1 OpenGL基礎知識
2.5.2 曲面和表面
2.6.參數分析
2.6.1外形分析參數(Shape Analysis)
2.6.1.1左心室區域區面變化(RSC)
2.6.1.2左心室全域曲面曲率(GSC)
2.6.1.3左心室曲面距離(SD)
2.6.1.4左心室正規化距離(ND)
2.6.2心室壁運動參數(Wall Motion Analysis)
2.7本章總結
第三章．研究設備與架構
3.1.系統流程
3.1.1三維立體網格的建立
3.1.1.1原始影像解碼
3.1.1.2手動圈選
3.1.1.3 動態邊緣符合
3.1.1.3.1內部能量
3.1.1.3.2外部能量
3.1.1.4三維網格重組
3.1.1.4.1圓柱座標轉空間直角座標
3.1.1.4.2空間的點定位
3.1.1.4.3短軸影像內插
3.1.1.4.4短軸影像的邊緣搜尋
3.1.1.4.5網格建立
3.1.2參數分析
3.1.2.1形態分析
3.1.2.1.1左心室區域曲面變化(RSC)
3.1.2.1.2左心室全域曲面曲率(GSC)
3.1.2.1.3左心室曲面距離(SD)與左心室正規化距離(ND
3.1.2.2心室壁運動分析
3.1.3立體模型參數顯示
3.2.系統檔案架構
3.2.1標頭檔（HDR）
3.2.2手動圈選邊緣檔（CPF）
3.2.3立體模型檔（CUBE）
3.3本章總結
第四章．實驗結果
4.1系統介面介紹
4.1.1影像讀取介面
4.1.2手動圈選介面
4.1.3自動圈選介面
4.1.4三維立體模型介面
4.1.5 BULL’S Eye介面
4.2系統執行結果與效能
4.2.1邊緣圈選結果
4.2.2容積驗証
4.2.2.1水球假體容積驗証
4.2.2.2真實病患容積驗証
4.2.3系統執行效能
4.3心內膜三維模型檢視
4.3.1中軸與短軸的平面圖
4.3.2立體模型檢視
4.3.3區域性參數立體化顯示
4.4左心室參數
4.4.1容積
4.4.2區域參數
4.4.2.1形態分析參數
4.4.2.2心室壁運動參數
4.5本章總結
第五章．結論與未來展望
5.1討論
5.2結論
5.3未來展望
第六章．參考文獻

[1]光復書局編輯部 ,”心臟和循環系統” , 光復書局,1996.[2]李春源 ,“視窗化血壓容積環分析暨研究系統”,中原大學 ,JULY 2000.[3] S. A. , et al. , “Kidney Dimensions at Sonography : Correlation With Age, Sex, and Habitus in 655 Adult Volunteers” , American Journal of Radiology , vol .160 , pp83-96 , Jan 1993.[4] Abir Zahalka , Aaron Fenster , “An automated segmentation method for three-dimensional carotid ultrasound images” , Physics In Medicine And Biology , vol. 46 , pp1321-1342 , 2001.[5] H. Azhari , S. Sideman , J. L. Weiss , E. P. Shapiro , M. L. Weisfeldt , W. L. Graves , W. J. Rogers , R. Beyar , “Three Dimensional Mapping of Acute Ischemic Regionals using MRI: wall thickening versus motion analysis” , Am. Phy. Society , pp1492-1503 , 1990.[6] Marie-Pierre , Jolly , Nicolae Duta , Gareth Funka-Lea , “Segmentation of the Left Ventricle in Cartiac MR Images” , IEEE Comp,2001.[7] H. Abrishami , Y. Maingourd , J.F. Lerallut , ”Detection and Time-Tracking of Cardiac Boundaries in MRI 4D Data Using Snakes” , IEEE Comp,1997.[8] K.Kass , A. Witkin , D. Terzopoulos , ”Snake: Active Contour Models”, International Journal of Computer Vision , vol.1 , pp321-331 , 1998.[9] Mark-Anthony Bray , Shien -Fong Lin , John .Wikswo , Jr, Member , ”Three—Dimensional Surface Reconstruction and Fluorescent Visialization of Cardiac Activation” , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING , vol.47 , No.10 , OCT 2000.[10] J.S.Janicki , K.T.Weber , R.F.Gochman , S. Shorodd , F. j. Geheb , ”Three-dimensional myocardial and ventricular shape: a surface representation” , Am. J. Physic , vol.241 , pp1-11 , 1981.[11]江三慧 ,”三維心臟影像之形態分析整合系統”,中原大學 ,JULY 1999.[12] C Corsi , C Lamberti , A Sarti , A Travaglini , T Shiota , JD Thomas. , ”Real-Time 3D Echocardiographic Data Analysis for Left Ventricular Volume Estimation reports” , Computers in Cardiology , IEEE Comp , 20 , 107-110 , 2000.[13] Elsa D. Angelini , Andrew F Laine , Shin Takuma , Jeffrey W. Holmes , and Shunichi Homma , ”LV Volume Quantification via Spatiotemporal Analysis of Real-Time 3-D Echocardiography ” , IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING , vol.20 , no.6 , June 2001.[14] Sotiris Malassiots , Michael Gerassimos Strintzis , ” Tracking the Left Ventricle in Echocardiographic Images by Learning Heart Dynamics” ,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING , vol.18 , no.3 , March 1999.[15] Baroni M , Barletta G , Del Bene R et al., ”Left ventricular shape reconstruction and description in 3D with application to self-referring echocardiographic reports” , Computers in Cardiology , IEEE Comp Soc , pp 745-748 , Vienna1995.[16] N. H. Silverman , S. Hunter , R. H. Anderson , S. Y. HO , G. R. Sutherland , M. J. Davies , ”Anatomical basis of cross sectional echocardiography” , Heart J , vol. 50 , pp.421-431 , July 1983.[17] Munt B.I , Leotta D.F , Bolson E.L , Coady K , Martin R.W , Otto C.M , Sheehan F.H. , ”Left ventricular shape analysis from three dimensional echocardiograms” , J Am Soc Echocardiogr , Vol.11 , pp 761-769 , 1998. [18] J. Lessick , S .Sideman , H .Azhari , M Marcus , E .Grenadier , and R. Beyar , ”Regional three-dimensional geometry and funtion of left ventricles with fibrous aneurysms: a cine —computed tomography study” , Circulation , vol. 84 , pp.1078-1086 , Sep 1991.[19] EG Caiani , A Prota , R Scotti , P Zanetti , M Turiel , S Muzzupappa , A Malliani , S Cerutti , ”Left Ventricular Shape Analysis Applied to Color Kinesis Images” , Computer in Cardiology , vol 26 , pp137-140 , 1999. [20] Aaron Fenster , Donal B Downey and H Neale Cardinal , ”Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging” ,PHYSICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY , vol 46 , pp67-99 , 2001. [21] Ralph M. Myerson , M.D. , ” How your heart works”, World Fair Publishing , 1995.[22]林天佑 ,洪啟仁 ,“心臟、血管外科學” , 台灣商務印書館 , 1988.[23] F. Leymarie , M. D. Levine , ”Tracking Deformable Object in the Plane Using an Active ContourModal” ,IEEE Trans. patt. Anal. Machine Intell , vol.15 , pp617-634 , 1993. [24]劉嵩峰 , ”利用磁共振影像所擷取之左心室形態參數評估左心室運功能之研究” , 中原大學 , July 2000 [25] V. Chalana , D. T. Kinker , D. R. Haynor , Y. Kim , ”A Multiple Active Contour Modal for Cardiac Boundary Detectopn on Echocardilgraphic Sequences” , IEEE Trans. Med. Imag , vol.15 , pp290-298 , 1996.[26] Mikić , S. Krucinski , J. D. Thomas , “Segmentation and Tracking in Echocardiographic Sequences: Active Contours Guided by Optical Flow Estimates” , IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. , vol. 17 , pp. 274-284, 1998.[27] A. Sebbahi , A. Herment , A. de Cesare , E. Mousseaux , “Multimodality Cardiovascular Image Segmentation Using a Deformable Contour Model” , Comput. Med. Imag. Graph , vol. 21 , pp. 79-89 , 1997. [28]林松濱 , ”自動化建立三維心臟網格動態模型”,中原大學 ,July 1999.[29]施威銘研究室著 ,”PC影像處理技術（二）圖檔壓縮續篇”, 旗標 ,1994.[30] Richard S. Wright , Jr. Michael Sweet著 , ”OpenGL超級手冊” , □峯 , 2000.[31]劉于翔 , ” 從3D + 1D的前胸超音波影像中自動找尋左心室” , 交通大學 , 2000.