臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

【目的】
評估汽機車排放之揮發性有機物﹙VOCs﹚對居民健康的影響。
【方法】
本研究選取高雄市交通頻繁，且比較不受工業污染之地區，作為研究區，並依交通實況劃分成高、中、低三個流量區。針對研究區內居住達一年以上、年齡20~60歲、平日長時間在該區域活動以及無抽煙、喝酒、嚼檳榔等不良習慣之女性，進行問卷訪視與健康效應測定，並與收集所得之環境空氣量測資料﹙VOCs與車流量﹚，進行統計分析。問卷內容包含基本資料、生活習慣、室內環境、疾病史、室外空氣品質感受性；健康效應測定項目，則包括血液學、免疫功能及肺功能。高、中、低流量區有效樣本數，分別有57、51、46位。
【結果】
由收集所得的環境資料得知，高、中、低流量區實測之車流量差異與預期一致，但Total VOCs幾何平均濃度，則為中流量區﹙396.57ppb﹚高於其他兩區﹙高流量區：315.92ppb；低流量區：308.87ppb﹚；遂將前者歸納為高污染區，而後兩者合併成低污染區。問卷結果發現，受訪居民對空氣品質的感受性，會受到交通流量之影響，卻與VOCs濃度無關。至於，健康效應測定結果，發現高污染區受訪者的白血球數、嗜中性球、淋巴球發生異常之比率，顯著高於低污染區。而血清IgG及IgA濃度值，出現高污染區居民低於低污染區之趨勢，呈現免疫被抑制的現象。但兩區居民在肺功能上，則未見顯著差異。
【結論】
本研究發現交通流量與VOCs濃度無關；但居民對空氣品質感受性，卻會受目視污染源﹙車流量﹚相當程度之心理影響，致使目視感受度高於嗅覺感受度。健康效應上，高污染區居民，血液學的白血球數、嗜中性球、淋巴球等項目，發生異常比率較低污染區多，免疫學的IgG及IgA則有被抑制之現象，值得注意。

Objective:
The study was to assess the health effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from traffic air pollutants on urban residents with questionnaire survey and physical examination.
Method:
Three study areas were selected with different traffic conditions. Area H was defined as heavy traffic condition, Area M was the medium, and Area L was the low, respectively. We investigated 21~60 years old females who lived in the same study area more than 1 year without any habits of smoking, drinking and betel nut chewing. Fifty-seven, fifty-one and forty-six subjects of Area H, M and L were completed both the questionnaire and physical examination. The data of VOCs and traffic density were also collected.
Result:
The density of three traffic areas followed our study design for Area H has high traffic density, Area M has medium and Area L has low. However, the highest total VOCs concentration was showed in Area M. Therefore, Area M was categorized into high pollution area (HPA), and Area H and Area L were low pollution area (LPA). The perception of local residents for air quality was associated with traffic density, but didn’t relate to VOCs concentration. The abnormal rates of WBC, neutrophilis and lymphocytes were significantly higher in HPA than in LPA, and the concentrations of serum IgG and IgA were reduced in HPA. However, no significant difference was observed in lung function.
Conclusion:
The study showed that residents lived in the higher VOCs concentration area had higher abnormality of WBC, neutrophilis and lymphocytes, but serum of IgG and IgA had been suppressed.

【 目 錄 】
摘要...........................................................I
目錄.........................................................III
附錄目錄.......................................................V
表目錄........................................................VI
圖目錄.......................................................VII
第一章 緒論...................................................1
第一節 前言.................................................1
第二節 研究目的.............................................3
第三節 研究架構與研究流程...................................3
一、研究架構.........................................3
二、研究流程.........................................5
第二章 文獻回顧...............................................6
第一節 健康效應指標.........................................6
一、血球細胞功能.....................................6
二、體液性免疫功能...................................7
三、肺功能...........................................7
第二節 空氣污染與健康效應...................................7
一、空氣污染對血液學之影響...........................7
二、空氣污染對體液性免疫功能之影響...................8
三、空氣污染對肺功能之影響..........................10
四、空氣污染對呼吸系統之影響........................12
五、空氣污染對其他健康方面之影響....................13
第三章 材料與方法............................................16
第一節 研究區選定..........................................16
第二節 環境量測............................................25
第三節 居民問卷調查........................................27
一、研究對象及其條件................................27
二、問卷內容........................................27
三、問卷效度信度評估................................28
四、訪員訓練........................................30
五、訪視期間........................................30
第四節 居民健康效應測定....................................30
一、研究對象........................................30
二、檢驗項目........................................30
第五節 資料整理與統計分析..................................32
第四章 結果..................................................33
第一節 環境量測............................................33
一、車流量..........................................33
二、環境量測........................................35
第二節 居民問卷調查........................................41
一、基本資料........................................41
二、生活習慣........................................43
三、居家室內環境....................................44
四、室外空氣品質感受性..............................46
五、疾病史..........................................48
第三節 居民健康效應........................................50
一、血液學..........................................50
二、體液性免疫功能..................................53
三、肺功能..........................................56
第五章 討論..................................................58
第一節 環境量測............................................58
第二節 受訪者對室外空氣品質感受性..........................68
第三節 環境量測與受訪者健康效應及問卷之探討................69
一、血液學..........................................69
二、體液性免疫功能..................................72
三、肺功能..........................................73
第六章 結論與建議............................................74
第一節 結論................................................74
第二節 研究限制............................................75
第三節 建議................................................75
參考文獻......................................................76
【 附 錄 】
附錄一 民眾問卷
附錄二 研究區各類VOCs環境量測結果
【 表目錄 】
表3-1 高速公路局岡山收費站交通量一覽表.......................17
表3-2 高雄市主要交叉路口交通量一覽表.........................18
表3-3 九如路全日交通量車種組成...............................21
表3-4 高雄市空氣品質監測站86~88年污染物之月平均濃度..........22
表3-5 研究區主要道路等級.....................................24
表3-6 環境量測採樣點位置描述.................................26
表3-7 環境量測樣本數.........................................26
表3-8 居民問卷有效樣本數.....................................27
表3-9 問卷內容...............................................28
表3-10 再測信度結果一覽表....................................29
表4-1 研究區車流量計數結果...................................33
表4-2 污染物分類.............................................36
表4-3 研究區各類污染物環境量測結果...........................37
表4-4 受訪者基本資料.........................................41
表4-5 受訪者生活習慣.........................................43
表4-6 受訪者居家室內環境.....................................44
表4-7 受訪者對室外空氣品質感受性.............................47
表4-8 受訪者疾病史...........................................48
表4-9 受訪者及其家族疾病史...................................49
表4-10 受訪者血液學檢查結果..................................51
表4-11 受訪者體液性免疫功能檢查結果..........................54
表4-12 受訪者肺功能檢查各項目共變數分析結果..................57
表5-1 研究區環境量測所得污染物與其他研究之比較...............61
表5-2 研究區所量測到之24種VOCs與苯之相關性...................62
表5-3 研究區所量測到之正丁烷與異丁烷、正戊烷與異戊烷之相關性.62
表5-4 TVOC與交通狀況、氣象因子間之關係.......................63
表5-5 相關研究彙整表.........................................67
表5-6 影響居民血液學異常之危險因子...........................71
【 圖目錄 】
圖1-1 研究架構................................................4
圖1-2 研究流程................................................5
圖3-1 研究區及採樣點位置圖...................................23
圖4-1 研究區逐月車流量比較圖.................................33
圖4-2 研究區逐時車流量比較圖.................................34
圖4-3 研究區VOCs濃度比較圖...................................39
圖4-4 研究區逐月VOCs濃度比較圖...............................40
圖4-5 污染區各年齡層受訪者體液性免疫功能檢查結果比較圖.......55
圖5-1 高流量區現場實際情形...................................64
圖5-2 中流量區現場實際情形...................................65
圖5-3 低流量區現場實際情形...................................66

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