臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

臺灣地處熱帶亞熱帶交接地帶，流行性角結膜炎為台灣常見之眼部流行病，主要由腺病毒(亞屬D)及腸病毒(腸病毒70型, EV70和柯沙奇病毒A24型變異型, CA24v)所引起。前者主要引起流行性角結膜炎，後者主要引起急性出血性結膜炎。回顧南臺灣流行性角結膜炎之病毒18年的變遷發現腺病毒持續一直有分離，1994年前以8型為主，而其基因型共演變成6個基因型(Ad8C-Ad8H)。1995年之後以37原型(Ad37P)和19型A型(Ad19A)為主，其基因型共有Ad7P(原)、Ad37A、Ad37B、Ad19P(原)型、Ad19A-D。隨著病毒型別及基因型之變化其臨床症狀亦隨著加重，尤其是結膜下出血和眼外症狀。結膜下出血本為腸病毒感染之特徵，但1995至1997年高醫調查結果發現腺病毒引起之結膜炎病人出血比例竟增加至45%。因此腺病毒引起之流行性角結膜炎與腸病毒引起之出血性結膜炎鑑別診斷更加困難，而迅速準確之實驗診斷相形重要。
以分子生物學方式PCR和RFLP來診斷腺病毒和分別其型態較傳統之細胞培養及血清中和方式迅速，大概可以從3週縮至3天，而其診斷率雖略高於傳統之細胞培養(41.1% vs. 34.3%)，但未達統計學上有意義之差別。而PCR-RFLP放大及切割一段hexon gene無法完全分別腺病毒基因型。因此傳統之細胞培養方式仍不可或缺，它不僅提供充裕之病毒可供日後研究，亦可從中抽取核酸來做酵素切割而分出基因型。
鑑於腺病毒角結膜炎引起越來越多結膜下出血病例，為研究病毒感染之後結膜下出血之致病机轉，測試從病人分離出來的腺病毒19型、37型及柯沙奇病毒Ａ24型對人類臍帶血管內皮細胞的相對感染力。實驗結果顯示19及37型腺病毒及柯沙奇A24變異株病毒皆會感染血管內皮細胞而產生細胞病變。在有結膜下出血與無結膜下出血病人分離出之病毒株對人類血管內皮細胞的相對感染力，兩組間無顯著差異。胞內von Willebrand factors (vWF) 經螢光染色及flow cytometry 觀察發現在病毒感染之細胞中會有減少的現象，但並非出血病人分離出來之病毒株所感染之內皮細胞vWF一定會比較少。雖然我們証明了結膜炎病毒在体外都會感染血管內皮細胞，但是此並非造成結膜炎出血之直接證據，任何其他之出血机轉都值得深入探究。
1995至1997年之腺病毒不僅引起結膜炎出血且伴隨44.7%眼外全身症狀，包括上呼吸道及消化道感染症候，因此進一步探討其感染人類表皮細胞(包括呼吸道及角膜表皮細胞)之後所引發之免疫反應，結果發現表皮細胞在腺病毒感染之後會釋出IL-1 alpha而刺激血管內皮細胞之 ICAM-1表現，這類adhesion molecules的激化，進一步之作用為吸引白血球及淋巴球穿過血管內皮細胞至病毒感染位置。以相同之實驗模式我們發現CA24v及腸病毒70型皆會在感染角膜表皮細胞後，促使其同樣釋出IL-1 alpha而刺激血管內皮細胞之 ICAM-1。同樣的以respiratory syncytial virus感染 A549細胞，發現也是同樣能釋出IL-1 alpha。因此推測IL-1 alpha從表皮細胞釋出對病毒感染後之免疫防衛機轉應佔有相當之角色。

Epidemic viral keratoconjunctivitis is a common infectious eye disease in the tropical and subtropical areas where Taiwan is located. This highly contagious disease is generally attributed to two categories of causative pathogens. The first group is adenoviruses, which cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF). The second group is composed of enteroviruses, including enterovirus type 70 (EV70) and coxsackievirus A type 24 variant (CA24v), which induce acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). AHC is characterized by an acute course and prominent subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH) in 50 to 100% of the infected eyes. EKC is mainly associated with adenovirus type 8, 19 and 37 (Ad8, Ad19 and Ad37), which cause SCH in 20 to 30 % of the infected patients. However, from 1995 to 1997 in southern Taiwan, about forty-five percent of Ad19 and Ad37 EKC patients presented SCH. The clinical features of this hemorrhagic EKC were not characteristic that it could be easily differenteated from AHC. A fast laboratory confirmation and differential diagnosis is required.
In contrast to a period of 3 weeks for obtaining results of viral culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) shortened the period of diagnosis for adenovirus to less than 2 days with slightly higher positive rates. Although the types of adenoviruses could be further identified with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the total viral DNA in one more day, genotypes could not be detected using PCR-RFLP.
To investigate the increased incidence of SCH of EKC in the three years (1995-7) in Taiwan, we proposed the hypotheses that vascular endothelial cells are permissive to Ad19 and Ad37 and the permissiveness is different between the strains from hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic patients. The results from a study design using cell-culture model showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are permissive to Ad19, Ad37 and CA24v. However, viral strains isolated from hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic patients are both able to infect the HUVEC without significant difference. HUVEC infected with different viruses exhibited characteristic cytopathic effects s and followed by cell death in 24 to 72 hours.
Simultaneously, we investigated if there is any vasoactive factor(s) that is released from the ocular epithelial cells upon conjunctivitis virus infection. We examined the activation of adhesion molecules on HUVEC after challenging with culture medium of infected Ad37, CA24v and EV70. Infected supernatants from ocular epithelial cells of the three viruses are found to activate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on HUVEC by cellular ELISA test. However, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin are not significantly activated. The vasoactive factor was identified as IL-1 alpha by the blocking antibody and ELISA test exhibited the IL-1 alpha concentrations are from 12 to 120 pg/ml. Further experiments were performed to test if other epithelial cells (A549) infected by Ad37 and respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) or HUVEC infected by Ad37, CA24v and EV70 follow the same immune responses. The results of experiments exhibited a similar model of immune response of viruses infecting epithelial and endothelial cells, with various magnitudes of responses and IL-1 alpha release. In conclusion, IL-1 alpha released from virus-infected cells could be an important factor in host immune response to viral infection.

第一章　引言與介紹．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
1.1流行性結膜炎．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1
　1.1.1 腺病毒的介紹．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．1
　1.1.2腺病毒之構造及成份．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 2
　1.1.3 腸病毒的介紹．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．2
　1.1.4 腸病毒的介紹．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
1.2 結膜炎病毒的診斷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
　1.2.1 臨床診斷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．3
　1.2.2實驗診斷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 4
1.3 病毒性結膜炎的傳染與流行．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
1.4 病毒感染與宿主的防衛．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．5
1.5 流行性病毒角結膜炎之防疫與治療．．．．．．．．．．．．7
第二章　南臺灣傳染性病毒角結膜炎十八年之流行病學探討．．．9
2.1 摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．9
2.2 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．10
2.3 前人的研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11
2.4 材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．11
　2.4.1 檢體收集與資料記錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
　2.4.2 實驗診斷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
2.5 結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
　2.5.1 病原分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．12
　2.5.2 臨床症狀分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．13
2.6 討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．15
第三章 出血性的腺病毒結膜炎之臨床資料分析．．．．．．．．20
3.1 摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．20
3.2 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．20
3.3 前人研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
3.4 材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
3.5 結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
　3.5.1 腺病毒感染的臨床症狀分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．21
　3.5.2 出血型態與就診時間．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．22
　3.5.3 結膜下出血與結膜發炎之關係．．．．．．．．．．．．22
　3.5.4 感染途徑之分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．23
3.6 討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．23
第四章 比較分子生物診斷及細胞培養方法診斷結膜炎腺病毒．．25
4.1 摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25
4.2 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．25
4.3 前人研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．26
4.4 材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．27
　4.4.1 病人與樣本收集．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．27
　4.4.2 病毒之細胞培養與鑑定．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．27
　4.4.3 病毒之分子生物學診斷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．27
4.5 結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
　4.5.1 病例收集．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．29
　4.5.2 以RT-PCR及病毒培養方式偵測腸病毒．．．．．．．．．30
　4.5.3 以PCR及病毒培養方式偵測腺病毒．．．．．．．．．． 30
　4.5.4 病毒累積陽性率與採檢日的關係．．．．．．．．．．．30
　4.5.5 腺病毒的血清型及基因型．．．．．．．．．．．．．．31
4.6 討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．31
第五章　表皮細胞被結膜炎病毒感染後之免疫反應．．．．．．．33
5.1 摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．33
5.2 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．33
5.3 前人研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34
　5.3.1 病毒感染表皮細胞之機制．．．．．．．．．．．．．．34
　5.3.2 表皮細胞在病毒感染後所釋出之發炎因子．．．．．．．35
　5.3.3 血管內皮細胞上adhesion molecules的激發．．．．．．35
　5.3.4 表皮細胞被感染病毒後之adhesion molecules表現．．．36
　5.3.5 腺病毒與apoptosis．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 36
5.4 材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37
　5.4.1 試劑與材料．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37
　5.4.2 細胞、病毒、和免疫血清．．．．．．．．．．．．．．37
　5.4.3 血管內皮細胞分離．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．38
　5.4.4 病毒之製備．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．39
　5.4.5 病毒蛋白之免疫沉澱．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．39
　5.4.6 以ELISA偵測細胞ICAM-1表現及溶液中之IL-1濃度．．． 40
　5.4.7 DNA fragmentation for Apoptosis．．．．．．．．． 41
5.5結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 41
　5.5.1 腺病毒感染細胞後之表現．．．．．．．．．．．．．．42
　5.5.2 腺病毒感染後細胞之ICAM-1表現．．．．．．．．．．．42
　5.5.3 IL-1為腺病毒感染表皮細胞後所釋出的
　　　 血管內皮細胞刺激因子．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．43
　5.5.4 病毒感染引發感染表皮細胞分泌IL-1α的主因．．．．． 44
　5.5.5 IL-1對ICMA-1,VCAM-1和E-selectin刺激的差異．．．． 44
　5.5.6 腺病毒蛋白質不會激發血管內皮細胞ICAM-1的表現．．．45
　5.5.7 病毒感染表皮細胞後產生之血管內皮細胞
　　　　刺激因子之免疫反應與比較．．．．．．．．．．．．．45
　5.5.8 病毒感染液中IL-1的濃度．．．．．．．．．．．．．．46
　5.5.9 表皮細胞被感染病毒後之adhesion molecule的表現．． 46
　5.5.10 腺病毒感染A549細胞並不會引起apoptos．．．．．． 47
5.6 討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．47
第六章　出血性病毒結膜炎之病理機轉探討．．．．．．．．．．51
6.1 摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．51
6.2 前言．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．51
6.3 前人研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．53
　6.3.1 感染血管內皮細胞的病毒．．．．．．．．．．．．．．53
　6.3.2 血管內皮細胞被感染後其adhesion molecules表現或
　　　 cytokine/chemokine之釋放．．．．．．．．．．．．．54
　6.3.3 血管內皮細胞中的vWF及其在病毒感染後之變化．．．． 54
6.4 材料與方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．55
　6.4.1 血管內皮細胞之分離及其病毒感染．．．．．．．．．．55
　6.4.2 螢光抗體染色內皮細胞中的von Willebrand factor
　　　　(vWF)VIII．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 56
6.4.3 以FACS分析病毒感染之血管內皮細胞vWF之
　　　　表現及定量．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．56
　6.4.4 以ELISA測ICAM-1在血管內皮細胞之表現．．．．．．． 57
6.5 結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．57
　6.5.1 腺病毒、柯沙奇病毒A24變異型和腸病毒70型皆會
　　　　感染人類血管內皮細胞．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．57
　6.5.2 出血病毒株未有較高之內皮細胞感染力．．．．．．．．58
　6.5.3 內皮細胞中之vWF在病毒感染後減少．．．．．．．．． 58
　6.5.4 以腺病毒、柯沙奇病毒A24變異型和腸病毒70型
　　　 感染血管內皮細胞後其adhesion molecules之
　　 表現及其影響．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．59
6.6討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 59
第七章 　總結與展望．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 62
附圖．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．65
附表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．92
參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．104
附錄和已發表之論文．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．131

1. Anderson CW, Baum PR, Gesteland RF. Processing of adenovirus 2-induced proteins. J Virol 1973;12:241-252.
2. Anderson R, Wang S, Osiowy C, Issekutz AC. Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes. J Virol 1997;71:4226-32.
3. Aoki K, Kato M, Ohtsuka H, Tokita H, Obara T, Nakazono N, Sawada H, Ishii K. Clinical and etiological study of viral conjunctivitis 1974-1978, Sapporo, Japan. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1980;24:149-59.
4. Aoki K, Kawana R, Matsumoto I, Wadell G, deJong JC. Viral conjunctivitis with special reference to adenovirus type 37 and enterovirus 70 infection. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1986;30:158-64.
5. Aoki K, Sawada H. Long-term observation of neutralization antibody after enterovirus 70 infection. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1992;36:465-8.
6. Arnberg N, Mei Yf, Wadell G. Fiber genes of adenoviruses with tropism for the eye and the genital tract. Virology 1997;227:239-44
7. Arnow PM, Hierholzer JC, Higbee J, Harris DH. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: a mixed virus outbreak among Vietnamese refuges on Guam. Am J Epidemiol 1977;105:68-74.
8. Aukrust P, Bjornsen S, Lunden B, Otterdal K, Ng EC, Ameln W, Ueland T, Muller F, Solum NO, Brosstad F, Froland SS: Persistently elevated levels of von Willebrand factor antigen in HIV infection. Downregulation during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thromb Haemost 2000;84:183-7.
9. Azar MJ, Dhaliwal DK, Bower KS, Kowalski RP, Gordon YJ. Possible consequences of shaking hands with your patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthal 1996;121:711-2.
10. Bergelson JM, Cunningham JA, Droguett G, Kurt-Jones EA, Krithivas A, Hong JS, Horwitz MS, Crowell RL, Finberg RW. Isolation of a common receptor for Coxsackie B viruses and adenoviruses 2 and 5. Science 1997;275:1320-3.
11. Bergelson JM. Receptors mediating adenovirus attachment and internalization. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;57:975-9.
12. Boerner CF, Lee FK, Wickliffe CL, Nahmias AJ, Cavanagh HD, Straus SE. Electron microscopy for the diagnosis of ocular viral infections. Ophthalmology 1981;88:1377-81.
13. Boulanger P. Cell receptors for human adenoviruses. J Soc Biol 1999;193:77-84.
14. Boom R, Sol CJA, Salimans MMM, Jansen CL, Wertheim, VAN Dillen PME, VAN DER Noordaa J. Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28:495-503.
15. Bruggeman CA, Debie WH, Muller AD, Schutte B, van Dam-Mieras MC. Cytomegalovirus alters the von Willebrand factor content in human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost. 1988;59:264-8.
16. Caldwell GG, Lindsey NJ, Wulff H, Donnelly DD, Bohl FN. Epidemic of adenovirus type 7 acute conjunctivitis in swimmers. Am J Epidemiol 1974;99:230-4.
17. Carlos TM, Harlan JM. Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules. Blood 1994;84:2068-2101.
18. Carrigan DR. Adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 1997;102:71-4.
19. Chang CH, Lin KH, Chen CL, Sheu MM, Huang WL, Chen CW: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis caused by a new genotype of adenovirus type 8 (Ad8) - A chronological review of Ad8 in southern Taiwan. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2001;45:160-6.
20. Chang CH, Sheu MM, Lin KH, Chen CW. Hemorrhagic Viral keratoconjunctivitis in Taiwan caused by adenovirus types 19 and 37 - applicability of PCR-RFLP to detect adenovirus genotypes. Cornea 2001;20:295-300.
21. Chang WK, Liu KC, Foo TC, Lam MW, Chan CF. Acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Hong Kong 1971-1975. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1977; 8: 1-6.
22. Charles PC, Chen X, Horwitz MS, Brosnan CF. Differential chemokine induction by the mouse adenovirus type-1 in the central nervous system of susceptible and resistant strains of mice. J Neurovirol 1999;5:55-64.
23. Chen CW, Lin CC, Sheu MM, Lin KH, Nakazono N, Ishii K, Aoki K, Kato M, Ohtsuks H: Viral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan and Kaohsiung, Taiwan. ACTA: XXIV International Congress of Ophthalmology, Vol. 1. Pp220-4, San Francisco, October 31 to November 5, 1982.
24. Chen CW, Huang WL, Hsie YF. Clinical features of CA 24v acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. In: Uchida Y, Ishii K, Miyamura K, and Yaamazaki S. Karge, ed. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis -- etiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations. Basel: Karger, 1989: 225-34.
25. Chiu CY, Wu E, Brown SL, Von Seggern DJ, Nemerow GR, Stewart PL. Structural analysis of a fiber-pseudotyped adenovirus with ocular tropism suggests differential modes of cell receptor interactions. J Virol 2001;75:5375-80.
26. Chodosh J, Astley RA, Butler MG, Kennedy RC. Adenovirus keratitis: a role for interleukin-8. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:783.-9.
27. Chou MY, Malison MD. Outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to coxsackie A24 variant--Taiwan. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 127: 795-800.
28. Clifton DR, Goss RA, Sahni SK, et al: NF-kappa B-dependent inhibition of apoptosis is essential for host cell survival during Rickettsia rickettsii infection. Proc Natl Acad .Sci USA 1998;95:4646-4651.
29. Colon LE. Keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8: report on a large outbreak. Ann Ophthalmol 1991; 23: 63-65.
30. Conaldi, P.G., Serra, C., Mossa, A., Falcone, V., Basolo, F., Camussi, G., Dolei, A., Toniolo, A.: Persistent infection of human vascular endothelial cells by group B coxsackieviruses. J Infect Dis 1997;175:693-6.
31. Cooper RJ, Yeo AC, Bailey AS, Tullo AB. Adenovirus polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid diagnosis of conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:90-5.
32. Cripe TP, Dunphy EJ, Holub AD, Saini A, Vasi NH, Mahller YY, Collins MH, Snyder JD, Krasnykh V, Curiel DT, Wickham TJ, DeGregori J, Bergelson JM, Currier MA. Fiber knob modifications overcome low, heterogeneous expression of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor that limits adenovirus gene transfer and oncolysis for human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2001;61:2953-60.
33. D''Angelo LJ, Hierholzer JC, Holman RC, Smith JD. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis caused by adenovirus type 8: epidemiologic and laboratory aspects of a large outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 44-49.
34. Darougar S, Grey RHB, Thaker U, McSwiggan DA. Clinical and epidemiological features of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis in London. Br J Ophtahlmol 1983;67,1-7.
35. Dawson CR, O''Day D, Vastine D. Adenovirus 19, a case of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, not acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. N Engl J Med 1975;293:978-9.
36. de Jong JC, Wigand R, Wadell G, Keller D, Muzerie CJ, Wermenbol AG, Schaap GJ. Adenovirus 37: identification and characterization of a medically important new adenovirus type of subgroup D. J Med Virol 1981 7:105-118
37. de Jong JC, Demazure M, Legrand-Quillien MC, Le Lay G. Colin J, Wermenbol AG, Verweij-Uyterwaal MW, van der Avoort HG, Chastel C. New developments in the molecular epidemiology of adenovirus 8 keratoconjunctivitis. J Med Virol 1992; 38:102-7.
38. Dechecchi MC, Melotti P, Bonizzato A, Santacatterina M, Chilosi M, Cabrini G. Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are receptors sufficient to mediate the initial binding of adenovirus types 2 and 5. J Virol 2001;75:8772-80.
39. Drouet L, Scrobohaci ML, Janier M, Baudin B. Endothelial cells: target for the HIV1 virus? Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1990;32:103-6。
40. Dustin ML, Springer TA. Lymphocyte function-associated (LFA-1) interaction with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is one of at least three mechanisms for lymphocyte adnesion to cultured endothelilal cells. J cell biol 1988;107:321-31.
41. Etingin OR, Silverstein RL, Hajjar DP. von Willebrand factor mediates platelet adhesion to virally infected endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1993;90:5153-6.
42. Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Bailey AS, Tullo AB. Diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis: which laboratory test? Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:622-7.
43. Fender P, Kid AH, Brebant R, Oberg M, Drouet E, Chroboczek J. Antigenic sites on the receptor-binding domain of human adenovirus type 2 fiber. Virololgy 1995;214:110-7.
44. Friedman HM, Macarak EJ, MacGregor RR, Wolfe J, Kefalides NA: Virus infection of endothelial cells. J Infect.Dis. 1981; 143: 266-273.
45. Fujii S, Nakazono N, Sawada H, Ishii K, Kato M, Aoki K, Ohtsuka H, Fujinaga K. Restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of adenovirus type 8: Two new subtypes from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Japan J Med Sci Biol 1983;36:307-11.
46. Fujii S, Nakazono N, Ishii K, Lin CC, Sheu MM, Chen CW, Fujinaga K. Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus type 8 (Ad 8) in Taiwan: Four subtypes recovered during the period of 1908-1981 from patients with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Japan J Med Sci Biol 1984;37:161-9.
47. Gaydos CA, Gaydos JC. Adenovirus vaccines in the U.S. military. Mil Med. 1995;160:300-4.
48. Ginsberg HS. The life and times of adenoviruses. Adv Virus Res 1999;54:1-13.
49. Gills J, Swirlick RA, Lawley TJ, Caughman SW. Differential regulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 gene trnascription by tumor necrosis factor  and interleukin-1 in dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Blood 1996;87:211-7.
50. Gordon YJ, Gordon RY, Romanowski EG, Araullo-Cruz T. Prolonged recovery of desiccated adenoviral serotypes 5, 8 and 19 from plastic and metal surfaces in vitro. Ophthalmology 1993;100:1835-40.
51. Gordon YJ, Romanowski EG, Araullo-Cruz T. Topical HPMPC inhibits adenovirus type 5 in the New Zealand rabbit ocular replication model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994 35;4135-43.
52. Gray GC, Callahan JD, Hawksworth AW, Fisher CA, Gaydos JC. Respiratory diseases among U.S. military personnel: countering emerging threats. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:379-85.
53. Griffith M, Osborne R, Munger R, et al. Functional human corneal equivalents constructed from cell lines. Science 1999; 286: 2169-2172.
54. Guo DF, Shinagawa M, Aoki K, Sawada H, Itakura S, Sato G. Genome typing of adenovirus strains isolated from conjunctivitis in Japan, Australia, and the Philippines. Microbiol Immunol 1988; 32: 1107-1118.
55. Guyer B, O''day DM, Hierholzer JC, Schaffner W: Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: a community outbreak of mixed adenovirus type 8 and type 19 infection. J Infect Dis 1975; 132:142-50.
56. Hierhozer JC. Further subgrouping of the human adenoviruses by different hemagglutination. J Infect Dis 1973;128:541-550.
57. Hierholzer JC, Wigand R, de Jong JC. Evaluation of human adenoviruses 38, 39, 40, and 41 as new serotypes. Intervirology 1988;29:1-10.
58. Hierholzer JC, Stone YO, Broderson JR. Antigenic relationships among the 47 human adenoviruses determined in reference horse antisera. Arch Virol 1991;121:179-97.
59. Higuchi M, Ohno S, Nakazono N, Ishida M, Ishiii K. An etiological study on acute conjunctivitis. Folia Opthalmol Jpn 1981:32:2152-7.
60. Higuchi M, Nakazono N, Ishii K, Ohno S, Matsuda H. Acute hemorrahgic conjunctivitis caused by a subtype of adenovirus type 37. Acta Soc Ophthalmo Jpn 1985;89:692-5.
61. Hilleman MR, Werner JH. Recovery of new agents from patients with acute respiratory illness. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954;85:183-188.
62. Hillenkamp J, Reinhard T, Ross RS, Bohringer D, Cartsburg O, Roggendorf M, De Clercq E, Godehardt E, Sundmacher R. Topical treatment of acute adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis with 0.2% cidofovir and 1% cyclosporine: a controlled clinical pilot study. Arch ophthalmol 2001;119:1487-91.
63. Huang WL, Sheu MM, Wang HZ, Chen CW, Lin KH: Study of viral conjunctivitis in Kaohsiung area - secondary report. Transact Ophthalmol Soc R.O.C. 1986; 25:76-82.
64. Hung TP, Sung SM, Liang HC, Landsborough D, Green IJ. Radiculomyelitis following acute hemorhagicconjunctivitis. Brain 1976;99:771-90.
65. Irving L, Kennett M, Lewis F, Birch C, Donaldson A. Adenovirus eye infections in an Australian city, 1972-9. J.Hyg.(Lond.) 1981; 86: 95-103.
66. Ishii K, Nakazono N, Fujinaga K, et al. Comparative studies on aetiology and epidemiology of viral conjunctivitis in three countries of East Asia--Japan, Taiwan and South Korea. Int J Epidemiol 1987;16:98-103.
67. Ishiko H, Takeda N, Miyamura K, Kato N, Tanimura M, Lin KH, Yin-Murphy M, Tam JS, Mu GF, Yamazaki S: Phylogenetic analysis of a Coxsackievirus A24 variant: The Most recent worldwide pandemic was caused by progenies of a virus prevalent around 1981. Virology 1992;187:748-59.
68. Issekutz AC, Lopes N. Endotoxin activation of endothelium for polymorphonuclear leucocyte transendothelial migration and modulation by interferon-gamma. Immunology 1993; 79: 600-607.
69. Issekutz AC. Adhesion molecules mediating neutrophil migration to arthritis in vivo and across endothelium and connective tissue barriers in vitro. Inflamm.Res. 1998; 47 Suppl 3: S123-S132
70. Jaskiewicz K: Pathogenesis of chronic myocarditis in mice infected with coxsackie B3 viruses. Arch.Immunol.Ther.Exp.(Warsz.) 1979; 27: 89-97.
71. Jackson R, Morris DJ, Cooper RJ, Bailey AS, Klapper PE, Cleator GM, Tullo AB. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for adenovirus and herpes simplex virus in eye swabs. J Virol Methods 1996;56:41-8.
72. Jaffe EA, Nachman RL, Becker CG, Minick CR. Culture of human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins. Identification by morphologic and immunologic criteria. J Clin.Invest. 1973;52:2745-56.
73. Janier M, Flageul B, Drouet L, Scrobohaci ML, Villette JM, Palangie A, Cottenot F. Cutaneous and plasma values of von Willebrand factor in AIDS: a marker of endothelial stimulation? J Invest Dermatol 1988;90:703-7。
74. Kemp MC, Hierholzer JC, Cabradilla CP, Obijeski JF: The changing etiology of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: antigenic and restriction enzyme analyses of adenovirus type 19 and 37 isolated over 10-year period. J Infect Dis 1983;148:24-33.
75. Kemp MC, Hierholzer JC. Three adenovirus type 8 genome types defined by restriction enzyme analysis: prototype stability in geographically separated populations. J Clin Microbiol 1986;23:469-74.
76. Keenlyside RA, Hierholzer JC, D''Angelo J. Keratoconjunctivitis associated with adenovirus type 37: an extended outbreack in an ophthalmologist''s office. J Infect Dis 1983;147:191-8.
77. Kinloch R, Mackay N, Mautner V. Adenovirus hexon. Sequence comparison of subgroup C serotype 2 and 5. J Biol Chem 1984;259:6431-6.
78. Kidd AH, Jonsson M, Garwicz D, Kajon A, Wermenbol AG, Verweij MW, DE Jong JC. Rapid subgenus identification of human adenovirus isolates by a general PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:622-7.
79. Kobayashi TK, Sato S, Tsubota K, Takamura E. Cytological evaluation of adenoviral follicular conjunctivitis by cytobrush. Ophthalmologica 1991; 202: 156-60.
80. Koopmann J, Dombrowski F, Rockstroh JK, Pfeifer U, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Fatal pneumonia in an AIDS patient coinfected with adenovirus and Pneumocystis carinii. Infection 2000;28:323-5.
81. Langford MP, Ball WA, Ganley JP. Inhibition of the enteroviruses that cause acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) by benzimidazoles; enviroxime (LY 122772) and enviradone (LY 127123). Antiviral Res 1995;27:355-65.
82. Leland Booth J, Metcalf JP. Type-specific induction of interleukin-8 by adenovirus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;21:521-7.
83. Lieber M, Smith B, Szakal A, Nelson-Rees W, Todaro G. A continuous tumor-cell line from a human lung carcinoma with properties of type II alveolar epithelial cells. Int. J. Cancer 1976;17: 62-70.
84. Leissner P, Legrand V, Schlesinger Y, Hadji DA, van Raaij M, Cusack S, Pavirani A, Mehtali M.Influence of adenoviral fiber mutations on viral encapsidation, infectivity and in vivo tropism. Gene Ther 2001;8:49-57.
85. Liebermann H, Mentel R, Bauer U, Pring-Akerblom P, Dolling R, Modrow S, Seidel W. Receptor binding sites and antigenic epitopes on the fiber knob of human adenovirus serotype 3. J Viorol 1998;72:9121-30.
86. Lim KH, Yin-Murphy M: An epidemic of conjunctivitis in Singapore in 1970. Singapore Med J 1971;12:247-9.
87. Lin KH, Chiang CH, Yang CS. Study on enterovirus 70: age distribution of neutralizating antibody and some characteristics of the virus. J Formosan Med Assoc 1985;84:296-307.
88. Lin KH, Chow TY, Sheu MM, Huang WL, Chen CW. A rapid and simple method for preparation of adenovirus DNA for restriction endonuclease cleavage studies. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1986;2:774-7.
89. Lin KH, Chow TY, Sheu MM, Huang WL, Chen CW. A rapid and simple method for preparation of adenovirus DNA for restriction endonuclease cleave studies. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1986;2:774-7.
90. Lin KH, Takeda N, Miyamura K, Yamazaki S, Chen CW. The nucleotide sequence of 3C proteinase region of the coxsackievirus A24 variant: comparison of the isolates in Taiwan in 1985-1988. Virus Genes 1991; 5: 121-31.
91. Lin KH, Wang HL, Sheu MM, Huang WL, Chen CW, Yang CS, Takeda N, Kato N, Miyamura K, Yamazaki S: Molecular epidemiology of a variant of Coxackievirus A24 in Taiwan: Two epidemics caused by phylogenecticall distinct viruses from 1985-1989. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:1160-6.
92. Lin KH, Sheu MM, Wang HL, Huang WL, Chen CW, Yang CS. Study on some biological and antigenic characteristics of CA24v isolates in Taiwan in 1985-1989. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1994; 10: 279-86.
93. Lin KH, Sheu MM, Huang L, Chen CW, Wen KH, Wang HZ, Tsai SM, Nakazono N, Yang CS. Seroepidemiological study of coxsackievirus type A24 variant (CA24v) in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1994;10:606-12.[1]
94. Lin KH. Study on coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) as an etiologic agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Taiwan. Thesis of PhD. Kaohsiung Medical University. May, 1994.
95. Lip GY, Blann A: von Willebrand factor: a marker of endothelial dysfunction in vascular disorders? Cardiovasc.Res. 1997;34:255-65.
96. Lyden DC, Olszewski J, Feran M, Job LP, Huber SA: Coxsackievirus B-3-induced myocarditis. Effect of sex steroids on viremia and infectivity of cardiocytes. Am J Pathol 1987;126:432-8.
97. Marlin SD, Springer TA. Purified intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a ligand for lymphocuted function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). Cell 1987;513,813-9.
98. Martone WJ, Hierholzer JC, Keenlyside RA, Fraser DW, D''Angelo LJ, Winkler WG. An outbreak of adenovirus type 3 disease at a private recreation center swimming pool. Am J Epidemiol 1980;111:229-37.
99. McCoy, R.D., B.L. Davidson, B.J. Roessler, G.B. Huffnagle, S.L. Janich, T.J. Laing, and R.H. Simon. 1995. Pulmonary inflammation induced by incomplete or inactivated adenoviral particles. Hum Gene Ther 6:1553-1560.
100. Mei YF, Wadell G. Epitopes and hemagglutination binding domain on subgenus B:2 adenovirus fivers. J Virol 1996;70:3688-97.
101. Minami K, Konno K, Honma M, Mizuno H. Fujomura S. An epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Sendai area, 1973-974. Tohuku J Exp Med 1976;120(4):329-37.
102. Mitsui Y, Hanna L, Hanabusa J et al. Association of adenoviurs type 8 with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Special reference to the infantile form of the disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1959;61:891.
103. Morris DJ, Bailey AS, Cooper RJ, Turner PC, Jackson R, Corbitt G, Tullo AB. Polymerase chain reaction for rapid detection of ocular adenoviral infection. J Med Virol 1995;46:126-32.
104. Mu GF. Etiology of 1988 epidemic of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Beijing. Chung-Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1990;24:129-31.
105. Nakajima H, Sano H, Nishimura T, Yoshida S, Iwamoto I. Role of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1/very late activation antigen 4 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1/lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 interactions in antigen-induced eosinophil and T cell recruitment into the tissue. J Exp Med 1994;179:1145-54.
106. Oberste MS, Maher K, Kilpatric DR, Flemister MR, Brwon BA, Pallansch MA. Typing of human enteroviruses by partial sequencing of VP1. J Virol 1999;37:1288-93.
107. Oberste MS, Maher K, Kilpatric DR, Pallansch MA. Molecular evolution of the human enteroviruses: correlation of serotype with VP1 sequence and application to piconavirus classification. J Virol 1999;73:1941-8.
108. O''Day DM, Guyer B, Hierholzer JC. Clinical and laboratory evaluation of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus types 8 and 19. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 1976; 81: 207-15.
109. Oh JW, Van Wagoner NJ, Rose-John S, Benveniste EN. Role of IL-6 and the soluble IL-6 receptor in inhibition of VCAM-1 gene expression. J Immunol 1998;161:4992-9.
110. Osborn L, Hession R, Tizard C, Vasallo C, Luhowskyi S, Chi-Rosso G, Lobb R. Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell 1989;59:1203-11.
111. Paparello SF, Rickman LS, Mesbahi HN, Ward JB, Siojo LG, Hayes CG. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis at a U.S. military base: Republic of the Philippines. Mil Med 1991; 156: 256-259.
112. Pensiero MN, Sharefkin JB, Dieffenbach CW, Hay J. Hantaan virus infection of human endothelial cells. J Virol 1992;66:5929-36.
113. Persoons MC, Stals FS, van dam M, Bruggeman CA: Multiple organ involvement during experimental cytomegalovirus infection is associated with disseminated vascular pathology. J Pathol 1998;184:103-9.
114. Quinn FD, Weyant RS, Candal FJ, Ades EW. Destruction of human microvascular endothelial cell capillary-like microtubules by Brazilian purpuric fever-associated Haemophilus influenzae biogroupaegyptius. Pathobiology 1994;62:109-12.
115. Quinn FD, Weyant RS, Worley MJ, White EH, Tuu EA, Ades EA. Human microvascular endothelial tissue culture cell model for studying pathogenesis of Brazilian purpuric fever. Infection & Immunity 1995;63:2317-22.
116. Raad I, Abbas J, Whimbey E. Infection control of nosocomial respiratory viral disease in the immunocompromised host. Am J Med 1997;17;102(3A):48-52; discussion 53-4.
117. Richmond S, Burman R, Crosdale E, et al. A large outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8. J.Hyg.(Lond.) 1984; 93: 285-291.
118. Roebuck, K.A. and A. Finnegan. Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) gene expression. J Leukoc Biol 1999;66:876-88.
119. Romanowski EG, Gordon YJ. Efficacy of topical cidofovir on multiple adenoviral serotypes in the New Zealand rabbit ocular model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:460-3.
120. Romanowski EG, Gordon YJ, Araullo-Cruz T, Yates KA, Kinchington PR. The antiviral resistance and replication of cidofovir-resistant adenovirus variants in the New Zealand White rabbit ocular model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:1812-5.
121. Rowe WP, Huebner RJ, Gillmore LK, Parrot RH, Ward TG. Isolation of a cytopathogenic agent from human adenoids undergoing spontaneous dengeration in tissue culture. Pro Soc Ecp Biol Med 1953;84:570
122. Sadler JE . Biochemistry and genetics of von Willebrand factor. Annu Rev Biochem 1998;67:395-424.
123. Saito-Inagawa W, Oshima A, Aoki A, Itoh N, Isobe K, Uchio E, Ohno S, Nakajima H, Hata K, Ishiko H. Rapid diagnosis of Adenoviral conjunctivitis by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 28: 2659-67
124. Saitoh-Inagawa W, Aoki K, Uchio E, Itoh N, Ohno S. Ten years'' suveillance of viral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan. Graefe''s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1999;237:35-8.
125. Sakamoto S, Inada K. Human corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells produce interleukin-6. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1992; 96: 702-9.
126. Sambrook J, Sleigh M, Engler JA, Broker TR. The evolution of the adenoviral genome. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1980; 354: 426-52.
127. Sawada H, Aoki K, Kawana R, et al. Molecular epidemiology of adenoviral conjunctivitis in Sapporo, Japan, and Manila, the Philippines. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1987; 31: 538-46.
128. Schaap GJ, de Jong JC, van Bijsterveld OP, Beekhuis WH. A new intermediate adenovirus type causing conjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1979; 97: 2336-2338.
129. Schleimer RP, Sterbinsky SA, Kaiser J, Bickel CA, Klunk DA, Tomioka K, Newman W, Lushinskas FW, Gimbrone, Jr MA, McIntyre BW, Bochner BS. Interleukin-4 induces adherence of human eosinophils and basophils but not neutrophils to endothelium. Assoiciaion with expression of VCAM-1. J Immunol 1992;253:1086-92.
130. Schnittler HJ, Mahner F, Drenckhahn D, Klenk HD, Feldmann H. Replication of Marburg virus in human endothelial cells. A possible mechanism for the development of viral hemorrhagic disease. J Clin Invest 1993;91:1301-9.
131. Schwartz HS, Yamashiroya HM. Adenovirus types 8 and 19 infection of rabbit corneal organ cultures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1979;18:956-63.
132. Shayakhmetov DM, Lieber A. Dependence of adenovirus infectivity on length of the fiber shaft domain. J Virol 2000;74:10274-86.
133. Sheu MM, Huang WL, Lin KH, Chen CW, Lin CC. A molecular study of adenovirus type 8 isolated from viral conjunctivitis in the Kaohsiung area during 1983-1984: A chronological comparison of genotypes by endonuclease cleavage analysis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1987;3:338-45
134. Sheu MM, Lin KH, Huang WL, Chen CW. Adenovirus types 19 and 37 isolated from viral conjunctivitis in the Kaohsiung area during 1983-1984: Molecular epidemiological study by DNA endonuclease cleavage analysis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1988;4:72-80.
135. Shinohara Y, Hashimoto K, Ikegami M, Ishii T, Uemura T, Akiyama T, Kurita T. Hemorrhagic kidney graft pyelonephritis caused by type 37 adenovirus infection. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1565-6.
136. Song Y: A preliminary epidemiological survey of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Guangzhou during July to September in 1988. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1992;13:22-5.
137. Sotozono C, He J, Matsumoto Y, Kita M, Imanishi J, Kinoshita S. Cytokine expression in the alkali-burned cornea. Curr Eye Res 1997;16: 670-6.
138. Sporn LA, Shi RJ, Lawrence SO, Silverman DJ, Marder VJ: Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured endothelial cells induces release of large von Willebrand factor multimers from Weibel-Palade bodies. Blood 1991;78:2595-2602.
139. Springer TA. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 1994;76:301-14.
140. Stadnyk AW. Cytokine production by epithelial cells. FASEB J 1994; 8: 1041-7.
141. Swerlick RA, Lee KH, Li LJ, Sepp NT, Caughman SW, Lawley TJ. Regulation of vascular cell adhesion moecule1 on human dermal microvascular endothelial ccells. J Immunol 1992;149:698-705.
142. Tabery HM. Two outbreaks of adenovirus type 8 keratoconjunctivitis with different outcome. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1995;73: 358-60.
143. Tai FH, Lin HM, Chu S, Wei HY, Hierholzer JC. A new form of acute conjunctivitis epidemic in Taiwan. A simultaneous outbreak of adenovirus type 11 and " acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis" virus infection. Clin J Microbiol 1974;7: 79-88.
144. Takeuchi R, Nomura Y, Kojima M, Uchio E, Kabayash N, Matumoto M. A noscomial outbreak of epidemickeratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37. Microbiol Immunol 1990;34:749-54.
145. Taylor JW, Chandler JW, Cooney MK. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis associated with adenovirus type 19. N Eng J Med 1975;292:978-9.
146. Taylor JW, Chandler JW, Cooney MK. Conjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 19. J Clin Microbiol 1978;8:209-13.
147. Terada LS, Gu Y, Flores SC. AIDS vasculopathy. Am J Med Sci 2000;320:379-87。
148. Thorne PS, McCray PB, Howe TS, O''Neill MA. Early-onset inflammatory responses in vivo to adenoviral vectors in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999;20:1155-64.
149. Tomko RP, Johansson CB, Totrov M, Abagyan R, Frisen J, Philipson L. Expression of the adenovirus receptor and its interaction with the fiber knob. Exp Cell Res 2000;255:47-55.
150. Tran MT, Dean DA, Lausch RN, Oakes JE. Membranes of herpes simplex virus type-1-infected human corneal epithelial cells are not permeabilized to macromolecules and therefore do not release IL-1alpha. Virology 1998; 244: 74-78.
151. Tsai JC, Garlinghouse G, McDonnell PJ, Trousdale MD. An experimental animal model of adenovirus-induced ocular disease. The cotton rat. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:1167-70.
152. Tsubota K, Inoue H, Ando K, Ono M, Yoshino K, Saito I. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the ocular surface epithelium. Exp Eye Res. 1998; 67: 531-8.
153. Turner M, Istre GR, Beauchamp H, Baum M, Arnold S. Community outbreak of adenovirus type 7a infections associated with a swimming pool. South Med J 1987;80:712-5.
154. Uchida Y. Clinical features of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis due to CA 24v. In: Uchida Y, Ishii K, Miyamura K, and Yaamazaki S. Karge, ed. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis -- etiology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations. Basel: Karger, 1989: 209-13.
155. Uchida Y. Viral diseases of the outer eye--rapid diagnosis by immunohistochemistry. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1990;94:889-902.
156. Uchio E, Yamazaki K, Ishikawa H, Matsunaga I, Asato Y, Aoki K, Ohno S. An epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus 70 in Okinawa, Japan, in 1994. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994;237:568-72.
157. Uchio E, Aoki K, Saitoh W, Itoh N, Ohno S. Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis on conjunctival swabs by 10-minute immunochromatography. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1294-9.
158. Umekawa T, Kurita T. Acute hemorrhagic cystitis by adenovirus type 11 with and without type 37 after kidney transplantation. Uro Int 1996;56:114-6.
159. Wadell G, DE Jong JC. Restriction of endonucleases in identification of a genome type of adenovirus 19 associated with keratoconjunctivitis. Infect Immun 1980;27:292-6.
160. Wadell GM, Hammarskjold ML, Winberg G, Varsanyi T, Sundell G. Genetic variablility of adenoviruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;354:16-42.
161. Wadell, G., G. Sundell, and J.C. de Jong. Characterization of candidate adenovirus 37 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virion polypeptides and DNA restriction site mapping. J Med Virol 1981;7:119-25.
162. Wadia NH, Katrak SM, Misra VP, Wadia PN, Miyamura K, Hashimoto K, Ogino T, Hikiji T, Kono R. Polio-like motor paralysis associated with acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in an outbreak in 1981 in Bombay, India: clinical and serologic studies. J Infect Dis 1983;147:660-8.
163. Waldman WJ, Roberts WH, Davis DH, Williams MV, Sedmak DD, Stephens RE. Preservation of natural endothelial cytopathogenicity of cytomegalovirus by propagation in endothelial cells. Arch Virol 1991;117:143-64.
164. Wei CI, Wei HY, Yeh SJ, Liu YT, Tai FH: Further study of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Taiwan. J Formosa Med Assoc 1974; 73: 699-702.
165. WHO. Epidemic conjunctivitis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1971;46:530.
166. Wigand, R., A. Bartha, R.S. Dreizin, H. Esche, H.S. Ginsberg, M. Green, J.C. Hierholzer, S.S. Kalter, J.B. McFerran, U. Pettersson, W.C. Russell, and G. Wadell. Adenoviridae: second report. Intervirology 1982;18:169-76.
167. Wigand R, Keller D, Werling I. Immunological relationship among human adenoviruses of subgenus D. Arch Virol 1982;72:199-209.
168. Wiley L, Springer D, Kowalski RP, Arffa R, Roat MI, Thoft RA, Gordon YJ. Rapid diagnostic test for ocular adenovirus. Ophthalmology 1988;95:431-3.
169. Woods LW, Hanley RS, Chiu PH, Burd M, Nordhausen RW, Stillian MH, Swift PK. Experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in yearling black-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis 1997;33:801-11.
170. Woods LW, Hanley RS, Chiu PH, Lehmkuhl HD, Nordhausen RW, Stillian MH, Swift PK. Lesions and transmission of experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in black-tailed deer fawns. Vet Pathol 1999;36:100-10.
171. Yamadera S, Yamashita K, Akatsuka M, et al. Adenovirus surveillance, 1982-1993, Japan. A report of the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Agents in Japan. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 1995;48:199-210.
172. Yang ZY, Duckers HJ, Sullivan NJ, Sanchez A, Nabel EG, Nabel GJ: Identification of the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the main viral determinant of vascular cell cytotoxicity and injury. Nat Med. 2000;6:886-9.
173. Yoshino S, Yamamoto S, Kawabata N, Itokazu K. Detection of enterovirus 70 in acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis by PCR-stringent microplate hybridization method Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1998;72:136-41.
174. Zychlinsky A, Fitting C, Cavaillon JM, Sansonetti PJ. Interleukin 1 is released by murine macrophages during apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1328-32.