論文摘要
本論文在研究自立晚報各級守門人行為之程序與內容、工作職權、新聞選擇之態度，以及影響其守門行為之因素。
本研究以參與觀察法，詳細記錄自立晚報92天的新聞流量，整理自立晚報自1999年9月1日至2001年8月31日之大事紀，同時細心觀察其各級守門人之守門行為。研究結果發現：
(一)自立晚報編輯部各級守門人之互動程序為：撰稿者、核稿者、分稿者、控版者、編輯者、核版者。
(二)自立晚報編輯部各級守門人之工作程序為：準備工作；編前會議；編採評議會報；發稿、分稿與核稿；控版與編輯；組版前協調會；頭版頭條及頭版新聞的選擇；核閱大樣及降版；編後會議。
(三)自立晚報編輯部各級守門人行為之內容為：(1)每天平均到稿1,432則501,651字，丟棄1,310.86則409,063字，見報115.53則92,591字。上述稿件則數選取率為8.1%，字數選取率為18.46%。(2)中央社與外電佔每天到稿字數總量的77.56%，記者與作者到稿字數只佔總稿量22.44%。而記者與作者到稿量中，其所佔比例依序為藝文/言論稿23.04%；生活新聞稿19.58%；財經新聞稿19.2%；地方新聞稿15.59%；政治新聞稿12.29%；社會新聞稿10.29%。(3)以星期別檢視記者/作者發稿量，顯示星期六、星期日、星期一均低於總平均日發稿量。
(四)自立晚報的新聞政策、稿件取捨及增修刪改權、標題製作權、版面編排權、時間控制權，均分別由新聞團隊開會決策。
(五)自立晚報編輯部各級守門人之守門態度為：(1)頭版新聞內容以社內記者稿件最多，佔94.4％，其中社會新聞佔33.33％、政治新聞20.55％、生活新聞19.63％、財經新聞18.72％、軍事新聞7.76％。(2)新聞議題，從第3版觀察，以財經新聞最多，佔28.25％，其次依序為社會新聞25.61％、政治新聞24.86％、生活新聞13.56％、軍事新聞7.72％。(3)各級守門人普遍不偏好公關稿及人情稿件，公關稿件平均見報則數為25%、平均見報字數為20.5%；人情稿件平均見報則數為66.67%、平均見報字數為55.14%。
(六)影響自立晚報編輯部各級守門人行為之因素為：(1)個人層次，包括出身背景、學歷、經歷、健康；(2)傳播常規層次，包括降版時間、寫作方式、平衡報導、採訪路線與編輯版面、新聞價值觀、星期一症候群；(3)組織環境層次，包括經營規模、組織文化、規章制度、工具設備；(4)外在環境層次，包括人民團體、媒體同業、政府與法律、閱聽眾、發行與廣告市場、社會體制等。
(七)影響自立晚報編輯部各級守門人行為的因素，其與編輯部各級守門人行為及其考核之關係為：(1)個人層次因素，同時影響各級守門人的晉退、任免、考績、獎懲、升遷，以及其守門行為。(2)傳播常規層次因素，先影響各級守門人行為，然後影響其晉退、任免、考績、獎懲、升遷。(3)組織環境層次因素，同時影響各級守門人的守門行為及其晉退、任免、考績、獎懲、升遷。(4)外在環境層次因素，均直接影響媒介組織環境、各級守門人的守門行為，並間接影響守門人的晉退、任免、考績、獎懲、升遷。(5)上述四層次影響程序與內容中，守門人行為均與其晉退、任免、考績、獎懲、升遷互為循環影響。
為此，本研究對自立晚報社提出以下建議：(一)擴充經營規模，添購守門行為程序中必備的工具設備，以維新聞競爭環境中之基本新聞品質。(二)落實薪資制度中的正常發薪日；研擬修正休假與代班制度，並請編輯部妥善安排記者休假與代班，以免造成星期六、星期日、星期一的新聞丟棄率低落，而影響新聞品質。(三)嚴格控管週末、假日的發稿時間和降版時間，以免延誤報紙上市上架之時間，影響報紙銷售量。

A Study on Gatekeeping of the Gatekeepers at All Levels of The Independence Evening Post.(June 1, 2001 ─ Aug 31, 2001)
Abstract
The study focuses on gatekeeper''s responsibilities at all
levels of The Independence Evening Post as well as contents, procedure,attitude of gatekeeping behavior,and the factors that affect the conducts of gatekeepers at all levels of the editing dedartment.
The applied method is participating observation, recording in detail the flow of news of The Independence Evening Post within 92 days, and listing major events of Tripodasia during the period from September 1, 1999 to August 31,2001.as well as observing in detail gatekeepers activities at all levels.
The study finds:(1)The interactive order among gatekeepers at all levels are: story editor, story distributor, edition size controller, editor, and edition size approver.
(2)The gatekeepers at various levels in the editing department of Tripodasia have the following work procedures: preparation; before-editing meetings; Editing and interviewing commentary meetings; story allocation, distribution, and check; edition control and editing;coordination meetings before formation of editions; selection of stories and headlines in the first edition; checking general display and edition setting; after-editing meetings.
(3)The contents of gatekeepers’ activities at all levels (a)In daily average,there are 1,432 stories of 501,651 words received, 1310.86 stories of 409,063 words discarded,115.53 stories of 92,591 words published. Accordingly, rate of selection for stories is 8.1%, rate of selection for words is 18.46%.(b)The words received every day from both CNA agency and foreign reports accounts for 77.56% of total words, while the remaining 22.44% is produced by reporters and writers. The breakdown of types of stories from reporters and writers is as follows: literature/comment 23.04%; life-related news 19.58%; financial news 19.2%; local news 15.59%; political news 12.29%; social news 10.29%.(c)Looking at the number of stories from reporters/writers according to different week days, the study shows the number of stories on Saturday, Sunday, and Monday respectively are all less than daily average. The reason resulting in less stories on both Saturday and Sunday is only 4 pieces of paper are printed on both days without local news edition, and most of the reporters choose the two days for leave. As for Monday, less quantity of stories is related to amount of news and reporting policies.From the perspective of ratio of news discarding, Saturday (14.83%), Sunday (14.4%), and Monday (18.48%) are all below the average (19.85%), suggesting abnormal production on these three days.
(4)News policy selection of stories, rights of editing, rights of deciding headlines, rights of arranging edition size, and rights of time control are decided in meetings held by news teams respectively.
(5)The gatekeeper’s attitude in The Independence Evening Post is :(a)News in the top edition are most comprised of social news which account for 33.33%, followed by political news 20.55%; life-related news 19.63%; financial news 18.72%; military news 7.76%.(b)News issues are most comprised of financial news which account for 28.25%, followed by social news 25.61%; political news 24.86%; life-related news 13.56%, and military news 7.72%.(c)Gatekeepers at all levels do not prefer stories of both public relation and human favor. The average ratio for stories of public relation to be published is 25% and ratio for words to be published is 20.5%, while the ratio for stories of human favor to be published is 66.67% and ratio for words to be published is 55.14%.
(6) The factors that affect the conducts of gatekeepers at
all levels of the editing department are:(a)Level of personal characteristics: including background, education, experience, health condition, and so on.(b)Level of regular media issues: including time to set the editions, writing styles, balanced report, direction of interview and edition editing, views toward value of news, Monday syndrome.(c)Level of organization and environment: including size of operation, corporate culture, codes and system, tool and equipment.(d) Level of external environment: including people and groups, media business competitors, government and laws, readers and listeners, publication and advertisement market, social system, and so on.
(7)The relationship of the factors that affect the conducts of gatekeepers at all levels of the editing department with their gatekeeping and examination are:(a)Factors of the level of personal characteristics also affect advance/retirement, to appoint and remove, performance evaluation, award/punishment, promotion, and other gatekeeping conducts of gatekeepers at various levels. (b)Factors of the level of regular media issues affect gatekeepers’ conducts first, then their affect advance/retirement, to appoint and remove, performance evaluation, award/punishment, and promotion. (c)Factors of the level of organization and environment affect gatekeepers’ gatekeeping conducts as well as their advance/ retirement, to appoint and remove, performance evaluation, award/ punishment, and promotion.(d)All the factors of the level of external environment affect medium organizational environment, gatekeeping conducts, and indirectly affect gatekeepers’ advance/ retirement, to appoint and remove, performance evaluation, award/ punishment, and promotion.(e)Factors of the four levels of the above statement, among which the gatekeeping conducts and the others are mutually affected.
According to such findings,the study has the following suggestions for The Independence Evening Post:(1)Expanding operation scope and adding gatekeeping conducts are necessary instruments in enhancement procedures so as to maintain basic quality of news in the competitive news-reporting environment.
(2) The Independence Evening Post should strictly following the rule of paying salary normally set in the pay system , build a sound leave system ,and ask the editing department to arrange leave schedules for reporters so as to prevent the low ratio of news discarding on Saturday, Sunday, and Monday, which affects news quality.
(3)Time of delivering stories and time of setting the editions on weekends and holidays should be strictly controlled, in order not to delay the time for newspapers to be put for sale so that sale volume will not be affected.

目 錄
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究背景與動機……………………………………………………2
第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………………4
第三節 研究問題……………………………………………………………4
第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………………5
第一節 守門人之研究………………………………………………………5
第二節 守門行為之研究………………………………………………… 14
第三節 影響守門人守門行為的因素…………………………………… 29
第四節 結語……………………………………………………………… 46
第三章 研究方法………………………………………………………… 48
第一節 參與觀察法及其方法…………………………………………… 48
第二節 研究主題之界定………………………………………………… 53
第三節 研究範圍與對象………………………………………………… 56
第四節 研究程序………………………………………………………… 56
第五節 研究架構………………………………………………………… 59
第六節 結語……………………………………………………………… 60
第四章 自立晚報編輯部各級守門人之行為與態度……………………62
第一節 各級守門人之工作時間………………………………………… 62
第二節 各級守門人之工作內容與程序………………………………… 66
第三節 守門程序中的職權分配………………………………………… 85
第四節 各級守門人新聞選擇之偏好…………………………………… 92
第五節 結語………………………………………………………………101
第五章 影響自立晚報編輯部各級守門人行為之因素……………… 103
第一節 個人層次因素分析………………………………………………103
第二節 傳播常規層次因素分析…………………………………………112
第三節 傳播常規層次因素分析…………………………………………121
第四節 外在環境層次因素分析…………………………………………132
第五節 結語………………………………………………………………142
第六章 結論與建議…………………………………………………… 145
第一節 研究發現…………………………………………………………145
第二節 比較國內外相關文獻與本研究之發現…………………………149
第三節 檢討與建議………………………………………………………152
參考書目(中文部分)………………………………………………………154
參考書目(英文部分)………………………………………………………161
附錄一 自立晚報2001年6月1日至8月31日新聞流量統計表……172
附錄二 自立晚報大事紀(1999年9月1日-2001年8月31日)…… 179

參考書目
中文部分
于洪海(1972)。《台北主要日報新聞內容雷同程度及原因》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
王克敬(1982)。《報紙從業人員對新聞評議態度之研究─以台北市為例》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
王昭正、朱瑞淵(1999)。《參與觀察法》。台北：弘智文化。(原書Jorgensen,D.L.〔1989〕.Participant Observation:A Methodology for Human Studies. Newbury Park:Sage.)
王毓莉(2001)。〈「電腦輔助報導」在台灣報社的應用─以中國時報、工商時報記者為研究對象〉，《新聞學研究》，68：91。
石志偉等人(2001)。《社會工作研究方法》。台北：洪葉文化。(原書Marlo,C.〔1997〕.Research Methods for Generalist Social Work 2ndeds. Newbury Park:Sage.)
池歆華(1989)。《國內報紙報導「勞工運動」之內容分析─以中央日報、中國時報、自立晚報為例》。台北：政治作戰學校新聞研究所碩士論文。
朱 立(1981)。《傳播拼盤》。台北：時報出版公司。
李金銓(1983)。《大眾傳播理論》。台北：三民書局，頁126-127，311。
李金銓(1994)。《大眾傳播理論》。台北：三民書局。
李美華等人(1998)。《社會科學研究方法》。台北：時英。(原書Babbie,E.〔1991〕.The Practice of Social Research,8theds.)
李秀珠(2001)。〈上行順服取得策略:檢視部屬對上司之溝通策略及其影響因素〉，《新聞學研究》，67：124-129。
何乃蕙(1989)。《報社採訪記者工作相關因素與離職意願關聯性試析》。台北：輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
呂國雄(1987)。《傳播內容與形象塑造之研究─中央日報與聯合報有關警政新聞的內容分析》。台北：政治作戰學校新聞研究所碩士論文。
呂學正(1986)。《電視節目製作的組織研究：以綜藝節目「週末派」為例》。台北：輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
周金福(2000)。《線上新聞記者價值判斷之研究》。台北：銘傳大學傳播管理研究所碩士論文。
林東泰(1999)。《大眾傳播理論》。台北：師大書苑，頁410-413。
林淳華(1994)。《新聞記者自主權之研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
林照真(1999)。〈當前台灣近似媒體觀察組織的幾個盲點〉，《新聞學研究》，60：171。
林麗雲(1990)。《報社主筆人員的個人特質及其組織類型關係之研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
吳豐山(1971)。《台北市公營報紙與民營報紙言論比較》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士學位論文。
施美玲(1996)。《大眾傳播研究方法》。台北：五南出版。(原書Singletary,M.〔1992〕.Mass Communication Research.Newbury Park:Sage.)
祝基瀅(1986)。〈我國新聞學與大眾傳播學研究現況之分析〉，《民國75年度國科會栗專顥題研究報告》(NSC74-03010H004-03)：160-161。
胡重信(1992)。〈報社組織型態與編輯守門行為關聯性之研究〉。台北：中國文化大學新聞研究所，頁16。
郝曉鳴、李展(2001)。〈傳播科技對中國大陸傳媒體制的挑戰〉，《新聞學研究》，69：95。
韋宗德(1968)。《台北日報對1967年中東危機報導之分析研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
翁秀琪(1998)。《大眾傳播理論與實證》。台北：三民書局，頁103-104。
翁秀琪、鍾蔚文、簡妙如、邱承君(1999)。〈似假還真的新聞文本世界：新聞如何呈現超經驗事件〉，《新聞學研究》，58：59。
郭良文(1998)。〈台灣近年來廣告中認同之建構─解析商品化社會的認同與傳播意涵〉，《新聞學研究》，57：151-153。
郭陽道(1978)。《新聞媒介議題設定功能之研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
郭俊良(1980)。《編輯部的守門行為─一個組織觀點的個案研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
陳一香(1999)。〈媒介多元化意涵之初探〉，《新聞學研究》，58：141、165。
陳世敏、彭芸和羅文輝(1988)。〈制定新聞記者法可行性之研究〉。台北：行政院新聞局專題研究報告。
陳百齡(2001)。〈從國科會傳播專題計畫提案看學門發展生態：1966-2000年〉，《新聞學研究》，67：39-40。
陳珍明(1988)。《國內報紙報導「國安法」之內容分析─以中央日報、中國時報、自立晚報為例》。台北：政治作戰學校新聞研究所碩士論文。
陳順孝(1993)。《台灣報社編輯的守門行為─一個參與觀察法的個案研究》。台北：中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
陳順孝(1998)。〈新聞組織內部的真實建構〉。輔仁大學傳播研究所主辦第二屆「媒介與環境研討會」論文。台北，新莊。
陳碧珍(1981)。《我國新聞從業人員專業性及其處理新聞之關聯性研究─以報紙國會記者為研究對象》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
陳曉開(1995)。《新聞編輯的專家與生手解題表現研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
陳麗卿(1980)。《我國報紙報導省議會新聞型態之研究─以第六屆省議會第三次大會省政總質詢為例》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
黃新生(1987)。《媒介批評：理論與方法》。台北：五南出版。
黃傳榜(1997)。《政府資訊津貼對新聞內容的彩影響─以「省府組織調整」爭議為例》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
黃銘惇(2000)。《社會科學研究法─社會關係研究取向》。台北：挂冠圖書。(原書Judd,C.M.,Smith,E.R.,& Kidder,L.H.〔1991〕.Research Methods in Social Relations,6theds.Holt Rinehart and Winston,Inc.)
黃懿慧(2001)。〈90年代台灣公共關係研究之探討─版圖發展、變化與趨勢〉，《新聞學研究》，67：51。
彭芸(1991)。〈廣播電視台負責主管媒介功能與公信力的評估〉，《新聞學研究》，41：45-51。
張文強(1998)。〈報紙產業組織結構分析與再形塑─組織理論的觀點〉，《新聞學研究》，57：191。
張岳山(1998)。《台灣報紙處理公關稿件之守門行為研究》。台北：中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
張慧心(1985)。《新聞傳播工作者職業變遷之分析》。台北：輔仁大學社會學系學士論文。
楊志弘(1992)。《台灣地區報社總編輯職業角色之研究》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所博士論文。
楊志弘(1994)。〈台灣地區傳播者研究之探討〉，《民意研究季刊》，189：67-82。
楊志弘、莫季雍(1996)。《傳播模式》。台北：正中書局。(原書McQuail,D.,& Windahl,S.〔1993〕.Communication Model.Lodon：Longman Group Limited.)
趙登美(1989)。《我國報紙讀者投書版守門過程及內容分析─報紙符號真實與客觀真實之比較》。台北：輔仁大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
臺錦屏(1992)。《政府發布的新聞稿與新聞報導相關性之研究─以行政院新聞局、台北市政府發布的新聞稿為例》。台北：中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
潘家慶(1984)。《新聞媒介社會責任》。台北：台灣商務印書館，頁21-29。
潘明宏、陳志瑋(2001)。《社會科學研究方法》。台北：韋伯文化。(原書Nachmias, F.C.,& Nachmias,D.〔1996〕.Research Methods in the Social Sciences.5theds.St.Martin’s College Publishing Group Inc.)
鄧育仁、孫式文(2001)。〈隱喻框架：台灣政治新聞的路途隱喻〉，《新聞學研究》，67：87、100。
鄭瑞城(1988)。《透視傳播媒介》。台北：經濟與生活，頁67-101。
劉昶(1990)。《西方大眾傳播學─從經驗學派到批判學派》。台北：遠流，頁15-27。
蔣 斌(1980)。《排灣族貴族制度的再探討－－以大社為例，兼論人類學田野方法的特性》。台北：台灣大學考古人類學研究所碩士論文。
臧國仁(1998)。〈新聞報導與真實建構：新聞框架理論的觀點〉，《傳播研究集刊》第三集。
臧國仁、施祖琪(1999)。〈新聞編採手冊與媒介組織特色〉，《新聞學研究》，60：1-17。
臧國仁、鍾蔚文 (1997)。〈時間概念與新聞報導─初探新聞文本如何使用時間語彙〉，「中華傳播學會1997年度學術研討會」宣讀論文。
蔡琰、臧國仁(1999)。〈新聞敘述結構：再現故事的理論分析〉，《新聞學研究》，58：1。
蔡佩蓉(1995)。《報社編輯選擇新聞與版面編排之研究─以大台北新聞版為例》。台北：政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
簡春安、鄒平儀(1998)。《社會工作研究法》。台北：巨流圖書。
羅文坤(1986)。《行銷傳播學》。台北：三民書局。
羅文輝(1989)。〈解嚴前後報紙社論之分析〉，《新聞學研究》，41：9-24。
羅文輝(1995)。《精確新聞報導》。台北：正中書局，頁19。
羅文輝、陳韜文、潘忠黨(2001)。〈大陸、香港與台灣新聞人員對新聞倫理的態度與認知〉，《新聞學研究》，68：53。
英文部分
Adams,J.S.(1980).Interorganizational Processes and Organizational Boundary Spanning Activities. In B.M.Staw,& L.L.Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior,2,321-355.Greenwich, CT:JAI.
Altheide,D.L.(1976).Creating Reality：How Television News Distorts Events. Beverly Hills,CA:Sage.
Altschull,H.J.(1984).Agents of Power. New York:Longman.
Bagdikian,B.(1983).The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press.
In C.R.Wright(1986). Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective.N.Y.Random House.74.
Bailey,C.A.,& Licty,L.W.(1972).Rough Justice on A Saigon Street: A Gatekeeper Study of NBC’s Tet Execution Film. Journalism Quarterly,49,221-229.
Baker,R.（2001）.A Happy Newsroom,for Pete''s Sake. Columbia Journalism Review,140,3.
Bantz,C.R.(1990).Organizational Communication, Media Industries, and Mass Communication. In J.Anderson (Eds.), Communication Year Book,13,502-510.Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
Bantz,C.R.(1990).Organizational and Enactment Karl Weick and the Production of News. In S.Corman, S.Banks,C.Bantz,& M.Mayer (Eds.), Foundations of Organizational Communication: A Reader,
133-141. New York:Longman.
Bass,A.Z.(1969).Refining the Gatekeeper Concept: An UN Radio Case Study. Journalism Quarterly,46,69-72.
Bell,A.(1991).The Language of News Media. Oxford and Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.
Bergen,L.,Lafky,S.A.,＆ Weaver,D.（2000）.Local News Source Opinions of Their Newspaper. Newspaper Research Journal, 21(3),14-26.
Bernt,J.P.,Fee,F.E.,Gifford,J.,＆ Stempel III,G.H.（2000）.How Well Can Editors Predict Reader Interest in News. Newspaper Research Journal.21(2),2-10.
Breed,W.(1955).Social Control in the Newsroom. Social Forces,33, 323-335.
Cirino,R.(1973).Bias through Selection and Omission: Automatic Satety, Smoking,in The Manufacture of News: A Reader. Eds by Starley Cohen and Jack Young.CA:Sage.
Cohen,B.C.(1963).The Press and Foreign Policy. Princeton,NJ: Princeton University Press.
Corrigan,D.（1998）.Campbell''s Gamble: Will Fuzzy Concepts Lead to Sharper Journalism? The St.Louis Journalism Review,128,207.
Coulson,D.,Cry,C.St.,＆ Lacy,S.（2000）.City Hall Reports' Evaluation of Coverage. Newspaper Research Journal,21(3), 27-38.
Curren,J.(1982).The Study of the Media: Theoretical Approaches, In M.Gurevetch, et al.(Eds.), Culture,Society and the Media . London: Methun.
Dimmick,J.W.(1979).The Gatekeepers: Media Organizations As Political Coalitions. Communication Research,6(2),203-222.
Donohew,L.(1967).Newspaper Gatekeepers and Forces in the News Channel. Public Opinion Quarterly,31,61-68.
Donohue,G.A.,Tichenor,P.J.,& Olien,C.N.(1972).Gatekeeping:Mass Media Systems and Information Control.In F.K.Gerald,& J.T. Phillip (Eds.), Current Perspective in Mass Communication Research: Sage Publications.
Donohue,G.A.,Tichenor,P.J.,& Olien,C.N.(1989).Structure and Constraints on Community Newspaper Gatekeepers. Journalism Quarterly,66,807-812.845.
Ericson,R.V.,Baranak,P.M.,& Chan,J.B.L.(1987). Visualizing Deviance. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.
Fico,F.,& Drager,M.(2001).News Stories about Conflict Generally Balanced. Newspaper Research Journal,122,12-11.
Fink,C.C.(1989).How Newspapers Should Handle Upscale/Downscale Conundrum. Presstime (March),40-41.
Galtung,J.,& Ruge,M.(1965).The Structure of Foreign News. Journal of Peace Research,2,64-90.
Gans,H.J.(1979).Deciding What''s News:A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time. New York: Vintage Books.
Gerbner,G.(1964).Institutional Pressures upon Mass Communicators. Sociological Review Monograph,13,205-248.
Gerbner,G.,& Marvanyi,G.(1977).The Many Worlds of the World''s Press. Journal of Communication,27(1),52-66.
Gieber,W.(1956).Across the Desk: A Study of 16 Telegraph Editors. Journalism Quarterly,33,423-432.
Gieber,W.(1960).Two Communicator of the News: A Study of the Roles of Sources and Reporters. Social Forces,39,76-83.
Gieber,W.(1964).News is What a Newspaperman Makes It.In D.Liwis,& D.M.White,(Eds.), People Society and Mass Communication. NY: The Free Press.
Golding,P.(1981).The Missing Dimensions: News Media and The Management of Social Change. In E.Katz, & T.Szecsko (Eds.), Mass Media and Social Chang. London and Beverly Hill,CA:Sage.
Harmon,M.D.(1989).Mr.Gates Goes Electronic: The What and Why Questions in Local TV News. Journalism Quarterly,66,857-863.
Henriques,D.B.(2000).News in the Age of Money. Columbia Journalism Review,l39(4),18-21.
Hirsch,P.M.(1977).Occupational, Organizational and Institutional Models in Mass Communication. In P.M.Hirsh, P.V.Miller, & F.G.Kline,(eds.), Strategies for Communication Research. Beverly Hills, CA, and London:Sage Publications.
Jablin,F.(1982).Superior-subordinate Communications: The State of the Art. Psychological Bulletin,86,1201-1222.
John,E.St.（1998）. Newsroom Power Shortage. Black Issues in Higher Education,115,22.
Jones,R.L.,Troldahl,V.C.,& Hvistendahl,J.K.(1961).News Selection Patterns from a State TTS Wire. Journalism Quarterly,38, 303-312.
Kapoor,S.(1979).Perception and Conformity to Policy in Indian Newspapers. Journalism Quarterly,56,388-391.
Katz,E.,& Wedell,G.(1977).Broadcasting in the Third World. Cambridge,Mass Communications:Harvard University Press.
Kessler,L.(1989).Women''s Magazines, Coverage of Smoking Related Health Hazards. Journalism Quarterly,66,316-322,455.
Kurpius,D.D.(2000).Public Journalism and Commercial Local Television News:In Search of a Model. Journalism ＆ Mass Communication Quarterly.177,(2),340-354.
Laccy,S.,& Coulson,D.C.(2000).Comparative Case Study:Newspaper Source Use on the Environment. Newspaper Research Journal,
21(1),2-12.
Lasswell,H.(1948).The Structure and Function of Communication in Society.In L. Bryson (ed), The Communication of Ideas. New York: Harper.
Lewin,K.(1947).Channels of Group Life. Human Relations ,1,143-153.
Liebes,B.H.(1966).Decision-Making by Telegraph Editors-AP or UPI?, Journalism Quarterly,43,434-442.
Matejko,A.(1967).Newspaper Staff as A Social System. The Polish Sociological Bulletin,1,58-68.
McNelly,J.T.(1959).Intermediary Communicators in the International Flow of News. Journalism Quarterly,36,23-26.
McQuail,D.(1994).Mass Communication Theory (3rd ed.),Wiltshire, Trowbridge:The Cromwell Press Ltd,.
McQuail,D.,& Windhl,S.(1981). Communication Models: for the Study of Mass Communications.New York:Longman.
Morton,L.P.(1986).How Newspapers Choose the Releases They Use. Public Relations Review,12(3),22-27.
Morton,L.P.,& Warren,J.(1992).Acceptance Characteristics of Hometown Press Releases. Public Relations Review,18(4),
385-390.
Murdock,G.,& Golding,P.(1977).Capitalism, Communication and Class Relations.In C.James,et al.(eds.), Mass Communication and Society.London:Edward Arnold.
Murrie,M.,& Grotticelli,M.（2001）.Getting Connected. Broadcasting & Cable,1131,38.
Narasimhan,V.Kr.(1956).Shaping of Editorial Policy in the Indian Press. Journalism Quarterly,33,208-213.
Owen,B.,Beebee,J.H.,& Manning Jr.,W.G.(1974). Television Economics. Lexington.Mass Communication:Health.
Pack,T.,& Pemberton,J.（1998）.Intranet Management,Content Development,and Digital Gift Shop. Online,122,6.
Parisi,P.(1998).Toward a Philosophy of Framing: News Narratives for Public Journalism. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(4),673-686.
Pollock,J.C.(1981).The Politics of Crisis Reporting: Learning to be a Foreign Correspondent. New York:Preger Publishers.
Rivers,W.L.(1965).The Opinionmakers. Boston:Beacon.
Rivers,W.L.(1970).The Adversaries: Politics and The Press.
Boston:Beacon Press.
Robinson,G.J.(1970).Foreign News Selection is Non-Linear in Yugoslavia’s Tanjung Agency. Journalism Quarterly,47,
340-351.
Rodriguez,P.M.（2001）.A Letter from the Editor, Insight on the News. Washington,117,42.
Sachsman,D.B.(1976).Public Relations Influence on Coverage of Environment in San Francisco Area. Journalism Quarterly,53,
54-60.
Sande,O.(1971).The Perception of Foreign News. Journal of Peace Research,8,223-237.
Shepard,A.C.(1998).The Change Agents. American Journalism Review,120,4.
Shoemaker,P.J.(1991). Gatekeeping. Newbury Park,CA:Sage.
Shoemaker,P.J.,& Reese,S.D.(1991).Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. New York:Longman.
Spencer,D.R.（2000）.Fear and Favor in the Newsroom. Journalism
History, Northridge Spring 2000,126,1.
Stark,R.W.(1962).Policy and Pros: An Organizational Analysis of a Metropolitan Newspaper. Berkeley Journal of Sociology,1,11-32.
Stemple III,G.H.,& Culbertson,H.H.(1984,1985,1989).The Prominence and Dominance of News Sources in Newspaper Medical Coverage. Journalism Quarterly,61(4),671-676.
Stocking,S.H.(1985).Effect of Public Relations Efforts on Media Visibility of Organizations. Journalism Quarterly,62 (2), 358-366.
Thompson,M.W.(1998).In the Maelstrom. American Journalism Review, 120,10.
Thrift,R.R.(1977).How Chain Owenership Affects Editorial Vigor of Newspaper. Journalism Quarterly,54(2),327-331.
Tuchman,G.(1972).Objectivity as Strategic Ritual: An Examination of Newsmen''s Notion of Objectivity. American Journal of Sociology 77,660-679.
Tuchman,G.(1978).Making News：A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York:Free Press.
Tunstall,J.(1970).Media Sociology: A Reader. Urbana:University Illinois.
Tunstall,J.(1971).Journalists at Work. London:Constable.
Turk,J.V.(1986).Information Subsidies and Media Content: A Study of Public Influence on the News. Journalism Monographs,100(12),
129.
Warner,M.(1971).Organizational Context and Control of Policy in the Television Newsroom: A Participant Observation Study. British Journal of Sociology,22,283-294.
Weaver,D.,& Wilhoit,C.G.(1992).Journalists─Who Are They Really? Media Studies Journal,6(4),63-80.
Weise,W.L.,& Burke,C.(1986). Media Content and Tobacco Advertising: An Unhealthy Addiction. Journal of Communication,36(4),59-69.
Westley,B.H.,& MacLean,M.S.Jr.(1957).A Conceptual Model for Communications Research. Journalism Quarterly,34,31-38.
Whitney,D.C.(1981).Information Overload in the Newsroom. Journalism Quarterly,58,69-76,161.
White,D.M.(1950).The Gatekeeper. Journalism Quarterly,27,383-390.
Wright,C.R.(1986).Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective. N.Y.:Random House Inc.(3rd ed.)