參 考 書 目
一、中文書籍
冉亮，《場外戰爭－公關與遊說》，(台北：時報出版公司，民國76年9月30日) 。
加爾布雷斯(John Kenneth Galbraith)著，劉北城譯，《權力剖析》，(台北：時報出版公司，民國81年)。
宋楚瑜，《美國政治與民意》，(台北市：黎明文化事業公司，民國67年) 。
余致力，《民意與公共政策－理論探討與實證研究》，(台北：五南圖書公司，民國91年) 。
胡幼偉譯，《解讀民調》，(A Journalist’s Guide to Public Opinion Polls)，(台北：五南圖書公司，民國89年) 。
彭芸，《政治傳播－理論與實務》，(台北：巨流圖書公司，民國75年) 。
張良任，《尼克森的越南政策》，(台北：台灣商務印書館，民國72年) 。
翁秀琪，《大眾傳播理論與實證》，(台北：三民書局，民國81年3月) 。
歐陽瑜，《多數與少數之間》，(台北：民意學術專刊，民國78年夏季號) 。
楊月蓀譯，《不可靠的新聞來源，透視新聞真相》，(台北：正中書局，民國84 年) 。
阿龍生(James Aronson)著，涂裔輝譯，《危機四伏的美國新聞界》，(Deadline for the media)，(台北：台灣中華書局，初版，民國62年10月) 。
鄭貞銘，《民意與民意測驗》，(台北：三民書局，民國90年1月) 。
鄭貞銘，《美國大眾傳播》，(台北：台灣商務印書館，民國66年) 。
二、中文期刊
王婷玉，〈沈默螺旋論〉，《民意月刊》，民國77年5月，頁10-12。
何思因，〈美國總統的聲望〉，《問題與研究》，第31卷，第4期，民國81年4月，頁24-29。周煦，〈美國的波士尼亞政策〉，《美歐月刊》，第10卷，第11期，民國84年11月，頁4-60。周煦，〈美國民意與外交〉，《美國月刊》，第1，第1，民國75年，頁28-33。
楊逢泰，〈美國在索馬利亞的人道使命〉，《美國月刊》，第8卷，第9期，民國82年9月，頁4-8。劉必榮，〈南斯拉夫戰爭與美國外交政策〉，《美歐月刊》，第7卷，第7期，民國81年7月，頁54-63。
劉智予，〈戰火新聞疲勞轟炸，電視觀眾失去胃口〉，《新聞鏡周刊》，第118期，民國80年2月4日－2月10日。
鄒念祖，〈美國的索馬利亞政策〉，《問題與研究》，第33卷，第3期，民國83年3月，頁23-38。鄒念祖，〈聯合國秘書長在索馬利亞和平行動中的角色〉，《問題與研究》，第33卷，第5期，民國83年5月，頁1-19。三、中文論文
王榮霖，《美國報界對民意形成之探討－波灣個案》，(淡江大學美國研究所，民 國80年) 。
王明雄，《越戰時期大眾傳播媒體對美國外交政策的影響》，(淡江大學美國研究所，民國75年) 。
黃朝榮，《越戰期間美國新聞界與戰局關係之研究》，(政治作戰學院政戰新聞所，民國74年)。
程家瑞，《美國傳播媒介影響民意之分析》，(中國文化大學美國研究所，民國79 年) 。
四、英文書籍
Ansolabehere, Stephen. and Behr, Roy. and Iyengar, Shanto. The Media Game:
American Politics in the Television Age. (New York: Macmillan, 1993).
Arnett, Peter. Live from the Battlefield: From Vietnam to Baghdad (New York: Simon
& Schuster, 1994).
Bailey, Thomas A. The Man in the Street: The Impact of American Public Opinion on
Foreign Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1948).
Bennett, Lance W. and Paletz, David L. ed., Taken by Storm: The Media, Public
Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. (University of Chicago
Press, 1994).
Bradbury, Mark. The Somali conflict: prospects for peace (Oxford: OXFAM , 1994.)
Clarke, Walter (Editor), Herbst, Jeffrey (Editor) Learning from Somalia: The Lessons
of Armed Humanitarian Intervention (Westview Press, 1997).
Corner, John. and Schlesinger, Philip. and Silverstone, Roger. “The Media and War,”
in International Media Research: A Critical Survey, (New York, Routledge,
1997).
Cumings, Bruce. War and Television (New York, 1992).
Davis, Phillip A. “Hill Backs Sending Troops,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report, 50, no.47 (December 5, 1992).
Dennis, Everette E. “Reporting the News From Abroad,” in Of Media and People,
(SAGE publications, 1992).
Drew, Elizabeth. On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency (New York: Simon & Schuster,
1994).
Dunnigan, James F. and Macedonia,Raymond M. Getting it Right: American Military
Reforms After Vietnam to the Gulf War and Beyond (New York: William
Morrow and Company, 1993).
Durch, William ed., UN Peacekeeping, American Policy, and the Uncivil Wars of the
1990s (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996).
Durch, William J. “Introduction to Anarchy: Humanitarian Intervention and State-
Building in Somalia,” in UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil
Wars of the 1990s, Durch, William J. ed., (New York: A Henry L. Stimson
Center Book, 1996).
Foyle, Douglas C. Counting the Public In: Presidents, Public Opinion, and Foreign
Policy. (Columbia University Press, New York, 1999).
George, Alexander L. Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy
(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993).
Graber, Doris A. Mass Media and American Politics (Washington, D.C.:
Congressional Quarterly Inc, 1994).
Hess, Gary R. Presidential decisions for war: Korea, Vietnam, and the Persian Gulf
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.)
Hess, Stephen. International News and Foreign Correspondents (Washington D.C.:
Brookings Institution, 1996).
Hirsch, John L. and Oakley, Robert B. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope:
Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping (Washington, DC: U.S.
Institute of Peace, 1995).
Holsti, Ole R. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy (Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan Press, 1996).
Iyengar, Shanto. and Kinder, Donald R. News That Matters: Television and American
Opinion (University of Chicago, 1987)
Johnson II, Douglas V. The Impact of The Media on National Security Policy
Decision-Making. (October 7, 1994).
Jowett, Garth S. and O’Donnell,Victoria. “Propaganda in Action: Three Case
Studies,” in Propaganda and Persuasion, (SAGE publications, 1992).
Kegley, Jr, Charles W. and Wittkopf, Eugene R. ed., The Domestic Sources of
American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence (New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 1998).
Kellner, Douglas. The Persian Gulf TV War. (Westview, 1992).
Kennamer, J. David. ed., Public Opinion, The Press, and Public Policy, (Westport,
Connecticut London, 1992).
Kernell, Samuel. Going Public: News Strategies of Presidential Leadership.
(University of California, San Diego, 1993).
Kohut, Andrew. and Toth, Robert C. The United States and the Use of Force in the
Post-Cold War Era (Queenstown, Maryland: The Aspen Institute, 1995).
Larson, Eric V. Casualties and Consensus: The Historical Role of Casualties in
Domestic Support for U.S. Military Operations (Santa Monica, CA:RAND, 1996).
Lemert, James B. Does Mass Communication Change Public Opinion After All? A
New Approach to Effects Analysis (Nelson-Hall, Chicago, 1981).
Lester H. Brune, “The Somalia Intervention,” in The United States and Post-Cold War
Interventions: Bush and Clinton in Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia, 1992-1998
(Claremont, California, 1999).
Linksy, Martin. Impact: How the Press Affects Federal Policymaking (New York: W.
Norton, 1986).
Malek, Abbas. ed., News Media & Foreign Relations: A multifaceted
Perspective(New Jersey, Ablex, 1997).
Markakis, John. National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1987).
McCombs, Maxwell. and Einsiedel, Edna. and Weaver, David. Contemporary Public
Opinion: Issues and the News, (New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991).
McLean, Denis. Peace Operations and Common Sense (Washington, DC: United
States Institute of Peace Press, 1996).
Mermin, Jonathan. Debating War and Peace: media coverage of U.S. intervention in
the post-Vietnam era (Princeton U. Pr. 1999).Stevenson, Jonathan. Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia (Annapolis,
Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995).
Minear, Larry. And Scott, Colin. and Weiss, Thomas G. The News Media, Civil War,
and Humanitarian Action (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. 1996).
Mueller, John E. War, Presidents, and Public Opinion. (New York: Wiley, 1973).
Neuman, Johanna. Lights, Camera, War: Is Media Technology Driving International
Politics? (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996).
Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion-Our Social Skin,
(University of Chicago, 1984).
Nordenstreng, Kaarle. and Griffin, Michael. eds., International Media Monitoring
(New Jersey, Cresskill, 1999)
Raboy, Marc. and Dagenais, Bernard. ed.,, Media, Crisis and Democracy: Mass
Communication and the Disruption of Social Order, (SAGE publications,
1992).
Paletz, David L. and Entman, Robert M. Media-Power-Politics. (New York, 1982).
Powell, Colin L. My American Journey (New York: Random House, 1995)
Reston, James. The Artillery of the Press (New York: Council on Foreign Relations,
1996).
Ricks, Charles W. The Military-News Media Relationship: Thinking Forward
(Carlisle Barracks, Penn.: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute,
December 1993)
Rosenblum, Mort. Who Stole The News? Why We Can’t Keep up With What Happens
in the World and What We Can Do About It. (John Wiley & Sons, 1993).
Rotberg, Robert I. and Weiss, Thomas G. ed., From Massacres to Genocide: The
Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises (Washington, D.C.: The
Brookings Institution, 1996).
Samatar, Ahmed I. ed., The Somali Challenge (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner,
1994).
Schudson, Michael. The Power of News (Harvard University, 1995).
Seib, Philip. Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy
(Westport, 1997).
Sobel, Richard and Holsti, Ole R. The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign
Policy Since Vietnam: Constraining the Colossus. Paperback (New York:
Oxford University Press, 2001).
Sommer, John G. Hope Restored? Humanitarian Aid in Somalia 1990-1994
(Washington, D.C.: Refugee Policy Group, November 1994).
Strobel, Warren P. Late-Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media’s Influence on
Peace Operations (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997).
Thompson, Loren B. ed., Defense Beat: The Dilemmas of Defense Coverage
(Lexington, 1991).
Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).
United Nations. The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia, Reference Paper
(New York: U.N. Department of Public Information, April 1995).
Wanta, Wayne. The Public and The National Agenda: How People Learn About
Important Issues, (New Jersey, Mahwah, 1997).
Wyatt, Clarence R. Paper Soldiers: The American Press and the Vietnam War.
(University of Chicago, 1993).
Yankelovich, Daniel and Harman, Sidney. Starting with the people (Boston: Houghton
Mifflin, 1988)
五、英文期刊
Badsey, Stephen. “The Media and UN Peacekeeping Since the Gulf War,” The
Journal of Conflict Studies, vol xvii, no. 1, Spring 1997.
Binder, David. “Anatomy of a Massacre,” Foreign Policy 97 (Winter 1994-95).
Blumenthal, Sidney. “Why Are We in Somalia,” The New Yorker (October 25, 1993).
Burk, James. “Public support for peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing
the casualties hypothesis,” Political Science Quarterly, 114, no. 1, 1999.
Clarke, Walter. and Herbst, Jeffrey. “Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian
Intervention,” Foreign Affairs, 75, no. 2 (March/April 1996).
Cooling, Norman L. “Operation RESTORE HOPE in Somalia: A tactical action
turned strategic defeat,” Marine Corps Gazette, Sep 2001.
Cohen, Herman J. “Intervention in Somalia,” in Goodman, Allan E. ed., The
Diplomatic Record 1992-1993 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995).
Crocker, Chester. “The Lessons of Somalia: Not Everything Went Wrong,” Foreign
Affairs, Volume 74, (May-June 1995).
Dauber, Cori. “The Practice of Argument: Reading the Condition of Civil-Military
Relations,” Armed Forces and Society, 24, no. 3, Spring 1998.
Dauber, Cori. “Image as argument: The impact of Mogadishu on U.S. military
intervention,” Armed Forces and Society, 27, no. 2, 2001.
Gartner, Scott Sigmund. and Segura, Gary M. “War, Casualties, and Public Opinion,”
The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42, no.3, 1998.
Grimmett, Richard F. “War Power Resolution: Presidential Compliance,” CRS Issue
Brief (Washington, D.C.: Comgressional Research Service, November 25,
1996).
Hamrick, Sam. “The Myth of Somalia as Cold War Victim,” Foreign Service
Journal, February 1993.
Helman, Gerald. and Ratner, Steven. “Saving Failed States,” Foreign Policy, no. 89
(Winter 1992/93)
Hoge, James, Jr, “Media Pervasiveness” Foreign Affairs (July/August, 1994).
Holguin, Lina Maria. “The media in modern peacekeeping,” Peace Review, 10, no. 4,
1998.
Jakobsen, Peter Viggo. “National Interest, Humanitarianism or CNN: What Triggers
UN Peace Enforcement after the Cold War?” Journal of Peace Research, 33,
no.2. (March 1996).
Jeffrey, Clark. “Debacle in Somalia” Foreign Affairs, Volume 72: no.1.
Kenney, George. “The Bosnia Calculation,” New York Times Magazine, April 23,
1995.
Kiras, James, “Mogadishu! Heroism and Tragedy,” Peacekeeping & International
Relations, 25, no. 5, (Sep/Oct 1996).
Klarevas, Louis J. “The polls-trends: The United States peace operation in Somalia,”
Public Opinion Quarterly, 64, no. 4, 2000.
Kobut, Andrem. and Toth, Robert C. “Arms and the People,” Foreign Affairs,
(November/December 1994).
Kovach, Bill. “Do The News Media Make Foreign Policy?” Foreign Policy, (Spring
1996).
Lian, Bradley. and Oneal, John R. “Presidents, the Use of Military Force, and Public
Opinion,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, 37, no. 2, June 1993.
Livingston, Steven. and Eachus, Todd. “Humanitarian Crises and U.S. Foreign Policy:
Somalia and the CNN Effect Reconsidered,” Political Communication 12, no.
4 (October-December 1995).
Mandelbaum, Michael. “The Reluctance to Intervene,” Foreign Policy, no. 95
(Summer 1994)
Mermin, Jonathan. “Television News and American Intervention in Somalia: The
Myth of a Media-Driven Foreign Policy,” Political Science Quarterly, 112, no.
3, 1997.
Moore, David W. “Public: Get Out of Somalia,” Gallup Poll Monthly (October 1993).
Ostrom, Charles W. Jr. and Job, Brian L. “The President and the Political Use of
Force,” American Political Science Review, 80, no. 2 (June 1986).
Powlick, Philip J. “The Sources of Public Opinion for American Foreign Policy
Officials.” International Studies Quarterly 39, 1995.
Russet, Bruce. and Nincic, Miroslav. “American Opinion on the Use of Military Force
Abroad,” Political Science Quarterly, 91, no. 3 (Fall 1976).
“Senate Urges U.N. Force Be Deployed in Somalia,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report, 50, no. 32 (August 8, 1992 ).
Senator Abraham, “U.S. Troops as Peacekeepers” Congressional Record (January 31,
1996).
Schraeder, Peter J. “From Ally to Orphan: Understanding U.S. Policy toward Somalia
After the Cold War,” in Scott, James M. ed., After the End (Durham: Duke
University Press, 1998).
Sharkey, Jacqueline. “When Is a Picture Too Graphic to Run?” American Journalism
Review (December 1993).
Sigelman, Lee. “As Time Goes By: Daily Opinion Change During the Persian Gulf
Crisis,” Politics Communication 10, no. 4 (October 1993).
Stevenson, Charles A, “The evolving Clinton doctrine on the use of force,” Armed
Forces and Society, 22, no. 4, summer 1996.
The Economist, “Does it matter where you are?” vol. 332, no. 7874, 1994.
Towell, Pat. “Suffering Spurs Unprecedented Step As U.N. Approves Development,”
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 50, no. 47 (December 5 , 1992)
United Nations, The United Nations and the Situation in Somalia, Reference Paper
(New York: U.N. Department of Public Information, April 1995)
“UN Peacekeepers Keep the Press Out,” Time, May 23, 1994.
U.S. Department of State Dispatch, “Building a consensus on international peace-
keeping,” vol. 4, no. 46, 1993.
Waal, Alex de. “U.S. War Crimes in Somalia,” New Left Review (1998: 230).
六、英文報紙
Carmody, John. “The TV Column,” Washington Post, February 3, 1995, D4.
Cohen, Roger. “In Bosnia, the War That Can’t Be Seen,” New York Times, December
25, 1994, 4E.
“CNN Diplomacy?” Washington Post, January 31, 1995, B2.
Donatello, Larch. “Marines Begin Shooting Inquiry” The New York Times (March 5,
1993), p. A6.
“Effect of Slain Soldier’s Photo,” USA Today, October 7, 1993, 7A.
Grove, Lloyd. “The Fog of War-and Words,” Washington Post, October 17, 1993, C1.
Gordon, Michael R. “TV Army on the Beach Took U.S. by Surprise,” New York
Times, December 10, 1992, A18.
Harris, John F. and Marcus, Ruth. “U.S. Sends Military Police: Scenes of Violence
Prompt a Shift in Troop Policy,” Washington Post, September 22, 1994, A31.
Henry, Neil. “War Guts Capital of Somalia,” Washington Post, January 30, 1991, A7.
John Lancaster, “Aspin Outlines Goals in Somalia,” Washington Post, August 28,
1993. A2.
Katz, Lee Michael. “Graphic Photos from Somalia Gave ‘Urgency’,” USA Today,
October 13, 1993, 8A.
Kurtz, Howard. “As Landing Delivers Dearth of Drama, Only CNN Stays with
Coverage,” Washington Post, September 20, 1994, A16.
Kurtz, Howard. “TV Viewers Join Military Critics of Media Spectacle on Beach,”
Washington Post, December 10, 1992, A33.
Kurtz, Howard. “Bosnia Overload: Is The Public Tuning Out?” Washington Post,
September 13, 1993, D1.
Kurtz, Howard. “Deaths Spur Media Retreat from Somalia,” Washington Post, July
17, 1993, A11.
Kurtz, Howard. “No American Journalists Reporting From the Scene,” Washington
Post, October 6, 1993, A13.
Kurtz, Howard. “Administration Acts to Soothe News Media,” Washington Post,
September 16, 1994, A30.
Krauss, Clifford. “Mission to Somalia: A Few in Congress Advising Caution,” New
York Times, December 7, 1992, A13.
Lewis, Paul. “War in Somalia a Major Test for New UN Leader,” New York Times,
January 12, 1992, A8.
Mitchell, Alison. “first marines leave Somalia, A Signal to the U.N.” The New York
Times (January 20, 1993), p. A3.
Oberdorfer, Don. “Dispatch From a Place Near Hell,” Washington Post, August 23,
1992, C1.
Oberdorfer, Don. “Week of Publicity and Policy-Making Started Off with a Chilling
Headline,” Washington Post, August 9, 1992, A26.
Oberdorfer, Don. “State Department Backtracks on Atrocity Reports: Calls for Action
on Serb Camps Rise,” Washington Post, August 5, 1992, A1.
Oakley, Robert. “Mission Accomplished in Somalia,” Washington Post, March 21,
1993, G7.
Parmelee, Jennifer. “Chaos Reigns in Somalia,” Washington post, December 27, 1991,
A1.
Parmelee, Jennifer. “Somalia Reach Peace Accord,” Washington Post, March 28,
1993, A1.
Pedrick, Claire. “Somali Rebels Form Interim Regime,” Washington Post, January 29,
1991, A9.
Perlez, Jane. ”Marines Met by a Host of Journalists and Photograhers,” New York
Times, December 9, 1992, A1.
Perlez, Jane. “As Fighting in Somalia Rages on, African Neighbor Seeks a Truce,”
New York Times, January 6, 1992, A2.
Powell, Colin. as cited in Gertz, Bill. “Aspin’s Decision on Tanks was Political:
Report Says He Gave in to U.N.” The Washington Times (October 1, 1995).
Richards, Keith. “Envoy Finds Somalia in Dissolution,” Washington Post, January 7,
1992, A9.
Richburg, Keith. “Pests Amid Famine: In Somalia, News Crews Are on the Job and in
the Way,” Washington Post, October 13, 1992, E1.
Richburg, Keiht. “Aidid’s Urban War, propaganda Victories Echo Vietnam,”
Washington Post, October 6, 1993. A12.
Richburg, Keiht. “In War on Aidid, UN Battled Itself,” Washington Post, December 6,
1993. C10.
Simon, Paul. and Kassebaum, Nancy. “Save Somalia from Itself,” New York Times,
January 2, 1992, A21.
Sciolino, Elaine. and Jehl, Douglas. “As U.S. Sought a Bosnia Policy, The French
Offered a Good Idea,” New York Times, February 14, 1994, A1
“Somalia: Inattention Led to U.S. Deaths,” Washington Post, October 17, 1993.
Strobel, Warren P.“TV Images May Shock But Won’t Alter Policy,” Christian
Science Monitor, December 14, 1994.
Vogel, Steve. “Army ‘Fire Department’ Keeps Watch on World,” Washington Post,
August 25, 1995, A21.
Williams, Pete. “Let’s Face it, This Was the Best War Coverage We’ve Ever Had,”
Washington Post, March 17, 1991, D1.
Yardley, Jonathan. “In Somalia, a Picture-Perfect Military Maneuver,” Washington
Post, December 14, 1992, B2.