臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

自1980年以來，世界各先進國家積極從事高性能混凝土(HPC)的研發，開啟混凝土科技的新紀元。台灣地區也同時積極投入研發適於本土化工程技術的中等強度高性能混凝土(TAICON)；日本則大力推廣自填充混凝土(SCC)。然而，攸關HPC、TAICON、SCC之配比設計以及品質控制的工作性量測指標，迄今為止，僅就傳統工作性量測試驗法加以改良，或發展適用特定範疇的試驗方法，作為其量測試驗的依據。由於質流試驗係量測材料在流動狀態下，試樣之變形與應力的相對關係，所以多數學者皆認為：質流試驗法應該是HPC、TAICON或SCC進行流動性量測指標的最佳試驗方法。現階段對新拌水泥系材料質流性質的量測，最常被使用的測儀有同軸圓柱質流儀及攪拌式質流儀，兩者皆係利用強制旋轉轉矩來形成流場，其材料黏結潤滑的組合本質與均質性容易受到擾動，將導致試樣的不穩定而損及量測的精度。因此，質流試驗主要量測工具的質流測儀，尚有相當大的精進發展空間與必要性。
本研究以研發可適用於各種不同組合水泥系材料質流試驗的質流測儀為主要目標。根據質流學與流體機械原理，藉由水泥系材料自體能量轉換，來產生環狀流動狀態。如此可避免或消除由於在試樣上強制施加外力所造成對量測結果的不良影響，從而提高質流量測的精準度。
主動式質流測儀 (Active Rheometer, ARM)的設計概念是以不強制施加外部驅動作用力為原則，須考量水泥材料組成基本特性，並依循量測原理與流體機械概念，設計出新型質流測儀。測儀的特性在於能導引水泥系材料試樣，由位能轉換成動能以產生流動，進而利用感測元件、轉換電路與資料擷取系統，讀取試樣的流動變形與轉動力矩等相關數據，再經由電腦程式，依質流模式分析以求得材料之質流參數。
本研究配合相關流動性試驗方法，進行一系列的率定試驗、驗證試驗、水泥砂漿及高流動性混凝土分析試驗。經由試驗結果得知：ARM質流測儀系統本身的量測特性，符合實驗室最佳(Excel)級控制的標準，其變異係數均小於10%。而且，ARM質流測儀可以準確地量測視黏滯係數介於1.3-60N.s/m2之間的黏滯性流體。換言之，ARM質流儀的可量測範圍，涵蓋水泥系複合材料如水泥漿、水泥砂漿及流動混凝土的視黏滯係數，故可適用於不同組合水泥系複合材料的質流參數測析。

Major industrial nations around the world started to engage in research and development of high performance concrete (HPC) in 1980. Without an exception, Taiwan joined the R/D programs to develop new concrete technologies meeting her national needs aiming at a moderate strength HPC (4,000 to 5,000 psi) called TAICON, while Japan spear-headed in the direction of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). Mixture designs, chemical admixtures, and apparatus for measuring flowability of fresh concrete are very important to the HPC development. Significant progresses have been made for the first two items but the last one. So far, the HPC flow-measuring procedure used today seems still hanging on the conventional technique that many scholars question its validity.
It is well known that the hardware for the conventional rheology test is of a coaxial cylinder rheometer or a mixing rheometer driven by a torsional force that disperses the test sample. The applied force causes undesirable heterogeneity to the test sample and results to inaccurate measurements. Conceivably, a new rheometer suitable for measuring flowability of HPC, TAICON, and SCC is desirable.
The objective of this study is to develop a new rheometer and its test procedures. The new apparatus was designed by our research group taking into account of the rheometry principles and was contracted to a mechanical contractor for fabrication. The design concept considered the fluid dynamics that is partially caused by the potential energy inhibited in the test sample. The system was designed to cause the test sample to flow by its own gravitation rather than an external force, and is therefore, called "Active Rheometer (ARM)." A commercially available data acquisition system was used in conjunction with a notebook computer to digitize and process the collected data.
Series of tests including calibrations were carried out to generate direct flow measurements that are subsequently converted to shear stresses and strain rates. Samples for the ARM and conventional rheometer tests involved freshly mixed cement paste, mortar, and concrete. The obtained data were made into desirable tables and charts for comparing the ARM measurements against the conventional rheometer ones. The maximum deviation between them is less than 10%. It is worth to note that the Active Rheometer is sensitive enough to measure viscosity of test samples as low as 0.35 N.s/m2. Although the highest viscosity measured in the investigation is 60 N.s/m2, it is our belief the apparatus is suitable to measure even higher viscosity. The research group is profoundly pleased with the performance of the Active Rheometer and flowability measurements that yield.

第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研發動機 1
1-2 研究目的 5
1-3 研究內涵 7
1-4 研究方法與流程 8
第二章 文獻回顧 19
2-1 質流理論與模式 19
2-1.1質流之定義 19
2-1.2水泥漿之質流行為與模式 20
2-1.3水泥砂漿之質流行為與模式 23
2-1.4新拌混凝土之質流行為與模式 24
2-2 質流測儀發展 29
2-2.1同軸圓柱質流儀 30
2-2.2 MK-I、MK-II、MK-III質流儀 31
2-2.3 HPC質流測儀 33
2-2.4 TRM質流儀 34
2-3 數值解析模式 36
第三章 理論模式之建立與分析 63
3-1 黏性流體力學基本原理 63
3-1.1黏性流體應力場 63
3-1.2黏性流體應變場 65
3-1.3應力與應變關係 67
3-2 理論模式推導 74
3-3 數值模擬分析 80
第四章 質流測儀之設計與研發 93
4-1 主動式質流測儀組構 94
4-1.1導引及感測裝置 96
4-1.2信號處理與傳輸設備 100
4-1.3資料擷取系統 101
4-1.4控制與攝影系統 102
4-2 資料擷取與分析軟體 103
4-3 量測不確定度分析 105
4.3-1重複性與重現性分析 108
4.3-2 ARM量測不確定度分析 109
第五章 實驗計畫與量測方法 127
5-1 實驗設計與實驗變數 128
5-2 試驗流程 131
5-3 試驗材料與配比 132
5-4 量測方法與測儀 136
5-4.1質流測儀 136
5-4.2黏度測儀 139
5-4.3流動性測儀 141
第六章 試驗結果與討論 161
6-1 率定試驗 161
6-1.1空載率定試驗 161
6-1.2荷載率定試驗 163
6-2 驗證試驗 166
6-2.1牛頓流體 167
6-2.2水泥漿體 168
6-3 分析試驗 172
6-3.1水泥砂漿 172
6-3.2混凝土 181
6-4 ARM流動特徵判別圖 195
6-5 工程實務應用 197
第七章 結論與建議 243
7-1 結論 243
7-2 未來研發建議 247
參考文獻 251

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