臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
本篇論文內容主要在探討加勁擋土牆受地震力作用下，可能發生之破壞面與其相應之安全係數。
文中所使用分析範例之加勁擋土牆高5公尺，加勁長度4公尺，牆面型式採預鑄混凝土面板(precast concrete panel)，加勁材料採用地工格網(geogrid)，地震力作用以擬靜態法加以模擬，並分別使用有限元素方法與極限平衡方法進行分析比較。
本研究以界面元素模擬加勁材與土壤的互制行為，擋土牆面板以樑元素模擬，加勁材以桿元素模擬，土壤及界面元素之組構關係皆採雙曲線模式。利用有限元素程式(GeoFEAP)進行加勁擋土牆範例之分析，並就所計算之應力狀態尋求加勁擋土牆可能之破壞機制及相應之安全係數。在極限平衡之分析方面，則利用PCSTABL6分析程式，直接求得可能之破壞面及安全係數。
經由研究範例分析結果可得如下結論：
1.當水平地震力作用時，其安全係數將明顯下降。
2.向下作用之地震力將提升加勁擋土牆之安全係數；向上作用之地震力則會降低其安全係數。
3.當地震載重組合造成安全係數下降時，通過背填土區之可能破壞面會有往加勁區發展之趨勢，且會偏向主動土壓力破壞區發展。至於整體滑動破壞面則會向後方延伸。
4. 極限平衡方法之破壞面未通過加勁區(或僅通過極少部分之加勁區)時，無法適切反映出加勁材對整個土體的穩定效果，此將低估整體之安全係數。

目錄
摘要 Ⅰ
目錄 Ⅱ
表目錄 Ⅳ
圖目錄 Ⅴ
第一章 緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2研究動機與目的 1
1.3研究方法 1
1.4 論文架構 2
第二章 加勁擋土結構 3
2.1加勁材料種類 3
2.2地工加勁格網 3
2.3加勁擋土牆面板 4
2.4加勁擋土結構破壞機制 4
2.4.1內部穩定破壞 5
2.4.2外部穩定破壞 5
2.5加勁擋土牆之設計 6
2.5.1極限平衡方法 6
2.5.2有限元素方法 9
2.6加勁擋土牆之動態分析 10
第三章 研究方法 16
3.1有限元素方法 16
3.1.1 GeoFEAP分析程式簡介 16
3.1.2雙曲線模型 16
3.1.3界面元素 20
3.2極限平衡方法 23
3.2.1 PCSTABL6分析程式 23
3.2.2 Bishop簡化分析法 24
第四章 分析方法與範例研究 26
4.1前言 26
4.2有限元素分析方法 26
4.2.1有限元素網格 26
4.2.2地震力之模擬 26
4.2.3破壞面之決定 26
4.2.4安全係數之決定 27
4.2.5破壞面上土壤應力狀態之決定 28
4.3研究範例之有限元素方法分析 29
4.4極限平衡分析方法 31
4.5 極限平衡法之分析結果 32
第五章 結論與建議 34
參考文獻 35
表目錄
表2.1 各種加勁結構設計法之比較 41
表3.1 土壤雙曲線模式所需之參數 42
表3.2 界面元素雙曲線模型參數 43
表3.3 土壤之界面元素參數建議值 44
表4.1 本研究使用之土壤參數 45
表4.2 加勁材基本參數 46
表4.3 本研究使用之界面元素參數 46
表4.4 加勁區內對數螺線破壞面之安全係數(利用有限元素程式GeoFEAP之分析結果) 47
表4.5 加勁區內Rankine主動破壞面之安全係數(利用有限元素程式GeoFEAP之分析結果) 48
表4.6 加勁區內破壞面之比較(考慮土壤作用) 49
表4.7 整體滑動破壞比較 50
表4.8 複合性破壞比較 51
表4.9 地震作用下各加勁層拉斷破壞之安全係數(FHWA設計法) 52
表4.10 地震作用下各加勁層拉出破壞之安全係數(FHWA設計法) 53
圖目錄
圖2.1 內部穩定破壞 54
圖2.2 外部穩定破壞 55
圖2.3 Ka設計方法之土壓力分佈假設 56
圖2.4 Forest Service設計方法之土壓力分佈假設 56
圖2.5 Broms設計方法之土壓力分佈假設 57
圖2.6 Collin設計方法之土壓力分佈假設於地工織物 57
圖2.7 Collin設計方法之土壓力分佈假設於地工格網 58
圖2.8 Bonaparte等人設計方法之土壓力分佈假設 58
圖2.9 Jewell等人設計方法假設之楔形破壞面 59
圖2.10 Jewell等人設計方法決定加勁材所需之最小埋置長度準則 59
圖2.11 Leshchinsky與Pretty設計方法所假設之破壞面形式 60
圖2.12 Schmertmann等人設計方法假設之線性及雙線性楔形破壞模式 61
圖2.13 UCLA試驗牆之尺寸與試驗結果 62
圖2.14 Bonaparte等人運用Coulomb土楔分析加勁邊坡之動態行為 63
圖2.10 Vrymoed設計方法之內部穩定分析 63
圖2.16 Vrymoed設計方法之外部穩定分析 64
圖2.17 加勁擋土牆外部動態穩定分析 65
圖2.18 加勁擋土牆內部動態穩定分析 66
圖3.1 雙曲線模式軸差應力與軸應變之關係 67
圖3.2 雙曲線模式 與 之關係 67
圖3.3 圍壓 與初始切線模數 之關係 68
圖3.4 土壤強度關係曲線 68
圖3.5 解壓­再壓模數之定義方式 69
圖3.6 圍壓 與體積模數B之關係 69
圖3.7 圍壓 與摩擦角 之關係 70
圖3.8 介面剪應力與相對剪動位移之關係 70
圖3.9 介面之行為模式 71
圖3.10 Bishop簡化法 72
圖4.1 線性內插示意圖 73
圖4.2 擋土牆範例尺寸 73
圖4.3 有限元素網格 74
圖4.4 有限元素介面細部網格示意圖 75
圖4.5 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數( kh = 0) 76
圖4.6 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.15，kv = -0.15) 76
圖4.7 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.15，kv = 0) 77
圖4.8 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.15，kv = 0.15) 77
圖4.9 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.3，kv = -0.3) 78
圖4.10 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.3，kv = -0.15) 78
圖4.11 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.3，kv = 0) 79
圖4.12 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.3，kv = 0.15) 79
圖4.13 通過加勁區之可能破壞面及其安全係數(kh = 0.3，kv = 0.3) 80
圖4.14 水平地震係數kh與加勁區內部破壞面之關係(kv = 0) 80
圖4.15 垂直地震係數kv與加勁區內部破壞面之關係(kh = 0.15) 81
圖4.16 垂直地震係數kv與加勁區內部破壞面之關係(kh = 0.3) 81
圖4.17 水平地震係數kh與整體破壞面之關係(kv = 0) 82
圖4.18 垂直地震係數kv與整體破壞面之關係(kh = 0.15) 82
圖4.19 垂直地震係數kv與整體破壞面之關係(kh = 0.3) 83
圖4.20 垂直地震係數kv與整體破壞面之關係(kh = 0.3) 83

參考文獻
1. 台北市土木技師公會 (1998)，加勁擋土結構設計及施工手冊。
2. 交通部高速鐵路工程籌備處 (1996)，高速鐵路加勁擋土結構之研究(期末報告)。
3. 李咸亨、許翔泉 (2000)，加勁擋土牆動態設計方法研究，國立台灣科技大學研究報告書，GT200004，台北。
4. 李咸亨、謝宗榮 (1993)，加勁擋土牆之抗震設計方法，地工技術雜誌，第43期，第11~22頁。
5. 林憲誠 (1997)，以局部安全係數分析邊坡之穩定，中興大學土木所碩士論文。
6. 陳榮河 (1989)，加勁擋土牆之分析與設計，地工技術雜誌，第25期，第 46~61頁。
7. 陳景文、吳宗欣、Claybourn, A. F. (1993)，不同地工織物擋土牆設計方法之比較，地工技術雜誌，第43期，第43~49頁。
8. 謝啟萬 (1999)，地工合成材料常用之檢測法簡介，地工技術雜誌，第71期，第13~28頁。
9. Bandini, P. and Salgado, R. (1999), PCSTABL6 for DOS, Version 6.0, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A.
10. Bishop, A. W. (1955), "The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of earth slope," Geotechnique, Vol. 5, pp. 7-17.
11. Bonaparte, R., Holtz, R. D. and Giroud, J. P. (1987), "Soil reinforcement design using geotextiles and geogrids," Geotextile Testing and Design Engineer, ASTM STP 952, Philadelphia, PA., U.S.A., pp. 69-116.
12. Bonaparte, R., Schmertmann, G. R. and Willians, N. D. (1986), "Seismic design of slopes reinforced with geogrid geotextiles ," The 4th International Conference on Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Netherlands, Vol. 1, pp. 97-99.
13. Broms, B. B. (1978), "Design of fabric reinforced retaining structures," Proceedings of Symposium on Earth Reinforcement, ASCE, Pittsburgh, pp. 282-304.
14. Chou, N. N. S. (1992), "Performance of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls," Ph. D Dissertation, University of Colorado.
15. Clough, G. W. and Duncan J. M. (1969), "Analyses of port and old river lock," University of California, Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering Research Report No. Te-69-3, Berkeley, September.
16. Clough, G. W. and Duncan, J. M. (1971), "Finite element analysis of retaining wall behavior," Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. 12, pp. 1657-1673.
17. Collin, J. G. (1986), Earth wall design, Doctoral Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
18. Desai, C. S. (1980), "A general basis for yield failure and potential function in plasticity," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 4, pp. 361-375.
19. Desai, C. S., Zaman, M. M., Lightner, J. G. and Sirwardane, H. J. (1984), "Thin-layer element for interface and joint," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics , Vol. 8, pp. 19-43.
20. Desai, C. S. and Nagaraj, B. K. (1988), "Modeling cyclic normal and shear behavior of interfaces," Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 7, pp. 1198-1216.
21. Duncan, J. M. and Chang, C. Y. (1970), "Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soil," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. SM5, pp. 1629-1953.
22. Duncan, J. M., Byrne, P., Wong, K. S. and Mabry, P. (1980), "Stress-strain and bulk modulus parameters for finite element analysis of stresses and movements in soil masses," Report No. UCB/GT/80-01, College of Engineering, Office of Research Services, University of California, Berkeley, CA., U.S.A.
23. Duncan, J. M., Low, B. K. and Schaefer, V. R. (1985), "STABGM, microcomputer version, A computer program for slope stability analysis of reinforced embankments and slope," Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
24. Espinoza, R. D., Bray, J. D., Taylor, R. L. and Soga, K. (1995), "GeoFEAP：Geotechnical finite element program," Report No. UCB/GT/95-05, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA., U.S.A.
25. Federal Highway Administration (1999), Mechanically stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines, FHWA-DP.82.
26. Goodman, R. E., Taylor, R. L. and Brekke, T.L. (1968). "A model for the mechanics of jointed rocks," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM3, pp. 637-659.
27. Goodman, R. E. and Dubois, J. (1972), "Duplication of dilatancy in analysis of jointed rocks," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.98, No. SM4, pp. 339-421.
28. Iizuka, A. and Ohta, H. (1987), "A determination procedure of input parameters in elasto－viscoplastic finite element analysis," Soils Foundation, Vol. 27, No.3, pp. 71-87.
29. Janbu, N. (1963), "Soil compressibility as determined by oedometer test and triaxial," European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Wissbaden, Germany, Vol. l, pp. 19-26.
30. Jewell, R. A., Raine, N. and Wood, R. I. (1984), "Design methods for steep reinforced embankments," Proceeding Symposium on Polymer Grid Reinforcement in Civil Engineering, London, pp. 70-81.
31. Kondner, R. L. (1963), "Hyperbolic stress-strain response: cohesive soils," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. SM1, pp. 115-143.
32. Leshchinsky, D. and Perry, E. B. (1987), "A design procedure for geotextile-reinforced walls," Proceedings of the Geosynthetic ''87 Conference, Vol. l, New Orleans, pp. 95-107﹒
33. Penman, J. and Austin, R. A. (1998), "A comparison of design approaches for geosynthetic reinforced soil structures in Europe," Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geosynthetic, Georgia, USA, pp. 501-506.
34. Richardson, G. N. and Lee, K. L. (1975), "Seismic design of reinforced earth walls," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, GT2, pp. 167-188.
35. Richardson, G. N., Feger, D., Fong, A., and Lee, K. L. (1977), "Seismic testing of reinforced earth walls," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103 GT1, pp. 1-17.
36. Richardson, G. N. (1978), "Earthquake resistant reinforced earth walls," Proceeding of the Symposium on earth Reinforcement, ASCE, Pittsburgh, PA., pp. 664-683.
37. Schmertmann, G. R., Chouery-Curtis, V. E., Johnson, R. D., and Bonaparte, R. (1987), "Design charts for geogrid reinforced soil slopes," Proceedings of the Geosynthetic ''87 Conference, New Orleans, Vol. 1, pp. 108-120.
38. Steward, J. E., Williamson, R., and Mohney J. (1977), "Earth reinforcement," In Guideline for Use of Fabrics in Construction and Maintenance of Low-Volume Roads, USDA, Forest Service, Portland, Oregon.
39. Vrymoed, J. (1989), "Dynamic stability of soil reinforced walls," Transportation Research Board, 1242, pp. 29-38.
40. Yogendrakumar, M., Bathurst, R. J. and Finn, W. D. L. (1992), "Dynamic response analysis of reinforced-soil retaining wall," Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASEC, Vol. 118, GT8, pp. 1158-1167.
41. Zienkiewixz, O. C., Best, B., Dullage, C. and Stagg, K.G. (1970), "Analysis of linear problems in rock mechanics with particular reference to jointed rock systems," Proceedings of the 2nd Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Vol. Ⅲ, Theme 8, Paper 14, pp. 1-9.