臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討台中市焚化爐底灰物化特性及其溶出物質對覆土利用如掩埋場覆土生物分解穩定，植生覆土復育之潛在影響。實驗包括灰燼特性分析、灰燼溶出試驗、重金屬對厭氧污泥之結合與抑制作用、底灰對滲出液中總有機物之吸附與反應行為、底灰作為覆土與垃圾共同掩埋之覆土利用評估及底灰作為探討覆土植生復育之潛在影響、及鎘與滲出液對掩埋場植栽之影響研究。研究結果顯示：(1)底灰乾重部份總碳(TC)與總氮(TN)之平均含量分別為7379與174μgg-1且隨著不同顆粒粒徑減小而增加。Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni、及Cr之重金屬平均含量分別為7786、29、994、4006、224、及226μgg-1。(2)使用搖動或滾動兩種批次實驗方法將10克底灰置於500ml之蒸餾水中所獲得之溶出結果其滲出濃度值介於0-11μgg-1間。(3)灰燼在較低pH與較高溫度之環境參數條件時有較高之溶出濃度尤其是Zn、Pb、及Cu。(4)Zn、Cu、及Ni厭氧污泥50%程度抑制作用之濃度分別為650mg Znl-1與47.5mg Zng-1 乾污泥、360 mg Cul-1與40 mg Cug-1乾污泥、及380 mg Nil-1與39 mg Nig-1乾污泥。(5)底灰顯示有吸附有機物之潛力且受底灰濃度、pH、溫度、及顆粒大小等因素影響。吸附容量隨底灰濃度、pH、溫度、及粒徑之減少而增加。(6)底灰與垃圾共同厭氧消化顯示其添加有正面之效益。此項研究結果係於實驗室級厭氧消化槽進行而得，其反應槽溫度為35℃，固體停留時間為20天。所使用反應槽共有四個，其中兩個為對照組，另兩個為底灰添加組其添加比例分別為25/100與50/100。底灰添加處理組與對照組相較，其pH、鹼度、氣體產量較高而揮發酸之破壞較大且其滲出液中有機物較低。50/100底灰與垃圾添加比例反應槽較25/100底灰與垃圾添加比例反應槽有更顯著之促進生物分解有利結果，此結果可提供台灣以及其它世界各國以底灰當作掩埋覆土之操作基線實務依據。(7)底灰之鹼性金屬含量有緩衝厭氧消化程序所產生之揮發酸與調和土壤酸性之作用，其微量元素則可提供生物反應與植物生長之營養鹽而有促進其生長與除污之潛勢。(8)植栽復育研究中植栽之滲出水與鎘污染耐受實驗解釋掩埋場現場之種植比室內盆栽之種植其光合作用效率(Fv/Fm)較差，顯示其所受之環境壓力較大。

The thesis investigates the effects of environmental stress on the vegetation at landfill and the physico-chemical properties of bottom ash generated from Taichung City incinerator. Experiments undertaken include ash characterisation, ash leaching tests, binding and inhibition of heavy metals by means of anaerobic sludge, adsorption and interaction of organic pollutant in the leachate by bottom ash, biological assessment of co-disposal of refuse and bottom ash in an anaerobic bioreactor, and the effects of leachate and Cd on the vegetation at landfill site.
The results of ash characterisation showed that total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) in different sieved particle sizes decreased as the particle size increased and the average total content was 7379 and 174μgg-1 respectively. The average total content of the six heavy metals Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni and Cr was 7786, 29, 994, 4006, 224 and 226 mgg-1 respectively but did not show the linear relationship between ash particle size and the content except Cr and Cd. The leaching results of 10 g bottom ash mixed with 500 ml deionized water using tumbling and reciprocating shaking showed that the leaching concentration was in the range of 0~11 mgg-1. Leaching from the ash was greater at the extreme pH and temperature having the greatest effect on leachate concentrations of Zn, Pb, and Cu. An inhibitory effect of heavy metals was shown at a 50% levels for Zn, Cu and Ni of 650mg Znl-1 and 47.5mg Zng-1 dry solid sludge, 360 mg Cul-1 and 40 mg Cug-1 dry solid sludge and 380 mg Nil-1 and 39 mg Nig-1 dry solid sludge respectively. Bottom ash showed potential adsorption capacity for organic matter which was influenced by ash concentration, pH, temperature and particle size. The adsorption capacity increased as the ash concentration, pH, temperature, and particle size decreased. The anaerobic co-digestion of bottom ash and simulated refuse showed the beneficial effect of bottom ash addition. These studies were conducted in laboratory scale anaerobic digesters with a retention time of 20 days and a temperature of 35℃. Four reactors were used, two of these (controls) had no ash addition whilst the other two had ash added with the batch fed refuse simulant in a ratio of 25/100 and 50/100 respectively. The beneficial effect of bottom ash addition was observed through the increase in pH, alkalinity, gas production, and the volatile solids destruction and the decrease of total organic carbon concentration of leachate compared with the control reactors. The more significant beneficial results were observed when a bottom ash/refuse ratio of 50/100 was used than that of 25/100. The physico-chemical properties of bottom ash showed that it had the potential to provide the buffer alkalinity to the biological treatment system and the soil vegetation. The trace elements in the bottom ash had the potential to provide the needs of biological treatment and vegetation. The values of Fv/Fm showed that the vegetation tolerance of leachate and Cd at landfill site was lower than that at indoor experiments which received lesser environmental stress than the field test.

目 錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
目 錄 iii
表 目 錄 viii
圖 目 錄 x
第壹章 前言 1
1.1緒言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 3
第貳章 前人研究 5
2.1 文獻回顧 5
2.2 灰燼特性 5
2.3 溶出測試及結果 13
2.4 灰燼溶出模式 18
2.5 金屬對滲出液處理系統之影響 19
2.6 底灰與垃圾共同厭氧消化之可行性研究 22
2.6.1 處理可行性評估 22
2.6.2廢棄物厭氧消化之分解度 23
2.6.3 生物處理程序之抑制或促進潛勢 25
2.6.4 厭氧消化影響因子 27
2.6.5 吸附 32
2.6.5.1 焚化爐底灰之物質吸附 32
2.6.5.2 吸附模式 33
2.6.6 灰燼覆土與植生 35
2.6.7 文獻總結 41
2.6.7.1 灰燼含量與特性分析 41
2.6.7.2 底灰溶出方法 43
2.6.7.3 厭氧消化重金屬抑制作用 43
2.6.7.4 焚化爐底灰吸附TOC之能力 44
2.6.7.5 垃圾與底灰共同厭氧掩埋 44
2.6.7.6 植栽覆土 45
第參章 材料與方法 63
3.1 焚化爐灰燼來源 63
3.2 分析方法 67
3.2.1 底灰粒徑分佈 67
3.2.2 金屬分析 67
3.2.3 碳與氮分析 68
3.2.4 灰燼溶出試驗 68
3.2.5 厭氧毒性與吸附測試 72
3.2.6 焚化爐底灰有機碳吸附 77
3.2.7 底灰與垃圾共同厭氧掩埋消化 80
3.2.8 滲出水與鎘對植物之影響 90
第肆章 結果與討論 93
4.1 底灰特性分析 93
4.1.1 篩分析 93
4.1.2 灰燼之碳氮組成 93
4.1.3 重金屬含量 94
4.1.4 灼燒減量 94
4.2 灰燼特性分析討論 106
4.3 底灰溶出試驗 108
4.3.1 鹼度對溶出之影響 108
4.3.2 去離子水重金屬之釋出 114
4.3.3 pH對重金屬溶出之影響 117
4.3.4 溫度對重金屬釋出之影響 117
4.3.5 硫酸鹽與氯化物 121
4.4 金屬溶出試驗討論 122
4.5 厭氧消化程序毒性測試 124
4.5.1氧氣之影響 125
4.5.2重金屬對厭氧污泥之影響 128
4.6 厭氧污泥吸附實驗與毒性測試討論 143
4.7焚化爐底灰之有機物吸附 144
4.7.1總有機碳(TOC as glycine)吸附 144
4.7.2滲出液總有機碳吸附(TOC as leachate) 153
4.8焚化爐底灰有機碳吸附討論 160
4.9底灰與合成垃圾共同厭氧消化 163
4.9.1 pH 163
4.9.2鹼度和揮發酸 164
4.9.3總固體物(TS)與總揮發固體物(TVS) 165
4.9.4氣體產量與甲烷含量 165
4.9.5總有機碳(TOC)與總有機氮(TN) 166
4.9.6重金屬 167
4.9.7酸中和容量(Acids neutralizing capacity，ANC) 169
4.10底灰與垃圾厭氧消化討論 191
4.10.1厭氧消化影響因子 191
4.10.2厭氧消化程序之計量計算 191
4.10.3 pH之影響 192
4.10.4鹼度和揮發酸之影響 192
4.10.5總固體物與總揮發固體物 194
4.10.6氣體產量與甲烷含量趨勢 195
4.10.7總有機碳(TOC)與總氮(TN)之滲出液濃度 196
4.10.8重金屬之影響 198
4.10.9氣體產量、pH、鹼度、揮發酸、TVS、甲烷含量、及TOC之相關性 199
4.11 植栽試驗 207
4.11.1植物篩選 207
4.11.2 植物吸附 207
4.11.3盆栽及掩埋場現場植栽實驗 217
第五章 結論 226
參考文獻 237
表目錄
表2.1 都市焚化爐底灰之重金屬含量，資料由文獻整理而來 42
表2.2 植栽與灰燼及污泥之相關研究一覽表 46
表3.1 台中市焚化廠之燃燒條件狀況 64
表3.2 台中市都市固體廢棄物之物理組成 65
表3.3 台中市都市固體廢棄物化學組成 66
表3.4 重金屬批次消化槽抑制實驗之營養鹽溶液(Battersby, 1987) 75
表3.5 微量元素溶液(Pfennig et al., 1981) 76
表3.6 底灰和垃圾共同厭氧消化之參數分析頻率 85
表3.7 收集桶之家庭垃圾典型物理組成(G. Kiely, 1996) 86
表3.8 不同國家典型之家庭垃圾物理組成(G. Kiely, 1996) 87
表4.1 不同粒徑之重量百分比分佈曲線 95
表4.2 不同底灰粒徑之物化特性 97
表4.3 底灰第一次萃取之金屬濃度(unit:mgg-1) 100
表4.4 底灰第二次萃取之金屬濃度 101
表4.5 底灰第三次萃取之金屬濃度 102
表4.6 垃圾、甲烷菌與底灰含量及底灰溶出量 104
表4.7 底灰與飛灰之特性 105
表4.6 底灰10克於500ml蒸餾水中以180rpm滾動溶出試驗溶出結果 115
表4.7 底灰10克於500ml蒸餾水中以180cycles min-1前後搖動溶出試驗溶出結果 116
表4.8 底灰10g置於pH1-11之500ml 的去離子水瓶中，並以180cyclesmin-1前後搖動測試平衡後1小時之滲出結果 118
表4.9底灰10g於500ml pH 1-11之去離子水中，於pH初始值與最終值保持相同
情況下所獲得之重金屬、硫酸鹽、及氯化合物滲出濃度(mgg-1) 119
表4.10底灰10g置於溫度0-75℃之500ml 的去離子水瓶中，並以180cyclesmin-1前後搖動測試平衡後1小時之重金屬滲出結果 120
表4.11 Zn逐步添加至100ml污泥(TS3%)之抑制作用，使用之有機負荷率為1.5g
CODl-1d-1 129
表4.12 Cu逐步添加至100ml污泥(TS3%)之抑制作用，使用之有機負荷率為1.5g
CODl-1d-1 130
表4.13 Ni逐步添加至100ml污泥(TS3%)之抑制作用，使用之有機負荷率為1.5g
CODl-1d-1 131
表4.14不同底灰濃度、底灰粒徑、pHs、及溫度時，TOC(as glycine)之Freundlich
等溫吸附模式常數KF與1/n 151
表4.15底灰四參數:底灰濃度(gl-1)、粒徑大小(mm)、pH、及溫度(0C)對有機碳
(TOC as glycine)吸附平衡濃度實驗原始資料表 152
表4.16不同底灰濃度、底灰粒徑、pHs、及溫度時，滲出液TOC之Freundlich 等
溫吸附模式常數KF與1/n 159
表4.17 底灰四參數:底灰濃度(gl-1)、粒徑大小(mm)、pH、及溫度(0C)對有機碳(TOC as leachate)吸附平衡濃度實驗原始資料表 159
表4.18 適合台灣地區掩埋場植生綠美化之植物(黃正義，謝錦松; 1988) 208
表4.19 利用hybrid poplar trees 去除有機物之文獻一覽表(Aitchison et al., 2000) 211
表4.20 處理與未處理土壤之化學特性(Walter et al., 2000) 224
表4.21 污泥添加土壤之微量金屬特性(Steenhuis et al., 1999) 225
圖目錄
圖 1.1 典型都市焚化爐灰燼之處理與管理流程圖(Lin et al., 1996) 2
圖 1.2有機基質之厭氧生化流程示意圖(Dichtl, 1997; House et al., 1997; Bhatti et al., 1996) 4
圖3.1 台中市混燒式垃圾焚化廠之處理流程 63
圖3.2 重金屬抑制分析500 ml厭氧消化槽示意圖 74
圖3.3 基質之物理組成、準備及進料與出料分析示意圖 88
圖3.4 容量四公升固體停留時間20天之批次厭氧消化槽示意圖 89
圖3.5 植物葉片螢光發散變化圖 91
圖3.6 植栽澆灌實驗示意圖 92
圖4.1 底灰粒徑分佈曲線圖 96
圖4.2 七種顆粒粒徑分佈中之總碳濃度 98
圖4.3 七種顆粒粒徑分佈中之總氮濃度 99
圖4.4 底灰不同粒徑中六種重金屬之總含量 103
圖4.5 於鹼度2000 mgl-1 溫度 25 0 C時，不同pH值中二氧化碳與三種鹼度型式之關係平衡圖 109
圖4.6 焚化爐底灰酸度添加造成Cl-1，PO4-3，SO4-2溶出之趨勢圖 110
圖4.7 焚化爐底灰之滴定曲線圖與添加之Na、K、Mg、及Ca之溶出趨勢圖(200C/2-0.6mm/100ml suspension/2.5g) 111
圖4.8 焚化爐底灰之酸滴定曲線圖與Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, 及Zn之溶出趨勢
(200C/2-0.6mm/100ml suspension/2.5g) 112
圖4.9焚化爐底灰之酸滴定曲線圖與酸中和能力趨勢圖 (200C/2-0.6mm/100ml suspension/2.5g) 113
圖4.10底灰10g於500ml pH 1-11之去離子水中，於pH初始值與最終值保持相同情況下所獲得之硫酸鹽、及氯化合物滲出濃度(mgg-1)圖 121
圖4.11於24 小時內未含O2蒸餾水之單位污泥所產生之氣體量 126
圖4.12於19及22小時內含O2蒸餾水之單位污泥所產生之氣體量 127
圖4.13逐步加入15mg之Zn於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 132
圖4.14逐步加入15mg之Cu於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 133
圖4.15逐步加入15mg之Ni於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 134
圖4.16逐步加入15mg之Zn於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中污泥吸附Zn含量所呈現之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 135
圖4.17逐步加入15mg之Zn於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中Zn平衡度所呈現之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 136
圖4.18逐步加入15mg之Cu於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中污泥吸附Cu含量所呈現之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 137
圖4.19逐步加入15mg之Cu於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中Cu平衡濃度所呈現之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 138
圖4.20逐步加入15mg之Ni於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中污泥吸附Ni含量所呈現之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 139
圖4.21逐步加入15mg之Ni於100ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中Ni平衡濃度所呈現之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1.5 g CODl-1d-1 140
圖4.22逐步加入15mg之C與Pb於200ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1 g CODl-1d-1 141
圖4.23逐步加入30mg之Cu與Pb於200ml之厭氧污泥(3% TS)反應槽中之抑制作用，反應槽之有機負荷率為1 g CODl-1d-1 142
圖4.24由5g乾燥底灰曝露於100ml之1000mgl-1TOC(as glycine)溶液中所決定之平衡時間 146
圖4.25不同底灰濃度之Freundlich 吸附容量(pH7/200C /1hr/180rpm/0.6-0.3mm) 147
圖4.26不同底灰粒徑之Freundlich 吸附容量(pH7/200C/1hr/180rpm) 148
圖4.27底灰於不同pHs時之Frenudlich 吸附容量(5gl-1/0.6-0.3mm/50-3200mgl-1/200C/1hr/180rpm) 149
圖4.28底灰於不同溫度時之Frenudlich 吸附容量(5gl-1/0.6-1.18mm/50-3200mgl-1150/200C/1hr/180rpm) 150
圖4.29乾燥底灰曝露於七個滲出液TOC濃度為318.2 mgl-1錐形瓶中所決定之平衡時間(1.5g/100ml/2-1.18mm/pH7/200C) 154
圖4.30三種底灰不同濃度對滲出液TOC之吸附情形(pH7/200C/1hr/180rpm/mixed ash) 155
圖4.31三種不同底灰粒徑之Freundlich 等溫吸附情形 156
圖4.32三種不同溫度之底灰吸附情形(2g/5-2mm/100ml/30-350mg/l/pH7/1hr) 157
圖4.33三種不同底灰pHs之吸附情形(1.5g/5-2mm/100ml/30-350mg/l TOC/200C/1hr/180rpm) 158
圖4.34底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之pH趨勢，操作停留時間為20天(底灰1:每天加入3克底灰與12克垃圾基質，底灰2: 每天加入6克底灰與12克垃圾基質，控制組1和2:每天只加入12克垃圾基質) 170
圖4.35底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之鹼度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 171
圖4.36底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之揮發酸趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 172
圖4.37底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之總固體物趨勢及所計算之底灰累積量，操作停留時間為20天 173
圖4.38底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之總揮發固體物趨勢及所計算之底灰累積量，操作停留時間為20天 174
圖4.39底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之氣體產量趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 175
圖4.40底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之甲烷含量趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 176
圖4.41底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之總有機碳濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 177
圖4.42底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之總氮濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 178
圖4.43底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化之可溶性Cd濃度及所計算之Cd總含量趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 179
圖4.44底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化量測總固體物中單位乾基基質Cd濃度及所計算與累積量測之總Cd濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 180
圖4.45底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化其可溶性Cr濃度及所計算累積之總Cr濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 181
圖4.46底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化量測總固體物中單位乾基基質Cr濃度及所計算與累積量測之總Cr濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 182
圖4.47底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化其可溶性Cu濃度及所計算累積之總Cu濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 183
圖4.48底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化量測總固體物中單位乾基基質Cu濃度及所計算與累積量測之總Cu濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 184
圖4.49底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化其可溶性Ni濃度及所計算累積之總Ni濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 185
圖4.50底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化量測總固體物中單位乾基基質Ni濃度及所計算與累積量測之總Ni濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 186
圖4.51底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化其可溶性Pb濃度及所計算累積之總Pb濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 187
圖4.52底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化量測總固體物中單位乾基基質Pb濃度及所計算與累積量測之總Pb濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 188
圖4.53底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化其可溶性Zn濃度及所計算累積之總Zn濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 189
圖4.54底灰與垃圾基質共同厭氧消化量測總固體物中單位乾基基質Zn濃度及所計算與累積量測之總Zn濃度趨勢，操作停留時間為20天 190
圖4.55操作固體停留時間20天之pH與氣體產量相關性 201
圖4.56操作固體停留時間20天之鹼度與氣體產量相關性 202
圖4.57操作固體停留時間20天之TOC與氣體產量相關性 203
圖4.58操作固體停留時間20天之揮發酸與氣體產量相關性 204
圖4.59操作固體停留時間20天之鹼度與pH相關性 205
圖4.60操作固體停留時間20天之TOC與揮發酸相關性 206
圖4.61 衛生掩埋場之橫面與立面剖面圖(黃正義，謝錦松; 1988) 209
圖4.62 掩埋場最終飽和之植生綠美化景觀工程示意圖(黃正義，謝錦松; 1988) 210
圖4.63 植栽吸附土壤或鹽類污染物之反應槽示意圖(Aitchison et al., 2000) 212
圖4.64 14C-dioxane 之放射線營養鹽液植物吸收反應槽示意圖(Aitchison et al., 2000) 213
圖4.65初始濃度為4.5mg(23mgL-1)之dioxane 植物去除效率(Aitchison et al., 2000) 214
圖4.66 有機物Log Kow 特性與植物吸收有機物之關係圖(Aitchison et al., 2000) 215
圖4.67 14C-dioxane 之放射線土壤污染植物吸收反應槽示意圖(Aitchison et al., 2000) 216
圖4.68 植栽所可能承受之各種不同環境壓力 218
圖4.69 植栽滲出水與鎘耐受實驗光合作用效用Fv/Fm值 219
圖4.70 植栽滲出水與鎘耐受實驗光合作用效用Fv/Fm值(續) 220
圖4.71 植栽滲出水與鎘耐受實驗光合作用效用Fv/Fm值(續) 221
圖4.72 植栽滲出水與鎘耐受實驗光合作用效用Fv/Fm值(續) 222
圖4.73 植栽滲出水與鎘耐受實驗光合作用效用Fv/Fm值(續) 223

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