臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

論文提要:
奇帕瓦神話變形人物Nanabozho能百變身形，飛天遁地，自由遨遊，不受外在形式及情勢所限，並藉此能力打擊敵人。露薏思.厄翠琪將戲謔的搗蛋鬼負面刻板形象轉化成能力和求生的能源。事實上，奇帕瓦神話中變形搗蛋鬼的社會意義，似乎超過它的宗教儀式性。在談論搗蛋鬼(trickster)在後現代的意義時，維茲諾(Gerald Vizenor)從語言符號的角度解析這傳統故事中的人物時曾指出，搗蛋鬼並非儀式的符號(ritual sign)，而是社群的符號(communal sign)，因為在其喜劇性的論述裡，它儼然是位社會的抗拒者(a social antagonist)。
本論文首先說明露薏思.厄翠琪為何要運用搗蛋鬼作為求生策略，第二章再探討露薏思.厄翠琪《蹤跡》和《愛情靈藥》小說中的人物具傳統搗蛋鬼(trickster)具自我解放、尋求自由特質，在社會文化邊緣尋求政治性的抗爭，在困境求生存。厄翠琪藉歸鄉的母題探討小說主角如何藉著回歸部落、土地、自然、族裔文化認同，以尋回內在平衡並建構族群認同。第三章探討小說主角以說故事的形式傳遞部族歷史，傳續文化，且以幽默呈現部族社群與主流的關係。最後，讀者也加入說故事行列中，融入族群論述。本論文藉用搗蛋鬼論述來說明露薏思.厄翠琪如何在《蹤跡》和《愛情靈藥》中運用Nanabozho的作用與功能，尋求奇帕瓦族人生存與文化的延續。

Abstract
Nanabozho, Chippewa trickster uses his transformational powers to escape from difficult situations and attack his enemies. In Tracks and Love Medicine, by emphasizing her characters’ trickster traits, Erdrich turns stereotypically negative images into sources of strength and survival. In fact, the trickster is not only as an actual figure in the novel but also as a linguistic and stylistic principle. In his discourse upon postmodernism, Gerald Vizenor emphasizes the Native American trickster’s “disembodied in a narrative… a communal sign, a comic holotrope and a discourse” (196). The trickster is not a ritual sign, but a communal sign. Vizenor’s trickster discourse embodies communal and cultural strength through shared codes of meaning. Vizenor sees the trickster as the “social antagonist” to attack the dominant bourgeois worldview.
The first chapter of my thesis focuses to discuss the reason why Louise Erdrich employs tricksters as a survival strategy. In the second chapter, I will analyze Louise Erdrich’s characters that bear important resemblance to Chippewa trickster Nanabozho. By the “homecoming” plot, Erdrich’s work offers a trickster-inspired view of identity that connect to home, family and community. In the third chapter, I aim to demonstrate that Erdrich’s use of a multi-voiced structure is associated with tribal storytelling traditions as well as trickster discourse. Finally, I will focus on the role of readers as the trickster interpreters who participate actively in the process of storytelling. Through Smith’s trickster aesthetic, I try to illustrate how Erdrich attests to the personal and cultural survival of the Chippewa people by tricksters.

Table of Contents
Chapter One Tricksterism as a Survival Strategy:
An Introduction ……. …………………………………….1
Chapter Two Trickster Family:
Comic Transformers and Survivors …………………… 20
Chapter Three Trickster Discourse:
Storytelling, Dialogic, Community .……………………. 43
Chapter Four Reading Trickster/Trickster Reading …………………… 66
Coda …………………………………………………………………………. 85
Works Cited …………………………………………………………………. 95

Works Cited
Allen, Paula Gunn. “’Border’ Studies: The Intersection of Gender and Color.” Introduction to Scholarship in Modern Languages and Literatures. Ed. Joseph Gibaldi. New York: MLA, 1992. 303-319.
---. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986.
Ammons, Elizabeth, and Annette White-Parks, eds. Tricksterism in Turn-of-the-Century American Literature: A Multicultural Perspective. Hanover: UP of New England, 1994.
Ashcroft, Bill, et al. Key Concepts in Post-Colonial Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
Bak, Hans. “Toward a Native American ‘Realism’: The Amphibious Fiction of Louise Erdrich.” Restant XX (1992) 220-146
Bakhtin, M. M. The Dialogic Imagination. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson & Michael Holquist. Texas UP, 1981.
---. Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics. Ed. & Trans. Caryl Emerson. Intro. Wayne C. Booth. Minnesota UP, 1984.
---. Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Vern W. McGee, ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin: UP of Texas , 1986.
Barreca, Regina, ed. New Perspectives on Women and Comedy. Gordon and Breach: University of Connecticut Storrs, 1992.
Barry, Nora, and Mary Prescott. “The Triumph of the Brave: Love Medicine’s Holistic Vision.” Critique 30.2 (winter 1989): 123-38.
Bevis, William. “Native American Novels: Homing In.” Recovering the Word. Eds. Brain Swann and Arnold Krupat. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. 580-618.
Benjamin, Walter. “The Storyteller: Reflections on the Works of Nikolai Leskov.” Illuminations, Trans. Harry Eahn. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. 87.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.
Bird, Gloria. “Searching for Evidence of Colonialism at Work: A Readin of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” Wicazo Sa Review 8.2 (1992): 40-47.
Bonetti, Kay. “Interview with Louise Erdrich and Michael Dorris.” Missouri Review 11.2 (1988): 79-99.
Bowers, Sharon Manybeads. “Louise Erdrich as Nanapush.” New Perspectives on Women and Comedy. Ed. Barreca Regina. Philadelphia: Gordon and Breach, 1992. 135-41.
Brehm, Victoria. “The Metamorphoses of an Ojibwa Manido.” American Literature 68.4 (Dec. 1996): 677-706.
Bruchac, Joseph. “Whatever Is Really Yours: An Interview with Louise Erdrich.” Survival This Way: Interviews with American Indian Poets. Ed. Bruchac Joseph. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1987. 73-86.
Castillo, Susan Perez. “Postmodernism, Native American Literature and the Real: The Silko-Erdrich Controversy.” Massachusetts Review 32.2 (summer 1991): 285-94.
Clayton, Jay. “The Narrative Turn in Recent Minority Fiction.” American Literary History 2 (1990): 375-93.
Coleman, James. “The Quest for Wholeness in Toni Morrison’s Tar Baby.” Black American Literature Forum 20.1-2 (1986): 63-74.
Coltelli, Laura. Winged Words: American Indian Writers Speak. Lincoln: University of Nebraska: Lincoln, 1990.
Cox, Jay. “Dangerous Definitions: Female Tricksters in Contemporary Native American Fiction.” Wicazo Sa Review 5.2 (Fall 1989): 17-21.
Elizabeth Ammons and Annette White-Parks, eds. Tricksterism in Turn-of-the-Century American Literature: A Multicultural Perspective. NH: University Press of New England, 1994.
Erdrich, Louise. The Bingo Palace. New York: Harper Flamingo, 1998.
---. The Love Medicine. New York: Harper Flaming, 1994.
---. Tracks. New York: Harper Flaming, 1994.
---. “Where I Ought To Be.” The New York Times Book Review. (July 28, 1985): Section 7. 23.
Ferguson, Suzanne. “The Short Stories of Louise Erdrich’s Novels.” Studies in Short Fiction 33(1996): 541-55.
Flavin, Louise. “Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine: Loving Over Time and Distance.” Critique 31.1 (1989): 55-64.
Friedman, Susan Stanford. “Identity Politics, Syncretism, and Catholicism and Anishinabe Religion in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” Religion and Literature 26.1 (1994): 107-33.
George, Jan. “Interview with Louise Erdrich.” North Dakota Quarterly 53.2 (1985): 240-46.
Green, Rayna, ed. That’s What She Said: Contemporary Poetry and Fiction by Native American Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
Henderson, Mae G. “Crossing Borders: Exile And Language.” Borders, Boundaries, and Frames: Essays In Cultural Criticism And Cultural Studies. Ed. Mae G. Henderson. New York and London: Routledge, 1995. 1-30.
Hirschkop, Ken. Bakhtin and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchester University Press, 1989.
Hohne, Karen, eds. A Dialogue of Voices: Feminist Literary Theory and Bakhtin. London: University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
Hooks, Bell. Feminist Theory from Margin to Center. Boston: South End Press, 1984.
Iser, Wolfgang. The Implied Reader. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1974.
---. “ The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach.” Reader-Response Criticism from Formalism to Post-Structuralism. Ed. Jane P. Tompkins. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Johansen, Ruthann Knechel. The Narrative Secret of Flannery O’Connor: the Trickster as Interpreter. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994.
Kennedy, J. Gerald. Modern American Short Story Sequences: Composite Fictions and Fictive Communities. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Kolmar, Wendy K. “Dialectics of Connectedness: Supernatural Elements in Novels by Bambara, Cisneros, Grahn, and Erdrich.” Haunting the House of Fiction: Feminist Perspectives on Ghost Stories by American Women. Eds. Lynette Carpenter and Wendy K. Kolmar. Knoxville: UP of Tennessee, 1991. 236-49.
Kroeber, Karl. “Introduction.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 9.1 (1985): 1-4.
Krupat, Arnold. “The Dialogic of Silko’s Storyteller.” Narrative Chance. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 39-54.
---. Ethnocriticism: Ethnography, History, Literature. Berkeley: U of California P, 1992.
---. New Voices in Natives American Literary Criticism. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.
---. The Voice in the Margin: Native American Literature and the Canon. Berkeley: U of California P, 1989.
Larson, Sidner. “The Fragmentation of a Tribal People in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 17.2 (1993): 1-13.
Lincoln, Kenneth. Indi’n Humor: Bicultural Play in Native America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 241-242.
Magalaner, Marvin, “Louise Erdrich: Of Cars, Time and the River.” American Women Writing Fiction: Memory, Identity, Family, Space. Ed. Mickey Pearlman. Lexington, KY: UP of Kentucky, 1989. 95-108.
Ni, Pi-hua. Bakhtinian Thought and thePpolitics in/of Postmodern Fiction: Dialogization and Subversion. Bakhtin, M. M. (Mikhail Mikhailovich): National Taiwan Normal University, 1997.
Momaday, Natachee Scott. Introduction. American Indian Authors. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972.
Oakes, Karen. “Reading Trickster; or, Theoretical Reservations and a Seneca Tale.” Tricksterism in turn-of-the-century American literature: a multicultural perspective. Eds. Elizabeth Ammons and Anne White-Parks. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1994. 137-157.
Owens, Louis, ed. Other Destinies: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman and London: U of Oklahoma P, 1992.
---. “Acts of Recovery: The American Indian Novel in the ‘80s.” Western American Literature. 22.1 (1987): 53-7.
Peterson, Nancy J. “History, Postmodernist, and Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” PMLA 109.5 (1994): 982-94.
Pittman, Barbara L. “Cross-Cultural Reading and Generic Transformations: The Chronotope of the Road in Erdrich’s Love Medicine.” American Literature 67.4 (1995): 777-92.
Radin, Paul. The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology. New York: Schocken, 1956.
Rainwater, Catherine. “Reading between Worlds: Narrativity in the Fiction of Louise Erdrich.” American Literature 62.3 (1990): 405-2.
Ricketts, Mac Linscott. “The North American Indian Trickster.” History of Religions 5.2 (Winter 1996): 327-50.
Ruppert, James. “Mediation and Multiple Narrative in Contemporary Native American Fiction.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 28.2 (1986): 209-225.
---. “Textual Perspectives and the Reader in The Surrounded.” Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 91-100.
Sands, Kathleen. “Review of Love Medicine.” Studies in American Indian Literatures 9.1 (1985): 12-24.
Sayre, Robert F. “Trickster.” North Dakota Quarterly 53.2(Spring 1985):69-81.
Schumacher, Michael. “A Marriage of Minds.” Writer’s Digest. (June 1991): 28-59.
Sergi, Jennifer. “Storytelling: Tradition and Preservation in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” World Literature Today 66.2 (1992): 279-82.
Shaddock, Jennifer. “Mixed Blood Women: The Dynamic of Women’s Relations in the Novels of Louise Erdrich and Leslie Silko.” Feminist Nightmares: Women at Odds: Feminism and the Problem of Sisterhood. Eds. Weisser Susan Ostrov and Fleischner Jennifer. New York: New York UP, 1994. P.405-107.
Silberman, Robert. “Opening the Text: Love Medicine and the Return of the Native American Woman.” Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. 101-120.
Silko, Leslie Marmon. Storyteller. New York: Little Brown and Company, 1981.
Slack, John S. “The Comic Savior: The Dominance of the Trickster in Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine.” North Dakota Quarterly 61:3 (1993): 118-39.
Smith,Jeanne Rosier. “Transpersonal Selfhood: The Boundaries of Identity in Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine.” Studies in American Indian Literature 3.4: 1991, 13-26.
---. Writing Tricksters: Mythic Gambols in American Ethnic Literature. London: University of California Press, 1997.
Tanner, Helen Hornbeck. The Ojibwa. Gen. Ed. Frank W. Porter, Ⅲ. Indians of North America. New York: Chelsea House, 1992.
Tanrisal, Meldan. “Mother and Children Relationships in the Novels of Loiuse Erdrich.” American Studies International 35.3 (1997): 67-79.
Todarov, Tzvetan. Mkihail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
Turnbull, Colin. “Liminality: a synthesis of subjective and objective experience.” By Means of Performance: Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual. Eds. Richard Schechner and Willa Appel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 79-81.
Turner, Victor. “Myth and Symbol.” The International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1968. 576-582.
Vecsey, Christopher. Traditional Ojibwa Religion and Its Historical Changes. Memoirs Series. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1983.
Velie, Alan. “The Trickster Novel.” Narrative Chance. Ed. Gerald Vizenor. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. P121-139.
Vizenor, Gerald. Darkness in Saint Louis Bearheart. Saint Paul: Truck P, 1987.
---. Narrative Chance: Postmodern Discourse on Native American Indian Literatures. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
---. Summer in the Spring. Minneapolis: Nodin P, 1981.
---. The People Named the Chippewa. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
---. The Trickster of Liberty: Tribal Heirs to a Wild Baronage. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1988.
Wiget, Andrew. “His Life in His Tail: The Native American Trickster and the Literature of Possibility.” Redefining American Literary History. Eds. A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff and Jerry W. Ward Jr. New York: MLA, 1990. 83-96.
Winsbro, Bonnie. Supernatural Forces. Amherst: U of Massachusetts Press, 1993.
Wong, Hertha D. “Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine: Narrative Communities and the Short Story Sequence.” Modern American Short Story Sequences: Composite Fictions and Fictive Communities. Ed. Kennedy J. Gerald. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge UP, 1995. 170-93.
Zagarell, Sandra. “Narrative of Community: The Identification of a Genre.” Signs 13.3 (1988): 498-527.