臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究採用樹薯澱粉為試驗材料。以4°胺鹽CHPTAC （3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride）對澱粉進行陽性化反應，探討利用酒精溶液為溶劑時，所進行陽性化反應的最適條件、不同轉化程度對陽性澱粉其理化特性之影響，並探討不同轉化程度陽性澱粉應用在手抄紙工業上對手抄紙質之影響。
在用酒精溶液為溶劑進行陽性化反應的最適條件方面，使用酒精：澱粉：水分＝1：1：1.5的條件下，製作陽性澱粉的最適溫度為46.5∼48℃間，pH值為11.5∼12.0之間，反應時間約5小時，可得到理想陽性澱粉澱粉。
陽性澱粉的顆粒結晶並不會因為陽性化的程度或是反應時間的延長而破壞，仍然保有完整的澱粉外觀與十字複曲折性，同時澱粉顆粒的大小也不受陽性化程度的提高而改變。
不同轉化程度陽性澱粉的尖峰黏度均較天然澱粉高，而最低黏度與最終黏度的結果並沒有規則性的變化，但大部分的陽性澱粉其最低黏度高於天然澱粉。陽性澱粉回凝後，其最終黏度曲線會呈現不規則的鋸齒狀，相對的，天然的樹薯澱粉黏度曲線較為平緩。
陽性化反應後，陽性澱粉的吸熱焓值、糊化起始溫度和尖峰糊化溫度較天然澱粉為低。其中起始糊化溫度與尖峰糊化溫度會因轉化試劑添加量的增加而降低，且隨著陽性試劑添加量的增加，起始糊化溫度下降越明顯，其下降的程度與陽性試劑添加量成明顯負相關。
將陽性澱粉添加於再生紙漿後，可以有效提高紙漿的留存率，增加手抄紙的環壓強度與破裂強度。

In this study, cassava starch was used as test sample which was reacted by CHPTAC （3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride）to form a cationic starch . The objectives of this study were to evaluate the optimal conditions for cationization of cassava starch by using an aqueous alcoholic-alkaline process and the physiochemical properties of cationic starches and its effect on the paper strength of recycled paper by different degree of substitution.
The optimal of reaction temperature for cationization of cassava starch, using an aqueous alcoholic-alkaline process of starch : water ratio ＝ 1:1:1.5,temperature is between 46.5 ~ 48℃, the optimal pH is between 11.5 ~ 12.0, and the optimal reaction time is about 5 hours.
Not only the crystal of kernel of cationic starch were not destroyed by different degree of substitution and extended reaction time, but also the kernel appearance and birefringence of cationic starch were remain intact. More over, the particle size of cationic starch also did not change with increasing the degree of substitution.
Results showed that the cationic starch with different degree of substitution had a higher peak viscosity than native ones. It seams irregular, although the holding strength and final viscosity among all samples were different. Unlike native starch, the viscosity curve of cationic starch after retrogradation had a rather flat line.
The enthalpy (△H), onset temperature (T0) and peak temperature (Tp) of cationic starch were lower than native starch. With the increase 10 cationic agent dosage, onset temperature and peak temperature were decreasing apparentls.
By added cationic starch in recycled pulp, the retention / dewatering and bursting strength of paper were increased but the ring crush were decreased.

圖目錄……………………………………………………………4
表格目錄…………………………………………………………6
中文摘要…………………………………………………………7
Abstract…………………………………………………………8
前言………………………………………………………………10
文獻整理…………………………………………………………12
一、樹薯的介紹…………………………………………………12
二、澱粉在造紙工業上的應用…………………………………16
三、陽性澱粉應用於造紙工業…………………………………23
四、陽性澱粉的製造……………………………………………28
五、陽性澱粉的性質……………………………………………31
材料與方法………………………………………………………33
一、材料：………………………………………………………33
1. 試驗材料…………………………………………………33
2. 試劑………………………………………………………33
二、陽性澱粉的製備……………………………………………33
1. 不同時間條件下製造陽性澱粉…………………………33
2. 不同溫度條件下製造陽性澱粉…………………………33
3. 不同pH條件下製造陽性澱粉…………………………34
4. 不同轉化劑條件下製造陽性澱粉………………………34
三、手抄紙之製備………………………………………………35
四、試驗單元……………………………………………………35
1. 探討不同轉化時間、pH值和反應溫度對所得陽性澱粉的含氮率關係，求得陽性澱粉的最適轉化條件。
2. 探討不同轉化程度對陽性澱粉理化特性之影響。
3. 將不同轉化程度的陽性澱粉應用於再生紙製造上並觀察影響再生紙流變性的關係。
五、實驗架構………………………………………………………36
六、實驗方法………………………………………………………37
結果與討論…………………………………………………………41
一、利用酒精法製作陽性澱粉的最適條件………………………41
二、不同陽性試劑添加量對所得陽性澱粉外觀分析……………43
三、不同陽性試劑添加量對所得陽性澱粉連續糊化黏度之影響.53
四、不同陽性試劑添加量對所得陽性澱粉糊化性質之影響……59
五、不同陽性試劑添加量對所得陽性澱粉糊透光率之影響……62
六、不同陽性試劑添加量對所得陽性澱粉X-射線繞射分析……64
七、不同陽性試劑添加量對所得陽性澱粉DCD-03電荷偵測……68
八、留存率…………………………………………………………71
九、陽性澱粉轉化度與手抄紙的環壓強度………………………73
十、陽性澱粉的轉化度與手抄紙的破裂強度……………………75
十一、不同轉化程度陽性澱粉添加於牛皮紙漿中對手抄牛皮紙力之影響……………………………………………… 80
結論…………………………………………………………………84
參考文獻……………………………………………………………85

中央標準局。CNS13446
蘇裕昌。2000。澱粉在造紙上的應用。漿紙技術 14（1）：1∼12。
蘇裕昌。2000。塗佈助劑。漿紙技術4（2）：1∼11。
陳樺翰。2000。糯性、非糯性及樹薯澱粉經交鍊化後其理化特性之研究。國立中興大學食品科學系碩士論文。
張凱銘。2001。經離心脫水分離之濕磨米穀粉其化學組成與理化特性之探討。國立中興大學食品科學系碩士論文。
盧訓。1991。穀類科學與加工。中興大學教務處。
葉姝蘭。1991。修飾米澱粉反應速率及其物理化學性質之探討。國立台灣大學食品科技研究所碩士論文。
American Association of Cereal Chemists. 1995. Approved Methods of the AACC, 9th ed. Method 08-01 approved April 1961, revised October 1981 and October 1986; Method 30-10 approved April 1961, revised October 1975 and October 1981, reviewed October 1994; Method 44-15A approved October 1975, revised October 1981 and October 1994; Method 46-11A approved October 1976, revised October 1982 and September 1985, reviewed October 1994; Method 76-30A approved 1969, revised November 1972, October 1982, and October 1984, reviewed October 1994. The Association: St. Paul, MN.
Maurer H.W., Kearney R.L.. 1998. Opportunities and challenges for starch in the paper industry. Starch/Starke 50 S.396-402.
BeMiller J.N. 1997. Starch modification: challenges and prospects. Starch/Starke 49,127-131.
Glittenberg D.,Hemmes J.L., and Bergh N.O.. 1994. Cationic starchesin system with high levels of anionic trash. Paper Technol.35, No.7, 18-20, 22, 25-27.
Lepoutre P. 1995. The role of polymeric binders in paper coating. Trends Polym. Sci.3,112-116.
Bello-Perez L.A., Romero-Manilla R., Acapulco, and Paredes-Lopez O. 2000. Preparation and properties of physically modified banana starch prepared by alcoholic-alkaline treatment. Starch/Starke 52 S.154-159.
Bhattacharya , K. R.,1979. Pasting behaviour of rice: A new method of viscography. J. Food Sci. 44,797.
Sriroth K., Piyachomkwan K., Wanlapatit S., Oates C.G.. 2000. Cassava starch technology: the thai experience. Starch/Starke 52. 439-449.
Katayama K., Komae K., Kohyama K., Kato T., Tamiya S., Komaki K. 2002. New sweet potato line having low gelatinization temperature and altered starch structure. Starch/Starke 54,51-57.
Deffenbaugh L.B., Walker C.E. 1989. Comparison of starch pasting properties in the brabender viscoamylograph and the rapid Visco-analyzer. Cereal Chem. 66, 493-499.
Larsson A., Wall S.. 1998. Flocculation of cationic amylopectin starch and colloidal silicic acid. The effect of various kinds of salt. Colloids and Surfaces. 139, 259-270.
Blakeney A.B., Welsh L.A. and Bannon D.R. 1991. Rapid viscometric analysis of rice flour. IRC Newsletter 16, 11-12.
Aggarwal P., dollimore D. 1997. The combustion of starch, cellulose and cationically modified products of these compounds investigated using thermal analysis. Thermochimica Acta 291, 65-72.
Han H.L., Sosulski F.W., Saskatoon. 2000: Cationization of potato and tapioca starches using an aqueous alcoholic-alkaline process. Starch/Starke 50 S. 487-492.
Gerber P.J., Heitmann J.A., Joyce T.W., Buchert J., Siika-aho M. 1999. Adsorption of hemicellulases onto bleached kraft fibers. J.Biotechnology 67, 67-75.
Bobacka V., Eklund D.. 1999. The influence of charge density of cationic starch on dissolved and colloidal material from peroxide bleached thermomechanical pulp. Colloids and Surfaces 152, 285-291.
Rojas O. J., Neuman R. D. 1999. Adsorption of polysaccharide wet-end additives in papermaking systems. Colloids and Surfaces 155, 419-432.
Bjorklund M., Wagberg L. 1995. Flocculation of cellulosic fibers following addition of cationic starch. Colloid and Surfaces 105, 199-209.
Aggarwal P., Dollimore D. 1998. The effect of chemical modification on starch studied using thermal analysis. Thermochimica Acta 324, 1-8.
Khalil M.I., Aly A.A. 2001. Preparation and evaluation of some cationic starch derivatives as flocculants. Starch/Starke 53, 84-89.
Gerber P.J., Heitmann J.A., Joyce T.W., Buchert J., Siika-aho M.. 1999. Adsorption of hemicellulases onto bleached kraft fibers. J. Biotechnology 67, 67-75.
Zheng J.Y.. 2001. Resistant starch derived from extruded corn starch and guar as affected by acid and surfactant: structural characterization. Starch/Starke 53, 582-591.