臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

蜂蜜是養蜂業最重要的產品之一，近年來蜂蜜產品自世界各國進口，其中以泰國為最大宗，然而國內對於國產與泰國進口蜂蜜品質差異的分析研究卻少有報告可供參考。本研究除了以一般傳統物化分析兩者品質及差異外，並以近紅外線光譜技術進行蜂蜜成分的快速定量分析以及來源的鑑別。
本研究以111件涵蓋兩個生產年度之國產及泰國進口蜂蜜樣品為試驗材料。對於蜂蜜物化特性的分析結果顯示，國產及泰國進口蜂蜜樣品在一般組成分分析上差異並不大。兩者主要差異在前者水分含量普遍較高及而後者之澱粉酶活性值較低。若以中國國家標準之等級區分，2001年樣品部分國產蜂蜜與泰國蜜樣品達乙級以上標準者分別佔74及80 %。2000年蜂蜜樣品，國產蜂蜜與泰國蜜樣品不列入等級標準者，則各佔66.67以及81.82 %。
利用近紅外線光譜技術於111件蜂蜜樣品組成份之快速分析上，色澤之L值、a值、b值、可溶性固形物、水活性、水分含量、還原糖、葡萄糖含量等8條檢量線，其R2值分別可達0.93、0.97、0.83、0.95、0.99、0.93、0.85以及0.91，預測效果之相關係數分別為0.93、0.97、0.86、0.95、0.98、0.91、0.87以及0.85，顯示此七條物化分析值之檢量線已可應用於蜂蜜之快速分析上。
蜂蜜樣品之17項物化分析特性進行主成分分析的結果顯示，樣品加入產地及生產年度兩項類別變異，可解釋所有樣品變異之44 %，整體來說，利用類別變異進行蜂蜜樣品主成分分析，可將大部分樣品依生產地區及年度區分開來。
利用蜂蜜之物化特性進行蜂蜜來源的模式鑑別分析時，泰國進口蜂蜜被鑑別錯誤的機率為0 %，而國產蜂蜜被鑑別錯誤的平均機率為10.1 %。近紅外線光譜數據以PCA法及Fisher weight法鑑別蜂蜜來源的結果顯示，國產及泰國進口蜂蜜彼此之間並不會鑑別錯誤，而以正典鑑別分析進行區分時，可利用第一項正典變數CAN1= -2作為區分國產及泰國進口蜂蜜之界限。
有鑒於蜂蜜樣品物化分析值之測定較近紅外線光譜費時，因此利用近紅外線光譜技術分析及鑑別國產及泰國進口蜂蜜為一快速且有效之方法。

Honey is one of the most important products in honey business. Recently honey is imported from different countries in Taiwan. Among them, Thailand-imported honey is the most abundant. However, little information about the difference between the quality of Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey was found in the literature. In this study, physicochemical analyses were used to examine the quality of honey from the two origins, and with Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) to investigate the feasibility of rapid quality analysis and discrimination of the origins of honey.
Totally 111 samples including Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey harvested in year 2000 and 2001 were collected for this study. In the result of physicochemical analysis, the qualities between two regions of honey did not differ much. The major differences between the two regions of honey were that the water contents were higher in Taiwan honey and the diastatic activities were lower in Thailand-imported one. According to the Chinese National Standard (CNS), 74 and 80 % of Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey harvested in year 2001 respectively were of grade B. And 66.67 and 81.82 % of Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey harvested in year 2000 respectively were all below the grades A and B of CNS.
The R2 of NIRS calibration curves of 111 honey samples for Hunter L, a, b, total soluble solids, water activities, moisture contents, reducing sugar and glucose contents were 0.93, 0.97, 0.83, 0.95, 0.99, 0.93 0.85 and 0.91, respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) for prediction of these eight constituents were 0.93, 0.97, 0.86, 0.95, 0.98, 0.91, 0.87 and 0.85, respectively. It showed that these calibration curves could be used for rapidly determining the eight physicochemical characteristics of these honey samples.
Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) with seventeen physicochemical characteristics, PCA with origins and harvested years categories could explain the 44 % variation of total honey samples. Generally speaking, PCA with categories could separate the honey samples with different origins and harvested years.
The pattern recognition analysis with the physicochemical characteristics of honey was applied to classify the origins of honey. The average of error classification of Thailand-imported and Taiwan honey were 0 % and 10.1 % respectively. The results of the pattern recognition analysis with NIR spectra by PCA and fisher weights showed that the average of error classification for both Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey was 0 %. When the canonical discriminant analysis was used in pattern recognition, the first canonical variable (CAN1) could used to discriminate the Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey by CAN1 = -2.
In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that NIRS is a rapid and effective method for quality analysis and discrimination of Taiwan and Thailand-imported honey.

中文摘要………………………………………….……………..……....V
英文摘要………………………………………….……………………VII
圖次…………………………………………….…….………………....IX
表次……………………………………………………………...…...…XI
壹、前言…………………………………………………………………..1
貳、文獻整理…………………………………………………………….4
I. 台灣主要蜜源植物………………………………….……………..4
一、龍眼…………………………………………………………..5
二、荔枝…………………………………………………………..5
II. 蜂蜜之物理化學特性…………………………………...………..6
一、水分…………………………………………………………..6
二、醣類………………………………..…………………………7
三、酸類…………………………..………………………………7
四、其他……………………………………...……………………8
五、蜂蜜之結晶………………………..………………………….8
六、蜂蜜之加工處理與貯藏…………….………………………..9
III. 蜂蜜之應用……………………………….…….……………….9
IV. 近紅外線光譜技術…………………….…….…………………10
一、 分析原理…………………….………….…………………10
二、 近紅外線光譜儀………………………..…………………14
三、 數據處理之方法……………………………..……………18
四、 應用軟體…………………………………………………..18
五、 近紅外線光譜技術於食品分析上之應用………………..21
V. 多變量統計分析…………………………………………………22
一、 主成分分析…………………………………….…………26
二、 線性鑑別分析………………………….…..………..……26
三、 正典鑑別分析………………………….…………………26
參、材料與方法…………………………………….………………….28
I. 試驗材料…………………………………….…….……………..28
一、原料…………………………………………………………28
二、試藥………………………………..…………….…….…….28
II. 試驗設計及流程……………………………………...…………31
III. 試驗方法…………………………………………….….………33
一、 蜂蜜物理化學特性分析…………………….……….……33
(一) 水分含量及可溶性固形物……………………………..33
(二) 糖類分析……………………………………….……….33
(三) 還原糖…………………………………………..………33
(四) 酸度………………………………………….….………34
(五) HMF…………………………………………….……….34
(六) 水活性…………………………………….…………….34
(七) Hunter L、a及b值……………………………….……..35
(八) 灰分………………………………………….….………35
(九) 澱粉酶活性值…………………………………………..35
二、近紅外線光譜分析………………………………….………36
(一) 近紅外線光譜掃描……………………………….……36
(二) 圖譜的處理…………………………………………….36
(三) 檢量線的製備……………………………………….…36
(四) 利用預測組檢測檢量線的預測能力……………….…36
三、統計分析……………………………………………….…..37
肆、結果與討論………………………………………………………..38
I. 蜂蜜物理化學品質分析及等級概況之比較及探討…………….39
一、 國產及泰國進口蜂蜜樣品一般組成差異之探討….……39
(一) 色澤……………………………………………….…….41
(二) 可溶性固形物含量、水活性………………….……….44
(三) 水分含量………………………………………..………44
(四) 酸度……………………………………………..………45
(五) 澱粉酶活性值………………………………….……….45
(六) HMF……………………………………………………..46
(七) 灰分……………………………………….…………….47
(八) 醣類……………………………….……….……………47
二、蜂蜜等級之探討…………………………..…….………….48
(一) 水分含量……………………………….….……………50
(二) 蔗糖含量………………………………………………..50
(三) 還原糖含量………………………………………..……50
(四) 灰分……………………………………………….…….51
(五) 酸度…………………………………………….……….51
(六) 澱粉酶活性值…………………………………………..51
(七) HMF…………………………………………...………...52
三、 蜂蜜樣品各物化分析值相關性之探討…………………..53
II. 利用近紅外線光譜技術於蜂蜜物理化學品質快速分析之探
討...............................................................................................53
一、 掃描光徑之選擇…………………………………..………53
二、 蜂蜜樣品之近紅外線穿透光譜圖………………………..55
三、製作蜂蜜樣品各物化分析值檢量線之探討………….…....58
(一) 檢量線組與預測組樣品的選取…………....……..……58
(二) 檢量線之製作………………………………..…………59
(三) 檢量線之評估指標………………………….…….……62
(四) 建立蜂蜜各物化分析值之檢量線………………….….63
III. 以蜂蜜各物化分析值配合模式鑑別分析區分不同蜂蜜樣品來源之應用……………………………………………………….68
一、利用主成分分析法區分蜂蜜樣品來源……………………..68
二、利用Fisher Weights法配合線性鑑別分析區分蜂蜜來源..70
IV. 以近紅外線光譜技術配合模式鑑別分析區分不同蜂蜜來源之應用…………………………………………………………....74
一、利用主成分分析法處理圖譜鑑別蜂蜜樣品來源…….……74
二、利用Fisher Weights 法配合線性鑑別分析區分蜂蜜來源...76
三、利用CDA鑑別分析進行蜂蜜樣品來源之鑑定…………..79
伍、結論…………………………………………………….….….……84
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………….…..………86
柒、附錄…………………………………………………………………97

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