臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要
寄主與病原菌間的關係乃依據寄主對於病原菌的抗病能力分別發生感病或抗病反應。而過敏性反應 (hypersensitive response) 為寄主受病原菌侵入部位誘導產生壞疽的抗病現象。白藜 (Chenopodium quinoa) 受到大部分的病毒如竹嵌紋病毒 (Bamboo mosaic virus；BaMV-S)、細菌如菜豆細菌性斑點病菌 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain Pss61) 侵入都會發生過敏性反應。為了探討白藜的過敏現象，本論文採用cDNA subtraction 選殖經竹嵌紋病毒接種白藜誘導過敏反應後第三天的相關之表現基因，共得到300株以上的選殖株。從300株以上的選殖株中，再分別以白藜誘導過敏反應與非過敏反應的cDNA為探針，進行differential colony hybridization，選取結果差異較大的61株選殖株進行DNA定序、並與基因庫內核甘酸序列進行比對，顯示有些選殖株含有具高相似度的基因，例如磷生物合成相關基因(phosphonate biosynthesis related mRNA)、似細胞核去氧核酸結合蛋白基因 (hn-RNP like protein)、ACC氧化酵素、phosphoribulokinase (PPK)、離層酸-壓力成熟蛋白 (ABA-Stress ripening protein)、似滲透壓蛋白-Rubisco活化酵素 (osmotin-like protein fusion Rubisco activase) 及硫化物還原蛋白 (thioredoxin) 等，再以北方墨點術確認這些基因在白藜接種竹嵌紋病毒後RNA量的表現情形。本篇論文選擇以含olp (osmotin-like protein) 及rca (Rubisco activase) 之部份cDNA選殖體 (pTA2-9) 作為以下實驗的起始點。cDNA基因片段 (pTA2-9) 內含三個部份：分別與波菜rca (Rubisco activase)、與Atriplex nummularia似滲透壓蛋白基因 (osmotin-like protein pA9) 有高相似度以及在基因庫中無相似序列之未知片段。
以5’及3’ race之結果設計兩個引子得全長白藜olp-4 (osmotin-like protein 4) cDNA。此OLP為致病過程相關蛋白質 (pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins) 第五群 (簡稱為PR-5) 的蛋白質之一，這類蛋白質功能之分歧度很大，分別具有抗真菌能力、甜味、抗凍能力等等。由OLP-4蛋白質的氨基酸3D立體結構顯示此蛋白質可分為Domain I、 Domain II、 Domain III三個部分，由Domain I及Domain II形成裂縫 (cleft) ，含有Glu、Asp之酸性氨基酸以致裂縫 (cleft) 表面形成帶負電荷狀態，依據此類蛋白質在3D立體結構上的預測顯示白藜OLP-4可能具有抗真菌的潛力。為了證實此蛋白質是否具有抑制真菌生長之活性，選擇在大腸桿菌 (Escherichia coli) 中以T7-RNA-dependent ploymerase系統表現融合成熟似滲透壓蛋白 (OLP-f204)。經由IPTG誘導OLP-f204蛋白質合成，得到不溶性包含體 (inclusion body) 蛋白質，經蛋白質變性成為可溶性蛋白質，加入氧化還原態的glutathione幫助OLP-f204重新摺疊，再以thrombin切除融合氨基酸的序列，得到比成熟OLP-4蛋白質多七個氨基酸殘基的蛋白質稱為OLP-204。 OLP—204與Alternaria brassicicola一起培養於0.5X PDB，在22 oC 14小時環境下，具有抑制真菌孢子發芽管生長的生物特性。經南方墨點術確定以單套基因形式存在白藜基因體內。在竹嵌紋病毒誘發白藜產生過敏反應第三天及菜豆細菌性斑點病菌誘發白藜過敏反應第六個小時後， olp mRNA開始有較顯著的累積量，竹嵌紋病毒誘發及菜豆細菌性斑點病菌發生過敏反應相較於同時間對照組olp mRNA之表現，分別增加為1至2.6倍、1.2 至2倍的表現量。追蹤OLP蛋白質在過敏性反應各時期的表現，在竹嵌紋病毒誘發白藜過敏反應第五天及菜豆細菌性斑點病菌誘發白藜過敏反應第四十八個小時後，其蛋白質的累積量分別為同期對照組的1.9及4倍。
此外，也以上述選殖olp基因的方法得到全長白藜rca的cDNA。RCA為光合作用暗反應中，固定二氧化碳的酵素Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxgenase) 的活化子。在白藜由竹嵌紋病毒所誘發的過敏性反應過程中，比較實驗組rca mRNA的表現量為同期之對照組表現量之0.95至0.63倍，但在菜豆細菌性斑點病菌所誘發的過敏性反應過程中，其mRNA的表現量於第6-9小時後開始有顯著下降的趨勢，比較實驗組與同期之對照組rca mRNA的表現量的0.98至0.55倍。經南方墨點術確定以單套基因形式存在白藜基因體內。為了確定rca 的cDNA衍生氨基酸序列為RCA蛋白，將rca cDNA (移去前面58個可轉譯為葉綠體訊號之氨基酸序列) 構築於蛋白質表現載體pT7-7 (文中稱為pT7-7-RCA) ，以大腸桿菌T7-RNA-dependent ploymerase系統表現出相當於植物存在葉綠體中RCA蛋白質的S isoform，經西方墨點術證實rca cDNA之轉譯產物可被水稻的RCA抗體辨識。

Abstract
The partial cDNA fragments, were selected by cDNA subtraction method from the Chenopodium quinoa leaf tissues under the hypersensitive response treatment induced by Bamboo mosaic virus-S (BaMV-S) after 3 days infection, and were obtained for more than 300 colonies. The 61 colonies were selected by significant differential signal between hypersensitive response treatment and non-hypersensitive response treatment cDNA probe by using colony hybridization, sequencing and alignment using NCBI program. They are highly homologous with phosphonate biosynthesis related mRNA, hn-RNP like protein, ACC oxidase, phosphoribulokinase (PPK), ABA-Stress ripening protein, Rubisco activase-osmotin-like protein and thioredoxin gene. The pTA2-9 was selected for further study, base on the increasing of its mRNA expression in hypersensitive response. The cDNA insert in pTA2-9 includes four cDNA fragments, including two-unknown genes, the rca (rubisco activase) and olp (osmotin-like protein) genes.
The 5’and 3’ ends of the osmotin-like protein gene primers are designed from the partial pTA2-9 cDNA sequence. The olp (osmotin-like protein) cDNA were cloned by PCR fragment construction. OLP amino acid sequence is highly homologous with PR-5 protein. The PR-5 contributes a group of unique proteins with diverse functions, including antifungal activity, sweet taste and anti-freeze activity. The prediction of tertiary structure of OLP was composed of domain I、domain II and domain III. The negative charged surface cleft that was presented in domain I and II was common motif with antifungal activity in PR-5 protein. The cDNA region that corresponded to putative mature protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and cDNA encoded protein was purified to investigate the effect of OLP on the inhibition of fungal germ tube growth. The bacterially expressed OLP-204 in E. coil was designated as OLP-f204. The OLP-f204 was induced by IPTG as an insoluble protein (inclusion body), made it denature form become soluble protein by urea treatment, and refolded by glutathione. The refolded OLP-f204 removed the N-terminal fragment containing 6x His was called OLP-204. OLP-204 retained its biological activity base on the inhibition of antifungal germ tube growth. According to the result of Northern assay, the olp mRNA expression was enhanced after third days and sixth hrs of hypersensitive response to C. quinoa induced respectively by BMV and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain Pss61. The olp gene is a single copy in genomic DNA according to Southern assay. The OLP level is enhanced in the sixth days and forty-eighth hrs of C. quinoa induced respectively by BMV and P. syringe pv. syringe strain Pss61 base on Western assay.
The full-length cDNA, RCAF2 that encodes the rca (Rubisco activase) was isolated from leaf tissues of C. quinoa using 5’ and 3’ race-PCR cloning. The RCA is an activator of rubisco (ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxgenase) that is a key enzyme of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. The rca gene is a single copy in genomic DNA according to Southern assay. The Northern assay showed that the rca mRNA expression of C. quinoa started to decline 6-9 hr after the HR (hypersensitive response) to P. s. pv. syringae strain Pss61 infection but no significant difference in rca mRNA expression after HR to BaMV. The RCA protein has been detected to exist L, S isoform (large and small isoform) in C. quinoa.

目 錄
中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
背景說明與重要性------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
第壹章、利用cDNA subtraction 選殖白藜經竹嵌紋病毒 (Bamboo mosaic virus) 接種後第三天誘導產生過敏反應相關之基因
摘要-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
前言--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
材料與方法
植物材料之製備------------------------------------------------------------ 24
竹嵌紋病毒之接種--------------------------------------------------------- 24
重組DNA之技術---------------------------------------------------------- 24
全RNA的萃取------------------------------------------------------------- 24
poly(A)RNA之純化------------------------------------------------------- 25
Subtracted cDNA之選殖------------------------------------------------- 25
北方轉漬-------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
結果與討論----------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
參考文獻--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
第貳章、似滲透壓蛋白(OLP)與白藜過敏性反應間的研究
摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
前言--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
材料與方法
菜豆細菌性斑點病菌Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain Pss61的接種----------------------------------------------------------------- 40
全RNA的萃取-------------------------------------------------------------- 40
poly(A)核酸的分離---------------------------------------------------------- 40
5’ 及3’ race 選殖olp的cDNA選殖株-------------------------------- 41
基因體轉漬分析------------------------------------------------------------- 42
利用T7 RNA polymerase dependent系統表現OLP-f204蛋白----- 43
融合蛋白質OLP-f204 之純化-------------------------------------------- 43
融合蛋白質OLP-f204之重新摺疊及切割----------------------------- 44
抑制真菌Alternaria brassicicola孢子發芽管生長的分析----------- 44
OLP-f204蛋白質之抗血清的製備-------------------------------------- 45
西方墨點術------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
阿拉伯芥的轉殖------------------------------------------------------------- 46
結果
全長OLP (似滲透壓蛋白質) cDNA基因的構築及定序---------- -- 48
olp-4以單套基因形式存在基因組--------------------------------------- 48
白蔾受竹嵌紋病毒、菜豆細菌性斑點病菌所誘發過敏性反應中，olp-4 mRNA的表現---------------------------------------------------------- 48
白蔾受竹嵌紋病毒、菜豆細菌性斑點病菌所誘發過敏性反應中，OLP-4蛋白質的表現-------------------------------------------------------- 48
OLP-4之3D立體結構------------------------------------------------------ 49
大腸桿菌系統表現OLP-f204蛋白質------------------------------------ 49
OLP-204蛋白質抗真菌的活性分析-------------------------------------- 50
轉殖植物阿拉伯芥的抗病表現-------------------------------------------- 50
討論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
參考文獻--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
第參章、白藜的Rubisco activase基因之選殖與特性分析
摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
前言--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
材料與方法
5’ 及3’ race 選殖RCA的cDNA選殖株------------------------------- 64
利用T7 RNA polymerase dependent系統表現RCA蛋白------------ 65
3’ rca cDNA片段之增幅及偵測------------------------------------------ 65
結果
rca (C. quinoa Rubisco activase) cDNA基因的構築及定序---------- 68
rca以單套基因形式存在基因組------------------------------------------ 68
白藜受竹嵌紋病毒及菜豆細菌性斑點菌誘發白蔾過敏性反應環境下，rca mRNA的表現--------------------------------------------------- 68
白藜竹嵌紋病毒、菜豆細菌性斑點病菌誘發白蔾過敏性反應環境下RCA蛋白質的表現------------------------------------------------------ 68
RCAF2片段所轉譯之成熟RCA蛋白質為S isoform----------------- 69
由偵測到兩段不同大小之3’ rca cDNA，證實白藜確實有L、S 兩種isoform的存在------------------------------------------------------------ 69
討論--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70
參考文獻--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 72
圖表--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 74

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