臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究觀察12個野生種及1個栽培種之花生屬（Arachis）植物，以掃描式電子顯微鏡分別就種子與花粉的外部形態及表面構造進行觀察比較，探討物種間的特徵差異，茲將所得結果摘述如下：
栽培種種子體積明顯大於野生種種子。依種皮的表面構造可將所觀察的物種分為七類。第Ⅰ類：不規則網目型（rugose-reticulate），有A. duranensis及A. cardenasii；第Ⅱ類：雙重網目a型（double-reticulate-a），有A. batizocoi、 A. correntina、 A. spegazzinii、 A. monticola 及A. paraquariensis；第Ⅲ類：雙重網目b型（double-reticulate-b），有A. villosa及A. chacoense；第Ⅳ類：皿狀網目型（dish-reticulate），有A. stenosperma；第Ⅴ類：不規則網目突起b型（rugose-reticulate-process-b），有A. hypogaea cv. TN11；第Ⅵ類：網目突起型（reticulate-process），有A. rigonii，及第Ⅶ類：網目型（reticulate），有A. pusilla。雖所觀察的物種之種皮表面構造全屬網目型，屬上述分型中同一型者其細部構造卻又明顯不同；節（section）間、種（species）間的差異明顯，例如A. pusilla單獨屬於 Triseminalae節，其種皮表面構造與其他物種呈現不同的型式。在A. hypogea cv. TN11方面，可能由於栽培馴化的關係，種皮變得較為平滑。由此判斷在花生屬內種皮表面構造可作為種的識別依據。
所觀察之花粉粒特徵為單粒，三溝粒（3-colpate）；赤道面形狀主要為縱橢圓形（prolate）；花粉粒大小為長26-37μm，寬16-23μm。外壁雕紋主要為細網狀紋（fine reticulum），依NPC分類法，所有花粉之外部形態皆屬343型。由於所觀察物種間並無顯著差異，故不適合以花粉形態特徵作為本研究所觀察花生屬物種之判別依據。

Seed morphology, seed coat surface structure and pollen morphology of 12 wild and 1 cultivated Arachis species were studied with optic and scanning electron microscope.
Based on the seed coat surface structure, these 13 species could be classified into 7 groups--they are rugose-reticulate, double-reticulate-a, double-reticulate-b, dish-reticulate, rugose-reticulate-process-b, reticulate-process and reticulate. Though these 7 groups all belong to reticulate patterns, the detailed structure is quite different in each group. For example, A. pusilla belonging to section Triseminalae, has an unique seed coat surface pattern of reticulate which is different from other species, As for the cultivated species TN11, the pattern is smoother than any other species. The surface structure appears to be a helpful criterion for the species identification.
The pollen morphology of the 13 species in the study is mainly characterized by tricolpate and monad pollen grains. Their equatorial views range from subprolate, prolate to perprolate. Their size range from 26-37μm in length and 16-23μm in width. The exine pattern is fine reticulum. Based on the NPC classifying, the pollen morphology is type 343. The overall variation in Arachis species examined is not significantly different, making pollen morphology a poor criterion for identifying particular species of this genus introduced into Taiwan.

前 言…………………………………………1
前人研究…………………………………………3
材料與方法………………………………………10
結 果…………………………………………19
討 論…………………………………………51
中文摘要…………………………………………55
英文摘要…………………………………………57
參考文獻…………………………………………58

王仁禮、徐國士。1972。花粉學。中山科學大辭典 第八冊 植物學第六篇。pp. 297-344。台灣商務印書館，台北。
岩波洋造。1980。花粉學。pp.1-212。講談社。日本東京。
笠原安夫。1976。走查電子顯微鏡で見た雜草種實の造形。pp.1-130。養賢堂。日本東京。
陳志雄。1996。台灣產龍膽屬的分類研究。國立台灣師範大學生物研究所碩士論文。台北。
陳又君。1998。台灣產鴨跖草的分類研究。國立台灣師範大學生物研究所碩士論文。台北。
許涵雅。2000。台灣產茄科植物之孢粉學研究。國立中興大學植物學研究所碩士論文。台中。
黃敦友。1973。應用花粉學。中國石油學會。台北。
黃增泉。1983。高等植物分類學原理。Pp.387-436。國立編譯館。台北。
黃惠娟、曹文隆、楊金興、蔡志濃。1996。引進落花生野生種原之特性評估。中華農藝研究45（1）：15-25。
葉茂生。1986。菜豆、紅豆、綠豆與豇豆之種皮表面構造的差異。中華農學會報 新136：46-54。
葉茂生。1987a。大豆屬種子外部形態與種皮表面構造之比較研究。農林學報 36（1）：1-14。
葉茂生。1987b。豆類種皮表面構造之研究。I. 菜豆族除菜豆、豇豆與大豆屬外的重要豆類。農林學報 36（2）：33-46。
幾瀨一郎。1956。日本植物の花粉。廣川書店。日本東京。
劉啟東。1998。台灣豇豆屬物種間親緣關係之研究。國立中興大學農藝學研究所博士論文。台中。
Adams, R. J. and M. V. Smith. 1977. Scanning electron and light microscope studies of pollens of some Leguminosae. J. Apicul. Res. 16：99-106.
Argue, C. L. 1980. Pollen morphology in the Mimulus（Scrophulariaceae）and its taxonomic significance. Amer. J. Bot. 67（1）:68-87.
Bragg, L. H. 1982. An SEM comparison of the seed coats of Prosopis glandulosa and P. pallida. Scanning Electron Microsc. I：213-219.
Bragg, L. H. 1983. Seed coats of some Lupinus species. Scanning Electron Microsc.Ⅳ：1739-1745.
Bridges, T. L. and L. H. Bragg. 1983. Seed coat comparisons of representatives of the subfamily Papilionoideae （Leguminosae）. Scanning Electron Microsc.Ⅳ：1731-1737.
Canright, J. E. 1952. The comparative morphology and relationships of the Magnoliaceae. Amer. J. Bot. 39 : 484-497.
Chandran K. and S. M. Pandya. 2000. Morphological characterization of Arachis species of section Arachis. The Plant Gene. Res. Newsl. 121：38-41.
Chen, S. J. and T. C. Huang 1993. Pollen morphology of the tribe Desmodieae（Leguminosae）in Taiwan. Taiwania 38 : 67-89.
Erdtman, G. 1952. Pollen morphology and Plant Taxonomy-Angiosperm.（An Introduction to Palynology I）. p.533. Almqv. ＆ Wiks., Stockholm.
Gutjahr, C. C. M. 1980. Palynology and its application in petroleum exploration. Trans. Gulf Coast. Assoc. Geol. Soc. 10：175-184.
Hammons, R. O. 1970. Registration of Spancross peanuts. Crop Sci. 10：459.
Hsiao L. C. and C. S. Kuoh. 1995. Pollen morphology of the Ipomoea（Convolvulaceae）in Taiwan. Taiwania 40（3）: 299-316.
Hsieh, T. H. and T. C. Huang. 1995a. Notes on the Flora of Taiwan（19）－Paraphlomis formosana（Hay.）Hsieh ＆ Huang, Comb. Nov. （Lamiaceae）. Taiwania 40（1）:13-19.
Hsieh, T. H. and T. C. Huang. 1995b. Notes on the Flora of Taiwan（20）－Scutellaria（Lamiaceae）. Taiwania 40（1）: 35-56.
Hsieh, T. H. and T. C. Huang. 1995c. Notes on the Flora of Taiwan（22）－The genus Ajuga L. （Lamiaceae）.. Taiwania 40（2）: 157-172.
Huang, T. C. 1972. Pollen Flora of Taiwan. Bot. Dept. Press, Natl. Taiwan Univ., Taipei.
Hyde, H. A. and D. W. Williams. 1944. Right word. Pollen Anal. Circ. 8：6.
Krapovickas, A. and W. C. Gregory. 1994. Taxonomy of the genus Arachis（Leguminosae）. Bonplandia（Corrienties）81：1-186.
Lin, H. W. and T. C. Huang. 1999. A polynological study of genus Crotalaria L.（Leguminosae）in Taiwan. Taiwania 44（3）：384-403.
Newell, L. A. and T. Hymowitz. 1978. Seed coat variation in Glycine Willd. subgenus Glycine （Leguminosae） by SEM. Brittonia 30：76-88.
Pérez-Muñoz, C. A., J. A. Jernstedt, and B. D. Webster. 1993a. Pollen wall development in Vigna vexillata I. Characterization of wall layers. Amer. J. Bot. 80：1183-1192.
Pérez-Muñoz, C. A., J. A. Jernstedt, and B. D. Webster. 1993b. Pollen wall development in Vigna vexillata II. Ultrastructural studies. Amer. J. Bot. 80：1193-1202.
Rajendra, B. R., K. A. Mujee, and L. S. Bates. 1979. Genetic analysis of seed-coat types in interspecific Vigna hybrids via SEM. J. Hered. 70：245-249.
Sharma, S. K., C. R. Babu, B. M. Johri, and A. Hepworth. 1977. SEM studies on seed coat patterns in Phaseolus mungo-radiatas-sublobatus complex. Phytomorphology 27：106-111.
Shih, B. L., Y. P. Yang, and H. Y. Liu. 1995. A revision on Pilea, Lecanthus, Procris（Urticaceae）of Taiwan. Taiwania 40（3）:256-290.
Smartt, J. and H. T. Stalker. 1982. Speciation and cytogenetics in Arachis. In. Pattee, H. E. and C. T. Young.（eds.）Peanut science and technology. Pp21-49. Am. Peanut Res. And Edu. Soc. Yoakum, TX.
Smartt, T., W. C. Gregory, and M. P. Gregory. 1978. The genomes of Arachis hypogaea L. 1. Cytogenetic studies of putative genome donors. Euphytica 27：655-675.
Stainier, F. and F. Horvat. 1978. Létude de léxine dans le complexe Phaseplus-Vigna et dans genres apparentes. I. Pollen et Spores 20：195-214.
Trivedi, B. S., G. D. Bagchi, and U. Bajpai. 1978a. Scanning electron mocroscopic studies on spermoderm of Sesbania Scop. （Leguminosae）. Current Sci. 47：599-600.
Trivedi, B. S., G. D. Bagchi, and U. Bajpai. 1978b. Spermoderm pattern in some texa of Vicieae （Papilionatae Leguminosae）. Phytomorphology 28：405-410.
Trivedi, B. S., G. D. Bagchi, and U. Bajpai. 1979. Scanning electron mocroscopic studies on spermoderm of some Mimosoideae （Leguminosae）. Phytomorphology 29：211-218.
Wolf, W. J. and F. L. Baker. 1972. Scanning electron microscopy of soybean. Cereal Sci. Today 17：124-130.
Wolf, W. J., F. L. Baker, and R. L. Bernard. 1981. Soybean seedcoat structure features：pits, deposits, cracks. Scanning Electron Microsc. Ⅱ：531-544.
Yaklich, R. W., E. L. Vigil, and W. P. Wergin. 1984. Scanning electron microscopy of soybean seed coat. Scanning Electron Microsc. Ⅱ：991-1000.
Yeh, M. S. 1984. Comparative Studies on Seeds, Seedlings and Chromosomes in Leguminosae. Dr.（Agr.）. Thesis. Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture. Tokyo.
Yeh, M. S., F. Maekawa, and H. Yuasa. 1983. Studies on Seed Morphology and Its Taxonomic Significance in The Tribe Phaseoleae （Leguminosae）. Res. Inst. Evolut. Biol. Sci. Rep. 2: 1-20.