臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

有效率的聲音訊息傳遞系統在蛙類的生殖成功率上扮演重要的角色。大部分的蛙類都發展出優良的聲音訊息傳遞系統，雄蛙以鳴叫方式來宣告自己所佔有的領域和吸引雌蛙主動接近以形成配對。本實驗收集並分析南仁山地區之莫氏樹蛙(Rhacophorus moltrechti)族群的雄性宣告叫聲，莫氏樹蛙宣告叫聲由慢速段落及快速段落組成。雄性個體內的叫聲特質如：叫聲長度、慢速段落及快速段落的節數有很大的變異；而慢速段落及快速段落的基礎頻率則變異程度較小。為了瞭解莫氏樹蛙雄蛙宣告叫聲結構與雌蛙選擇之關係，我設計兩組聲音刺激，以回播實驗來研究雌蛙對於雄蛙宣告叫聲的辨識及偏好。結果顯示：在以噪音與不同宣告叫聲配對的實驗中，大部分的雌蛙會選擇慢速段落及慢速段落的第一小節，但選擇快速段落的雌蛙數目與選擇噪音的雌蛙數目並無顯著差異。此外，宣告叫聲中帶有正常節數的快速段落比節數較少的快速段落對雌蛙更具有吸引力。但是，快速段落過長的宣告叫聲並不能顯著地引起雌蛙偏好。上述結果顯示莫氏樹蛙雄蛙宣告叫聲中之慢速段落的第一小節能提供雌蛙作為同種辨識的訊息，且緊接在後的快速段落能加強雌蛙趨向聲源的反應。

Effective acoustic communication system plays an important role in reproductive success of anurans. Generally, male frogs produce advertisement calls to attract females, and females make a choice to mate. I collected and analyzed the male advertisement calls of Rhacophorus moltrechti from Nanjenshan Reserve, Taiwan. The male advertisement calls are composed of a slow phase with low pulse repetition rate and a fast phase consisting of 0-10 notes. The call duration and the numbers of notes in the slow and the fast phases are highly variable, however, the fundamental frequencies of the slow and the fast phases are more static. In order to understand the male call structures functioning for female recognition and female preference, I used two-choice playback experiments with two sets of sound stimuli to investigate the female responses by. The results showed that majority of the females selected the slow phase call and the leading note of slow phase call rather than the noise. The numbers of females responded to the fast phase alone were not significantly different from those responded to the noise. Furthermore, calls with normal fast phase are more attractive to the females than those with shorter fast phase. However, calls with longer than normal fast phase did not increase the attractiveness to the females. These results suggest the leading note of slow phase in the advertisement call contains the information for conspecific recognition and the fast phase attaching to the slow phase enhances the female phonotactic responses.

CONTENTS
CHINESE ABSTRACT......I
ENGLISH ABSTRACT......Ⅱ
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Ⅲ
LIST OF TABLES......Ⅵ
LIST OF FIGURES......Ⅶ
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION......1
1.1 Sexual selection......1
1.2 Mating involves male display and female choice in many animal species......1
1.3 Anuran mating......2
1.4 Previous anuran studies for male call and female choice......4
1.5 Acoustic properties and preference......6
1.6 Previous studies in Rhacophorus moltrechti......7
1.7 Purpose......8
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS......10
2.1 Study animal......10
2.2 Vocalization collection, analysis and synthesis......11
2.3 Experimental design......11
2.4 Experimental setups......12
2.5 Experimental protocols......12
2.6 Statistical analyses......13
3. RESULTS......16
3.1 Static and dynamic properties of
Advertisement calls of Rhacophorus moltrechti......16
3.2 Phonotactic responses of female......16
3.3 Call structures for species recognition......17
3.4 Call structures preferred by the females......17
4. DISCUSSION......18
4.1 Static and dynamic properties of advertisement call of Rhacophorus moltrechti......18
4.2 Call structures for species recognition......19
4.3 Call structures for female preferences......20
4.4 Improving anuran female choice experiments in the future......22
REFERENCES......24
TABLE1......28
FIGURE1~8......29
APPENDLIX I......37
APPENDLIX II......38

Andersson, M. B. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bosch, J., Rand, A. S. & Ryan, M. J. 2000. Signal variation and call preferences for whine frequency in the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 62-66.
Castellano, S. & Giacoma, C. 1998. Stabilizing and directional female choice for male calls in the European green toad. Animal Behaviour, 56, 275-287.
Censky, E. J. 1997. Female mate choice in the non-territorial lizard Ameiva plei (Teiidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 40, 221-225.
Chuang, M. -H. 2000. Daily pattern, call properties, and energy cost in vocalization of Moltrecht's tree frog, Rhacophorus moltrechti. Department of Biology. Tainan, Taiwan National Cheng Kung University.
Doty, G. V. & Welch, A. M. 2001. Advertisement call duration indicates good genes for offspring feeding rate in gray treefrogs (Hyla versicolor). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 150-156.
Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. 1986. Biology of amphibians. New York: McGraw Hill.
Gentner, T. Q. & Hulse, S. H. 2000. Female European starling preference and choice for variation in conspecific male song. Animal Behaviour, 59, 443-458.
Gerhardt, H. C. 1978. Temperature coupling in vocal communication system of gray treefrog, Hyla versicolor. Science, 199, 992-994.
Gerhardt, H. C. 1991. Female mate choice in tree frogs: static and dynamic acoustic criteria. Animal Behaviour, 42, 615-635.
Gerhardt, H. C., Dyson, M. L. & Tanner, S. D. 1996. Dynamic properties of the advertisement calls of gray treefrogs: Patterns of variability and female choice. Behavioral Ecology, 7, 7-18.
Gerhardt, H. C. & Klump, G. M. 1988. Masking of acoustic signals by the chorus background noise in the green treefrog: a limitation on mate choice. Animal Behaviour, 36, 1247-1249.
Gerhardt, H. C., Tanner, S. D., Corrigan, C. M. & Walton, H. C. 2000. Female preference functions based on call duration in the gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor). Behavioral Ecology, 11, 663-669.
Kime, N. M., Rand, A. S., Kapfer, M. & Ryan, M. J. 1998. Consistency of female choice in the túngara frog: a permissive preference for complex characters. Animal Behaviour, 55, 641-649.
Kuramoto, M. 1986. Call structure of the Rhacophorid frogs from Taiwan. Scientific Report of the Laboratory for Amphibian Biology, Hiroshima University, 8, 45-68.
Morris, M. R. 1991. Female choice of large males in the treefrog Hyla ebraccata. Journal of Zoology, 223, 371-378.
Murphy, C. G. & Gerhardt, H. C. 1996. Evaluating the design of mate-choice experiments: The effect of amplexus on mate choice by female barking treefrogs, Hyla gratiosa. Animal Behaviour, 51, 881-890.
Murphy, C. G. & Gerhardt, H. C. 2000. Mating preference functions of individual female barking treefrogs, Hyla gratiosa, for two properties of male advertisement calls. Evolution, 54, 660-669.
Navas, C. A. 1996. The effect of temperature on the vocal activity of tropical anurans: A comparison of high and low elevation species. Journal of Herpetology, 30, 488-497.
Poole, J. H. 1999. Signals and assessment in African elephants: evidence from playback experiments. Animal Behaviour, 58, 185-193.
Ryan, M. J. 1980. Female mate choice in a Neotropical frog. Science, 209, 523-525.
Schwartz, J. J. 1987. The function of call alternation in anuran amphibians: a test of three hypotheses. Evolution, 41, 461-471.
Schwartz, J. J. 1991. Why stop calling: a study of unison bout singing in a Neotropical treefrog. Animal Behaviour, 42, 565-577.
Schwartz, J. J., Buchanan, B. W. & Gerhardt, H. C. 2001. Female mate choice in the gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) in three experimental environments. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 49, 443-455.
Snedden, W. A. & Greenfield, M. D. 1998. Females prefer leading males: relative call timing and sexual selection in katydid choruses. Animal Behaviour, 56, 1091-1098.
Stebbins, R. C. & Cohen, N. W. 1997. A natural history of amphibians. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wagner, W. E. & Reiser, M. G. 2000. The importance of calling song and courtship song in female mate choice in the variable field cricket. Animal Behaviour, 59, 1219-1226.
Wagner, W. E. & Sullivan, B. K. 1995. Sexual selection in Gulf Coast toad, Bufo valliceps, female choice based on variable characters. Animal Behaviour, 49, 305-319.
Watt, P. J., Shohet, A. J. & Renshaw, K. 2001. Female choice for good genes and sex-biased broods in guppies. Journal of Fish Biology, 59, 843-850.
Wen, H.-S. 2001. The reproductive ecology of Moltrecht's treefrog (Rhacophorus moltrechti) at Pu-Lo-Wan in Taroko National Park. Graduate Institute of Nature Resource. Whalan, Taiwan National Dong Hwa University.
Wilczynski, W., Rand, A. S. & Ryan, M. J. 1995. The processing of spectral cues by the call analysis system of the túngara Frog, Physalaemus pustulosus. Animal Behaviour, 49, 911-929.
Wilczynski, W., Rand, A. S. & Ryan, M. J. 1999. Female preferences for temporal order of call components in the túngara frog: a Bayesian analysis. Animal Behaviour, 58, 841-851.
Wollerman, L. 1998. Stabilizing and directional preferences of female Hyla ebraccata for calls differing in static properties. Animal Behaviour, 55, 1619-1630.
Yang, Y.-J. 1998. A field guide to the frogs and toads of Taiwan. Taipei: Chinese Society of Natural Photography.
Yeh, W.-S. 1997. Phylogeographic structure of Rhacophorus moltrechti. Department & Institute of Zoology. Taipei, Taiwan National Taiwan University.