臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
臺灣中部橫貫公路由南勢至太魯閣間之低度變質泥岩曾遭受沸石相至綠色片岩相變質變形作用，局部有多次變形作用，其中變質泥岩帶(伊萊石結晶度值)涵蓋晚成岩帶至淺變質帶。本研究以Ｘ光粉末繞射和掃瞄式電子顯微鏡等方法，進行礦物相、岩象與礦物化學之分析，以探討中部橫貫公路南勢至綠水沿線低度變質泥岩於前進變質過程中之礦物轉變。
Ｘ光粉末繞射顯示鈉雲母存在的變質泥岩帶主要為低近變質帶至淺變質帶，範圍頗廣，證明鈉雲母等變質度線在中部橫貫公路並不適用，且其分佈並非僅限於玉里變質帶。高嶺石在進入淺變質帶後便完全消失，葉蠟石與透閃石則主要集中在淺變質帶，對於綠色片岩變質相有重要的指標意義，本研究證明德基—佳陽新村一帶佳陽層之變質泥岩亦含有葉蠟石，使先前所定義的葉蠟石等變質度線得以向東推至佳陽新村，可完整地反映出青山－佳陽之綠色片岩相。達見砂岩含有黑雲母，證明其變質溫度已達400°C以上。
掃瞄式電子顯微鏡岩象顯示隨著變質度增加，基質綠泥石與白雲母晶界從長條蠕蟲狀，經由粗短化、清晰化到平直板狀化，最後形成片岩區之粗粒板狀之連結晶粒；綠泥石－白雲母晶架則由長板狀開始，受機械式旋轉、解理面及晶界滑移和壓溶截切等作用，逐漸粗短化，最後受強烈再結晶作用，至片岩區已完全轉變為劈理的一部份，此項過程伴隨著劈理領域形態之發育和礦物成份均勻化逐步演化。
再結晶作用和劈理發育程度強烈之泥質岩的礦物化學成份和伊萊石結晶度呈現四個特點：(1)韌性剪切帶之基質綠泥石的八面體空位相對於前進變質趨勢偏高；(2)高應變帶板岩之白雲母成份常為近乎白雲母端成份；(3)高應變帶板岩中之晶架白雲母及基質綠泥石與白雲母之八面體Mg＋Fe2+含量明顯偏低；(4)高應變帶泥質岩均屬伊萊石結晶度佳之淺變質帶，優於變質度較高之片岩和年代較老之達見砂岩。上述綠泥石與白雲母之礦物化學轉變與伊萊石結晶度及構造劈理的發育皆有明顯的關聯性，顯示中部橫貫公路沿線低度變質泥岩之礦物化學和伊萊石結晶度受構造應力和微組構發育的影響。象徵變質溫度較高之黑雲母的出現於達見砂岩和片岩，而非生成於結晶度遠較為優及再結晶程度較高之佳陽層，也證明泥質岩低度變質作用深受構造應力影響，並非只受控於變質溫度。

目錄
第一章、緒論 1
第二章、地質背景 8
一、 中部橫貫公路西段南勢至梨山剖面 8
二、 中部橫貫公路東段梨山至綠水剖面 10
第三章、研究方法 16
一、 標本採樣 16
二、 Ｘ光粉晶繞射儀特徵礦物分析 16
三、 掃瞄式電子顯微鏡岩象及礦物相分析 18
四、 Ｘ光能量分散光譜儀礦物化學分析 18
第四章、結果 21
4-1 礦物組合 21
4-1-1 XRD及SEM分析結果21
4-1-2 特徵礦物於中部橫貫公路之分佈 26
4-2 岩象 31
4-2-1 晚成岩帶之微組構特徵31
4-2-2 低近變質帶之微組構特徵 32
4-2-3 高近變質帶之微組構特徵 33
4-2-4 淺變質帶之微組構特徵 34
4-3 礦物化學 38
第五章、討論 45
5-1礦物相轉變45
一、 高嶺石(kaolinite) 45
二、 葉蠟石(pyrophyllite)46
三、 鈉雲母(paragonite) 52
四、 黑雲母(biotite) 57
五、 透閃石(tremolite)59
5-2 礦物化學之變化 59
5-3 結晶╱再結晶作用61
第六章、結論 63
參考文獻 64
照片 83

表目錄
表一、中部橫貫公路不同區段其所屬之地層年代與變質相、伊利石及
綠泥石結晶度值範圍和變質泥岩帶 20
表二、中部橫貫公路泥質岩微組構之前進變質演化歸納表 37
表三、晶架(stack)綠泥石EDS定量分析表 39
表四、基質(matrix)綠泥石EDS定量分析表40
表五、晶架(stack)白雲母EDS定量分析表 41
表六、基質(matrix)白雲母EDS定量分析表42

圖目錄
圖一、變質泥岩帶與礦物相、微組構及岩性之關係 6
圖二、台灣地質及變質相圖 7
圖三、中部橫貫公路本文研究區域之地質圖與板岩標本採樣位置圖 14
圖四、中部橫貫公路本研究區域之變質相圖與選擇進行SEM分析之
板岩標本的位置圖15
圖五、XRD中部橫貫公路低度變質泥岩之特徵礦物組合於各變質泥岩帶之分佈 23
圖六、特徵礦物X-ray繞射圖譜24
圖七、XRD和SEM中部橫貫公路低度變質泥岩之礦物組合於
各變質泥岩帶之分佈 25
圖八、特徵礦物組合於中部橫貫公路南勢—青山段低度變質泥岩之分佈 27
圖九、特徵礦物組合於中部橫貫公路青山—梨山段低度變質泥岩之分佈 28
圖十、特徵礦物組合於中部橫貫公路梨山—白楊段低度變質泥岩之分佈 29
圖十一、特徵礦物組合於中部橫貫公路白楊—綠水段低度變質泥岩之分佈30
圖十二、綠泥石(chlorite)EDS化學成份隨結晶度變化圖 43
圖十三、白雲母(muscovite)EDS化學成份隨結晶度變化圖44
圖十四、本研究重新檢驗之中部橫貫公路葉蠟石等變質度帶與
楊宏儀等人(1994)之研究對比 51
圖十五、本研究鈉雲母(paragonite)於中部橫貫公路分佈範圍與
沈正嘉(1995)之研究對比

參考文獻
王執明、盧佳遇(1981) 台灣東部洛韶至慈母橋地區大南澳片岩之地質構造研究。地質，第三卷，第121-134頁。
王執明(1992) 太魯閣峽谷之變質岩。內政部營建署員工消費合作社太魯閣分社，共256頁。
丹桂之助(1944) 烏來統諸地層之討論兼論四稜砂岩、白冷層、與新高層之同時性。台灣博物學會會報，第34卷，第246-250期。
江威德、曹恕中(1996) 台灣中部橫貫公路東段變質泥岩的SEM岩象。中國地質學會八十五年年會大會手冊及論文摘要，第211-215頁。
何春蓀(1986) 台灣地質概論—台灣地質圖說明書，第二版。經濟部中央地質調查所出版，163頁。
沈正嘉(1995) 台灣變質岩區鈉雲母之研究。國立成功大學地球科學研究所碩士論文。
李元希、楊昭男(1994) 大禹嶺地區地質構造的演化。經濟部中央地質調查所彙刊第九號，第77-105頁。
李元希(1995) 台灣造山帶的應力場型態及運動軌跡(一)。經濟部中央地質調查所八十四年度研究報告。共70頁。
李錦發(1987) 青山至德基地區達見砂岩古應力之初步研究。國立台灣大學地質研究所碩士論文，78頁。
林能通(1995) 大禹嶺地區岩石韌性剪性變形作用及摩嶺岩化作用。台灣大學地質學研究所碩士論文，共81頁。
鳥居敬造(1935) 東勢地質圖幅同說明書。台灣總督殖產局，第732號，26頁。
曹恕中(1995) 台灣中部橫貫公路東段變質泥岩鉀氬定年學研究。經濟部中央地質調查所彙刊第十號，第91-113頁。
曹恕中、樓望東、何信昌、李元希、江威德、陳正宏(1996) 台灣中央山脈變質泥岩鉀氬年代之地質意義。經濟部中央地質調查所彙刊第十一號，第37-84頁。
曹恕中(1996) 台灣中央山脈變質沉積岩伊萊石結晶度、鋯石核飛跡年代和鉀氬年代之地質意義。國立台灣大學地質學研究所博士論文。
陳君榮(2002) 從片狀矽酸鹽結晶度、晶體粒徑和應變看構造應力在台灣中部橫貫公路泥質岩低度變質作用之角色。中國地質學會91年年會暨學術研討會。
陳肇夏(1977) 台灣雪山山脈的一些地層問題。中國地質學會會刊，第二十號，第61-70頁。
陳肇夏(1979) 台灣中部橫貫公路沿線地質。中國地質學會專刊，第三號，第219-236頁。
陳肇夏、朱傚祖，莊德永(1983) 台灣中央山脈的一些構造問題。經濟部中央地質調查所彙刊，第二號，第1-16頁。
陳肇夏(1992) 台灣雪山山脈與中央山脈第三紀地層的對比問題。經濟部中央地質調查所特刊，第六號，第39-68頁。
陳肇夏、王京新、鐘三雄(1994) 鉀雲母結晶度在台灣雪山及中央山脈地層與構造研究上之應用。經濟部中央地質調查所特刊第八號，第261-284頁。
陳肇夏、王京新(1995)台灣變質相圖說明書第二版。經濟部中央地質調查所特刊，第二號，共51頁。
陳汝勤、莊文星(1995) 岩石學。聯經出版事業公司。共444頁。
陳昭男(1999) 台西盆地之黏土礦物沈積與成岩作用。國立成功大學地球科學研究所碩士論文。共93頁。
曾允孚、夏文杰(1989) 沈積岩石學。地質出版社。共273頁。
張麗旭(1971) 台灣變質區第三系基底小型有孔蟲之生物地層學研究(一：橫貫公路沿線)。中國地質學會會刊，第十六號，第45-61頁。
楊宏儀、沈正嘉(1994) 台灣低度變質岩中鈉雲母產狀之研究。經濟部中央地質調查所委託計劃報告，第84-021號，共87頁。
楊宏儀、黃重謀、羅遠謀(1994) 台灣變質地區葉蠟石等變質度線之研究。經濟部中央地質調查所彙刊第九號，第123-135頁。
楊昭男(1986) 台灣中央山脈大南澳片岩及其上覆地層的劈理型態。地質，第七卷第二號，第1-10頁。
詹新甫(1976) 台灣雪山山脈之褶皺與塊體運動。台灣省地質調查所彙刊，第二十五號，29-34頁。
趙杏媛、張有瑜(1990) 黏土礦物與黏土礦物分析。海洋出版社。共341頁。
趙杏媛、王行信、張有瑜、辛國強、王經科(1995) 中國含油氣盆地黏土礦物。中國地質大學出版社。共307頁。
劉桓吉(1997) 台灣雪山山脈中部地區之地層與構造研究。國立台灣大學地質學研究所博士論文。
澤村孝之助等人(1968) 台灣東部銅礦探勘報告—花蓮銅門及宜蘭縣銅山地區綜合探勘。礦業研究所報告，第88號，80頁。
顏滄波(1962) 台灣省東西橫貫公路沿線地質礦產圖(比例尺：十萬分之一)。經濟部礦產測勘圖。
羅偉(1990) 廬山階與廬山層。經濟部中央地質調查所特刊，第4號，第193-200頁。
羅偉(1992) 台灣中央山脈合歡山至天祥地區之地層與構造研究。台灣大學地質學研究所博士論文，共271頁。
羅偉(1993) 大禹嶺圖幅。五萬分之一台灣地質圖及說明書，第二十七號，經濟部中央地質調查所出版。共87頁。
羅遠謀(1992) 台灣中北部變質岩地區葉蠟石等變質度線之研究。國立成功大學地球科學研究所碩士論文。
Aagaard, P. & Jahren, J.S. (1992) Diagenetic illite-chlorite assemblages in arenites. II. Thermodynamic relations. Clays and Clay Minerals 40, 547-554.
Althaus, E. and Johannes, W. (1969) Experimental metamorphism of NaCL bearing aqueous solutions by reaction with silicates. Amer. J. Sci. 267, 87-98.
Arkai, P. (1991) Chlorite crystallinity: an empirical approach and correlation with illite crystallinity, coal rank and mineral facies as exemplified by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks of northeast Hungary. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 9, 723-734.
Ashworth, J. R., Evirgen, M. M. (1984) Garnet and associated minerals in the southern margin of the Menderes Massif, southwest Turkey. Geol Mag. 121, 323-337.
Baltatzis, E. and Sideris, C. (1985) Application of the muscovite-paragonite geothermometer to a greenschist facies assemblage from eastern Rhodope Massif, northeastern Greece. Chem. Erde. 44, 268-272.
Baltatzis, E. and Wood, B. J. (1977) The occurrence of paragonite in chloritoid schists from Stonehaven, Scotland. Min. Mag. 41, 211-216.
Banno, S. (1964) Petrologic studies on Sanbagawa crystalline schists in the Bessi-Ino District, Central Sikoku, Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo 15, 203-319.
Barr, T. D. and Dahlen, F. A. (1989) Brittle frictional mountain building 2. thermal structure and heat budget. Jour. Geophys. Res.,94(B4), 3923-3947.
Barr, T. D., Dahlen, F. A. and McPhail, D. C. (1991) Brittle frictional mountain building 3 low-grade metamorphism. Jour. Geophys. Res., .96(B6), 10319-10338.
Berman, R.G., Engi, M. and Brown, T.H., (1985) “Optimization of standard state properties and activity models for minerals: methodology and application to I1 component system. “Codata symposium on chemical thermodynamics and thermoprysical properties databases, Paris, p. 73-166.
Black, P. M. (1975) Mineralogy of new Caledonian metamorphic rocks. Sheet silicates from the Ouegoa District. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 49, 269-284.
Bons, A.-J. (1988) Intracrystalline deformation and slaty cleavage development in very low-grade slates from the Central Pyrenees. Geological Ultraiectina 56, 173 pp.
Brown, E.H. (1968) The Si content of natural phengites: a discussion. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 17, 78-81.
Buatier, M.D., Trave, A., Labaume, P. & Potdevin, J.L. (1997) Dickite related to fluid-sediment interaction and deformation in Pyrenean thrust-fault zones. European Journal of Mineralogy 9, 875-888.
Bucher-Nurminen, K. (1987) A recalibration of the chlorite-biotite-muscovite geobarometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 519-522.
Burnham, C. S. and Radoslovich, E. W. (1964) Crystal structures of coexisting muscovite and paragonite. Carnegie. Inst. Wash. Yrbk. 63, 232-236.
Cathelineau, M. (1988) Cation site occupancy in chlorites and illites as a function of temperature. Clay Minerals 23, 471-485.
Cathelineau, M. & Nieva, D. (1985) A chlorite solid solution geothermometer. The Los Azufres (Mexico) geothermal system. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 91, 235-244.
Chatterjee, N.D. (1973) Low-temperature compatibility relations of the assemblage quartz-paragonite and the thermodynamic status of the phase rectorite. Contrib. Miner. Petrol. 42, 259-27.
Chatterjee, N.D., Johannes, W. and Leistner, H. (1984) The system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O: new phase equibria data, some calculated phase relations, and theirpetrological applications. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 88, 1-13.
Chen, C. H. (1979) Geology of the East-West Cross-Island Highway in Central Taiwan. Mem, Geol. Soc. China, 3, 219-236.
Chen, C. H. (1981) Change of X-ray diffraction pattern of K-micas in metapelites of Taiwan and its implication for metamorphic grade. Mem. Geol. Soc. China, 4, 475-490.
Chen, C. H. (1984) Determination of lower greenschist facies boundary by K-mica-chlorite crystallinity in the Central Range of Taiwan. Proc. Geol. Soc. China., 27, 41-53.
Clark, M. B., fisher, D. M. and Lu, C. Y. (1992) Strain variation in the Eocene and older rocks exposed along the Central and Southern Cross-island Highways, Taiwan. Acta, Geol. Taiwanica, 30, 1-10.
Clark, M. B., fisher, D. M., Lu, C. H. and Chen, C. H. (1993) Kinematic analyses of the Hsuehshan range, Taiwan: a largescale pop-up structure. Tectonics, 12(1), 205-217.
Crespi, J., Kelly, M. and Chen, C. H. (1992) Microscale analysis of pre-collisional structures in the Lushan formation, Central Taiwan. Acta Geol. Taiwanica, 30, 27-44.
Droop, G. T. R. (1985) Alpine metamorphism in the south-east Tauern Window, Austria 1. P-T variations in space and time. J. Metam. Geol. 3, 371-402.
Ehrenberg, S.N., Aagaard, P., Wilson, M.J., Fraser, A.R. & Duthie, D.M.L. (1993) Depth-dependent transformation of kaolinite to dickite in sandstones of the Norwegian continental shelf. Clay Minerals 27, 325-352.
Enami, M. (1983) Petrology of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain, Japan. J. Metam. Geol. 1, 141-161.
Ernst, W. G. (1963) Significance of phengitic micas from low-grade schists. American Mineralogist, 63, 621-640.
Ernst, W. G. (1983) Mineral parageneses in metamorphic rocks exposed along Tailuko Gorge, Central Mountain, Taiwan. Jour. Metamorph. Geol., 1, 305-329.
Ernst, W. G. (1984) The nature of the biotite isograd in the Tailuko Gorge transect, Central Mountain range. Taiwan Proc. Geol. Soc. China, 27, 25-40.
Essene, E.J. (1989) The current status of thermobarometry in metamorphic rocks. In Evolution of Metamorphic Belts(eds J. S. Daly, R. A. Cliff & B. W. D. Yardley). Geological Society Special Publication 43, 1-44.
Essene, E.J. & Peacor, D.R. (1995) Clay mineral thermometry—a critical perspective. Clays and Clay Minerals 43, 540-553.
Evans, B.W. and Guggenheim, S. (1988) Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 19: Hydrous Phyllosilicates, P.258. Mineralogical Society of America.
Franceschelli, M., Leoni, L., Memmi, I., and Puxeddu, M. (1986) Regional distribution of Ai-sillicate and metamorphic zonation in the low grade ‘verrucano’ metasadiments from the northern Apennines (Italy). J- Metamorphic Geol. 4, 309-332.
Frank, E. (1983) Alpine metamorphism of calcareous rocks across a cross section in the Central Alps: occurrence and breakdown of muscovite, margarite and paragonite. Schweiz. Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt. 63, 37-93.
Frey, M., Teichmuller, M., Teichmuller, R., Mullis, J., Kunzi, B., Breitschmid, A., Gruner, U. and Schwizer, B. (1980) Very low-grade metamorphism in external parts of the Central Alps: illite crystallinity, coal rank and fluid inclusion data. Eclogae Geol. Helv., 73(1), 173-203.
Frey, M. (1969) A mixed-layer paragonite/phengite of low grade metamorphic origin. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 24, 63-65.
Frey, M. (1970) The step from diagenesis to metamorphism in pelitic rocks during Alpine orogenesis. Sedimentology 15, 261-279.
Frey, M. (1978) Progressive low-grade metamorphism of a black shale formation, Central Swiss Alps, with special reference to pyrophyllite and margarite bearing assemblages. J. Petrol. 19, 95-135.
Frey, M. (1987a) LOW TEMPERATURE METAMORPHISM. Publish in the USA by Chapman and Hall, New York, p18~p22.
Frey, M. (1987b) The reaction-isograd kaolinite + quartz = pyrophyllite + H2O, Helvetic alps, Switzerland. Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 67, 1-11.
Fyfe, W. S. and Turner, F. J. (1966) Reappraisal of the concept of metamorphic facies. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., v. 12, p. 354-364.
Ghent, E. D., Stout, M. Z., Black, P. M. and Brothers, R. N. (1987) Chloritoid-bearing rocks associated with blueschists and eclogites, northern New Caledonia. J. Metam. Geol. 5, 239-254.
Grambling, J. A. (1984) Coexist paragonite and quartz in sillimanitic rocks from New Mexico. Am. Mineral. 69, 79-87.
Guidotti, C.V. (1968) On the relative scarcity of paragonite. Am. Mineral. 53, 963-974.
Guidotti, C.V. (1984) Micas in metamorphic rocks. In: Micas(ed. S.W. Bailey). Reviews in Mineralogy 13, 357-467.
Guitard G. (1987) Coexistence de la paragonite et al muscovite dans les metamorphites hercyniens des Pyrenees orientales francoespagnoles. Compte. Rendu. Acad. Sci. 305, 783-786.
Hashimoto, W., Aliat, E., Aoki, M., Balce, G., Ishibashi, T., Kitamura, M., & Matsumoto, T. (1975). Cretaceous System of Southeast Asia. Contr. Geol. Paleon. Southeast Asia, vol. 15, pp. 219-280.
Helgeson, H.C., Delany, J.M., Nesbitt, H.W., and Bird, D.K. (1978) Summary and critique of the thermodynamic properties of rock-forming minerals. Amer. J. Sci. 278-A, 1-229.
Henley, K. J. (1970) Application of the muscovite-paragonite geothermometer to a staurolite-grade schist from Sulitjelma, north Norway. Mineral. Mag. 37, 693-704.
Hillier, S. (1993b) Origin, diagenesis, and mineralogy of chlorite minerals in Devonian lacustrine mudrocks, Orcadian Basin, Scotland. Clays and Clay Minerals 41, 240-259.
Hillier, S. & Velde, B. (1991) Octahedral occupancy and the chemical composition of diagenetic (low temperature) chlorites. Clay Minerals 26, 149-168.
Ho, N.-C., Peacor, D.R. & Van der Pluijm, B.A. (1995) Reorientation mechanisms of phyllosilicates in the mudstone-to-slate transition at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania. Journal of Structural Geology 17, 345-356.
Ho, N.-C., Peacor, D.R. & Van der Pluijm, B.A. (1996) Contrasting roles of detrital and authigenic phyllosilicates during slaty cleavage development. Journal of Structural Geology 18, 615-623.
Ho, N.-C., Peacor, D.R. & Van der Pluijm, B.A. (1998) Preferred orientation of phyllosilicates in Gulf Coast mudstones and relation to the smectite-illite transition. Clays and Clay Minerals, in review.
Hock, V. (1974) Coexisting phengite, paragonite and margarite in meta-sediments of the Mittlere Hohe Tauern, Austria. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 43, 261-273.
Hoffer, E. (1978) On the “late” formation of paragonite and its break-down in pelitic rocks of the southern Damara Orogen (Namibia). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 67, 209-219.
Huzimoto, H. and Nagasima, O. (1936) A new fossil locality of Eocene foraminifera in the upstream of Tarokokyo, Taiwan: Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol. 43, no. 512, 340-342.
Islam, S., Hesse, R., and Chagnon, A. (1982) Zonation of diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism in Cambro-Ordovician flysch of Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec Appalachians. Candian Mineralogist, 20, 155-167.
Inoue, A. & Utada, M. (1991) Smectite to chlorite transformation in thermally metamorphosed volcanoclastic rocks in the Kamikita area, northern Honshu, Japan. American Mineralogist 76, 628-640.
Jiang, W.-T. and Peacor, D. R. (1993) Formation and modification of metastable intermediate sodium potassium mica, paragonite, and muscovite in hydrothermally altered metabasites from northern Wales. American Mineralogist, Volume 78, pages 782-793.
Jiang, W.-T. and Peacor, D. R. (1994a) Prograde transitions of corrensite and chlorite in low-grade pelitic rocks from the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec. Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 42, No. 5, 497-517.
Jiang, W.-T. and Peacor, D. R. (1994b) Formation of corrensite, chlorite and chlorite-mica stacks by replacement of detrital biotite in low-grade pelitic rocks. J. metamorphic Geol., 1994, 12, 867-884.
Jiang, W.-T. Buseck, P. R. and Peacor, D. R. (1994c) Chlorite geothermometry? –Contamination and apparent octahedral vacancies. Clays and Clay Minerals 42, 593-605.
Jiang, W.-T., Peacor, D. R., Arkai, P., Toth, M. and Kim J. W. (1997) TEM and XRD determination of crystalline size and lattice strain as a function of illite crystallinity in pelitic rocks. J. Metamorphic Geol., 15, 267-281.
Jowett, E.C. (1991) Fitting iron and magnesium into the hydrothermal chlorite geothermometer. GAC/MAC/SEG Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, Program with Abstracts, Vol. 16, A62.
Katagas, C. and Baltatzis, E. (1980) Coexisting celadonitic muscovite and paragonite in chlorite zone metapelites. N. Jb. Mineral. Mh. 1980, 206-244.
Kimura, T. (1973). Relations between the minor structures of the Tananao Schist and the slate formation in the Central Range of Taiwan. Contr. Geol. Paleon. Southeast Asia, vol. 11, pp. 137-160.
Kisch, H. J. (1980a) Coal rank and illite crystallinity associated with the zeolite facies of Southland and the pumpellyite-bearing facies of Otago, southern New Zealand. New Zealand Jour. Geol. Geophys., 24(3), 349-360.
Kisch, H. J. (1980b) Incipient metamorphism of Cambro-Silurian clastic rocks from the Jamtland Supergroup, Central Scandinavian Caledonides, Western Sweden: illite crystallinity and ‘vitrinite reflectance’. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, 137, 271-288.
Kisch, H. J. (1983) Mineralogy and petrology of burial diagenesis (burial metamorphism) and incipient metamorphism in clastic rocks. In Diagenesis in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, Vol. 2(eds G. Larsen & G. V. Chillingar), pp. 289-493, 513-541. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (Appendix B-literature published since 1976.)
Kisch, H. J. (1989) Discordant relationship between degree of very low grade metamorphism and the development of slaty cleavage. In: Evolution of metamorphic Belts(eds J.S. Daly, R. A. Cliff & B.W.D. Yardley). Geological Society Special Publication 43, 173-185.
Kisch, H. J. (1990) Calibration of the anchizone: A critical comparison of illite “crystallinity” scales used for definition. Jour. Metamorphic Geol., 8, 31-46.
Kisch, H. J. (1990a) Draft recommendation on illite ‘crystallinity’. IGCP Project 294 (VLGM)-Working Group on Illite ‘Crystallinity’, 9 pp.
Kisch, H. J. (1991) Illite crystallinity: recommendation on sample preparation, X-ray diffraction settings, and interlaboratory samples. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 9, 665-670.
Kisch, H. J. (1991b) Development of slaty cleavage and degree of very low-grade metamorphism. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6, 735-750.
Kisch, H. J. (1994) X-ray diffraction intensity ratios of phyllosilicate reflections in cleavage and bedding parallel slabs: incipient development of slaty cleavage in the Caledonides of Jamtland, western central Sweden. Revista Geologica de Chile 21, 253-267.
Range, K.–J., Range, A. and Weiss, A. (1969) Fire-clay type kaolinite or fire-clay mineral? Experimental classification of kaolinite-halloysite minerals. International Clay Conference.
Knipe, R.J. (1981) The interaction of deformation and metamorphism in slates. Tectonophysics 78, 249-272.
Kranidiotis, P. & MacLean, W.H. (1987) Systematics of chlorite alteration at the Phelps Dodge massive sulfide deposit, Matagami, Quebec. Economic Geology 82, 1898-1911.
Kubler, B. (1964) Les argiles, indicateurs de metamorphisme. Rev. Inst. Franc. Petrol. 19, 1093-1112.
Kubler, B. (1967) Anchimetamorphisme et schistosite. Bull. Centre Rech. PauSNPA, 1(2), 259-278.
Laird, J. and Albee, A. L. (1981) High-pressure metamorphism in mafic schist from Northern Vermont. Am. J. Sci. 281, 97-126.
Lee, J. C., Angelier, J. and Chu, H. T. (1996) Polyphase history and kinematics of a comples major fault zone in the Taiwan mountain belt: the Lishan Fault, northern Taiwan. 1996 Annual Meeting of Geological Society of China, program with abstracts, 564-568.
Li, G., Peacor, D.R., Merriman, R.J., Roberts, B. & Van der Pluijm, B.A. (1994a) TEM and AEM constraints on the origin and significance of chlorite-mica stacks in slates: an example from Central Wales, U.K. journal of Structural Geology 16, 1139-1157.
Li, G., Peacor, D.R., Merriman, R.J., Roberts, B. (1994b) The diagenetic to low grade metamorphic evolution of matrix white micas in the system muscovite-paragonite in a mudrock from Central Wales, U.K. Clays and Clay Minerals 42, 369-381.
Livi, K. J. T., Veblen, D. R. and Ferry, J. M. (1988) Electron microscope study of anchizone and epizone metamorphosed shales from the central Swiss Alps. Geol Soc Am, Abst Prog 20, A244.
Makanjuola, A. A. and Howie, R. A. (1972) The mineralogy of the glaucophane schists and associated rocks from Ile de Groix, Brittany, France. Contrib. Mineral. 96, 212-224.
Martin Frey and Doug Robinson(1999) Low-Grade Metamorphism. Blackwell Science, 313 pp.
Massonne, H.J. & Schreyer, W. (1987) Phengite geobarometry based on the limiting assemblage with K-feldspar, phlogopite and quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 212-224.
Mather, J. D., (1970) The biotite isograd and the lower greenschist facies in the Dalradian rocks of Scotland. Journal of Petrology, 11, 253-275.
Merriman, R. J. and Roberts, B. (1985) A survey of white mica crystallinity and polytypes in pelitic rocks of Snowdonia and Llyn, North Wales. Mineral. Mag. 49 (3), 305-319.
Merriman, R. J. and Roberts, B., Peacor, D.R. and Hirons, S.R. (1995) Strain-relate differences in the crystal growth of white mica and chlorite: a TEM amd XRD study of the development of metapelitic microfabrics in the Southern Uplands thrust terrane, Scotland. J. metamorphic Geol., 13, 559-576.
Mposkos, E., Perdikatzis, V. (1981) The paragonite-chloritoid schists of the southwest region of Mount Kerkis, Samos (Greece). N. Jb. Mineral. Abh. 142, 292-308.
Munha, J., Ribeiro, M. L. (1984) Blueschists in the Iberian Variscan China( Tras-os-Montes: NE Portugal ). Comun. Serv, Geol. Portugal. 70, 31-53.
Nakamura, H., Kihara, K. (1977) Coexistence of 2M and 3T muscovites and paragonites in low grade metamorphic rocks of the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Japan. Mineral. J. 8, 1343-1348.
Okrusch, M., Seidel, E., Davis, E. N. (1978) The assemblage jadeite-quartz in the glaucophane rocks of Sifnos( Cyclades Archipelago, Greece ). N. Jb. Mineral Abh 132, 284-308.
Ridley, S. (1984) Evidence of a temperature-dependent “blueschist” to “eclogite” transformation in high-pressure metamorphism of metabasic rocks. J. Petrol. 25, 852-870.
Roberts, B. and Merriman, R. J. (1985) The distinction between Caledonian burial and regional metamorphism in metapelites from North Wales: an analysis of isocryst patterns. Jour. Geol. Soc. London., 142, 615-624.
Ruiz Cruz, M.D. & Andreo, B. (1996) Genesis and transformation of dickite in Permo-Triassic sediments(Betic Cordilleras, Spain). Clay Minerals 31, 133-152.
Ruiz Cruz, M.D. & Moreno Real, L. (1993) Diagenetic kaolinite/dickite (betic Cordilleras, Spain). Clays and Clay Minerals 41, 570-579.
Schmidt, D., Livi, K.J.T. & Frey, M. (1999) Reaction progress in chloritic material: an electron microbeam study of the Taveyanne greywacke, Switzerland. Journal of Metamorphic Geology.
Schramm, J.M. (1978) Anchimetamorphes Permoskyth ander Basis ds Kaisergebirges(Sudrand der Nordichen Kalkalpen awischen Worglund St. Johann in Tirol, Osterreich). Geol. Palaeont. Mitt. Innsbruck 8, 101-111.
Sharpe, D. (1847) On slaty cleavage. Quarterly journal of the Geological Society 5, 111-129.
Shau, Y.-H., Peacor, D.R. & Essene, E.J. (1990) Corrensite and mixed-layer chlorite/corrensite in metabasalt from Northern Taiwan: TEM/AEM, EMPA, XRD and optical studies. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 123-142.
Shau, Y.-H., Feather M. E., Essene E. J. and Peacor D. R. (1991) Genesis and solvus relations of submicroscopically intergrown paragonite and phengite in a blueschist from northern California. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 106, 367-378.
Siddans, A.W.B. (1972) Slaty cleavage—a review of research since 1815. Earth Science Reviews 8, 205-232.
Sorby, H. C. (1853) On the origin of slaty cleavage. New philosophical journal, Edinburgh 55, 137-148.
Spotl, C., Houseknecht, D.W. & Jaques, R. (1993) Clay mineralogy and illite crystallinity of the Atoka Formation, Arkoma Basin, and frontal Ouachita Mountains. Clays and Clay Minerals 41, 745-754.
Suppe, J., Wang, Y., Liou, J. G., & Ernst, W. G. (1976). Observations of some contacts between basement and Cenozoic cover in the Central Mountains, Taiwan. Proc. Geol. Soc. China, no. 19, pp. 59-70.
Tan, K. (1937) On the occurrence of the Eocene foraminifera in Crystalline schist formation of Taiwan (Formosa): Proc. Imper. Acad. Tokyo, Vol. 13, no. 1, 20-23.
Thompson, A. B., Lyttle, P. T. and Thompson, J. B. (1977) Mineral reactions and A-Na-K and A-F-M facies types in the Gassetts Schist, Vermont. Am. J. Sci. 277, 1124-1151.
Tomita, Y. (1936) On the conglomerate at Piyahau, Suo. Taiwan Tigaku kizi, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 79-83.
Van der Pluijm, B.A., Ho, N.-C & Peacor, D.R. (1994) High-resolution X-ray texture goniometry. Journal of Structural Geology 16, 1029-1032.
Van der Pluijm, B.A., Ho, N.-C & Peacor, D.R. & Merriman, R.J. (1998) Contradictions of slate formation resolved. Nature 392, 348.
Velde, B. (1965) Phengitic micas: synthesis, stability, and natural occurrence. American Journal of Science 263, 886-913.
Velde, B. (1967) Si content of natural phengites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 14, 250-258.
Walshe, J.L., (1986) A six-component chlorite solid solution model and the conditions of chlorite formation in hydrothermal and geothermal systems. Economic Geology 81, 681-703.
Wang, G. F., Banno, S. & Takeuchi, K., 1986. Reactions to define the biotite isograd in the Ryoke metamorphic belt. Kii Peninsula, Japan. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 93, 9-17.
Wang, H., Frey, M. & Stern, W.B. (1996) Diagenesis and metamorphism of clay minerals in the Helvetic Alps of Eastern Switzerland. Clays and Clay Minerals 44, 96-112.
Warneke L. A. and Ernst, W. G. (1984) Progressive Cenozoic metamorphism of rocks cropping out along the southern east-west cross-island highway, Taiwan. Mem. Geol. Soc. China, 6, 105-132.
Warner, J. and Al-Mishwt, A. (1968) Variations of the basal spacings of muscovite and metamorphic grade in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci. 42, 193-202.
Weaver, C.E. and Broekstra, B. R. (1984) Illite-Mica. In Shale-Slate Metamorphism in Southern Appalachains, eds. Weaver, C. E. et al., Developments in Petrology 10, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 67-97.
Weaver, C.E. (1984) Response of physilites to temperature and tectonics. In: Shale-Slate metamorphism in the Southern Appalachians (ed. C. E. Weaver). Developments in Petrology 10, 185-199.
Weber, K. (1981) Kinematic and metamorphic aspects of cleavage formation in very low-grade metamorphic slates. Tectonophysics 78, 291-306.
White, S.H. & Knipe, R.J. (1978) Microstructure and cleavage development in selected slates. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 66, 165-174.
Yamamoto, K. (1930). An observation on the stratigraphic relation between crystalline schist and slate formation. Taiwan Tigaku kizi, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 57-58.
Yang, H. Y. and Chang, Y. H. (1990) Occurrence of Quartz + Kaolinite + Pyrophyllite in the paleogene metasandstones of Hsuehshan range along northern and Middle Cross-Island Highways. Bull. Central Geol. Survey. 6, 107-115.
Yui, T. F. (1994) Carbon isotope composition of metamorphic rocks of Taiwan. Program with Abstracts, Geol. Soc. China Annual Meeting, 274-277.
Zane, A., Sassi, F.P. & Sassi, R. (1998) New data on metamorphic chlorite as a petrogenetic indicator mineral, with special regard to greenschist-facies rocks. The Canadian Mineralogist 36, pp. 713-726.
Zen, E-an (1960) Metamorphism of lower Paleozoic rocks in the vicinity of the Taconic range in West-central Vermont. Amer. Miner. 45, 129-175.
Zen, E., Albee, Al. (1964) Coexistent muscovite and paragonite in pelitic schists. Am. Mineral. 49, 904-925.