臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

正負脈衝電池充電法，以較大的正脈衝電流對電池充電，加快電池充電時間，並利用負脈衝放電電流去除極板之氣泡，之後設置休息時間，以使充電效應可以均勻化。本文利用單級隔離式昇壓-順向式轉換器對電池做大電流正脈衝快速充電，利用昇壓式整流器將能量傳送至儲能電容上，達到功因修正的目的，並利用雙開關順向式轉換器提供能量給電池，對電池施以大電流脈衝充電。以返馳式轉換器作為電池負脈衝放電，並把放電能量回送到昇壓式轉換器的儲能電容中，提昇系統效能，減少能量浪費。本文電路可實現具能量回送與功因修正之正負脈衝電池充電器，達到高功因快速充電並兼顧電池壽命。最後利用電腦結合視窗軟體以監測電池電壓、充放電時間及電池溫度，藉此瞭解正負脈衝電池快速充電之影響。

Positive/Negative pulse battery charger uses a high and positive pulse current to charge battery quickly and a negative pulse current to remove the bubbles of battery plate. After that, it has a rest time to make charging effect uniformly. This thesis uses an isolated boost-forward converter to charge battery quickly with high current positive pulse and also achieve high power factor of the charging system. By using the flyback converter, the energy released from the battery to the primary capacitor in the negative pulse discharging mode. Thus, the efficiency can be increased. In addition, the transformer of the flyback converter can be used as the filter inductor of the forward converter, and thus to reduce the size and cost of the system. This monitor system is used to record the data of battery voltage, battery temperature, and time period of charging and discharging, which can be used to analyze the performance of positive/negative pulse charging system.

摘要 Ⅰ
英文摘要 Ⅱ
誌謝 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
圖目錄 Ⅵ
表目錄 Ⅹ
符號表 ⅩⅠ
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究背景與現況 2
1.3 內容大綱 3
第二章 鉛酸蓄電池與功因修正介紹 4
2.1 簡介 4
2.2 鉛酸蓄電池密閉反應原理 5
2.3 鉛酸蓄電池的充電方式 6
2.4 鉛酸蓄電池的特性 9
2.5 鉛酸蓄電池容量之偵測 12
2.6 電池之等效模型 15
2.7 功因修正電路介紹 17
第三章 正負脈衝電路設計與分析 23
3.1 電路架構 23
3.2 正負脈衝電路分析 24
3.2.1 正脈衝充電模式 25
3.2.2 延遲模式 29
3.2.3 負脈衝放電模式 29
3.2.4 休息模式 30
3.3 電路操作模式設計 31
第四章 硬體電路之製作與實驗結果 37
4.1 充電系統規劃 37
4.2 正負脈衝邏輯控制電路 41
4.3 電路元件參數設計 43
4.4 實驗結果與討論 46
4.4.1 改變正負脈衝頻率實驗 47
4.4.2 改變正脈衝電流大小之實驗 55
4.4.3 改變負脈衝低頻責任週期之實驗 62
4.4.4 改變正脈衝低頻責任週期之實驗 69
第五章 結論與未來研究方向 72
5.1 結論 72
5.2 未來研究發展 72
參考文獻 73
附錄 78

[1] 「中華民國電動機車推廣現況研討會」，行政院環保署，1998年.
[2] J. H. Aylor, A. Thieme, and B. W. Johnson, “A battery state-of-charge indicator for electric wheelchairs,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electron., Vol. 39, 1992, pp. 398-409.
[3] T. J. Liang, T. Wen, K. C. Tseng, and J. F. Chen, “Implementation of a regenerative pulse charger using hybrid buck-boost converter,” Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 4th IEEE International Conference on , Oct. 2001, pp. 437-442.
[4] M. Gonzalez, M. A. Perez, J. C. Campo, and F. J. Ferrero, “Accurate detection algorithm of battery full-capacity under fast-charge,” IEEE IMTC 1998, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 755-759.
[5] C. A. Bendall and W. A. Peterson, “An EV on-board battery charger,” IEEE APEC 1996, Vol. 1, 1996, pp. 26-31.
[6] B. J. Masserant and T. A. Stuart, “A maximum power transfer battery charger for electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 33, July 1997, pp. 930-938.
[7] K. Wang, F. C. Lee, and W. Dong, ”A new soft-switched quasi-single-stage (QSS) bi-directional inverter/charger,” IEEE IAS 1999, Vol. 3, 1999, pp. 2031-2038.
[8] K. Sugimori and H. Nishimura, “A novel contact-less battery charger for electric vehicles,” IEEE PESC 1998, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 559-564.
[9] F. N. K. Poon and M. H. Pong, “A constant power battery charger circuit with inherent soft switching and PFC,” IEEE APEC 2000, vol. 1, 2000, pp. 480-484.
[10] C. Aguilar, F. Canales, J. Arau, J. ebastian, and J. Uceda, “An improved battery charger/discharger topology with power factor correction,” IEEE IECON 1995, Vol. 1, 1995, pp. 590-595.
[11] M. Schultz, S. B. Leeb, A. H. Mitwalli, D. K. Jackson, and G. C. Verghese, “A multirate digital controller for an electric vehicle battery charger,” IEEE PESC 1996, Vol. 2, 1996, pp. 1919-1925.
[12] 華志強、吳俊緯，「電動車鉛酸電池200安培快速充電控制」，第二十二屆電力工程研討會，2001，pp. 1261-1266。
[13] 王志民、陳財榮、劉豐旗、陳德超、黃士航，「脈衝充電特性之研究」，第二十二屆電力工程研討會，2001，pp. 732-736。
[14] 陳財榮、陳嘉斌、黃國彰、陳德超、杜茂河，「電動車電池充電特性之研究」，第二十屆電力工程研討會，1999，pp. 167-171。
[15] 鄒應嶼、陳建國、邱穎川，「多功能電池充電控制實驗系統之研製」，第二十屆電力工程研討會，1999，pp. 7-12。
[16] D. Voncina, R. Cajhen, J. Nastran, C. Zevnik, and D. Hudnik, “A microcomputer controlled current source,” IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electrics, 1993, pp. 669-673.
[17] M. Gonzalez, F. J. Ferrero, J. C. Anton, and M. A. Perez, “Considerations to improve the practical design of universal and full-effective NiCd/NiMH battery fast-chargers,” APEC '99. 14th Annual Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 167-173.
[18] K. A. Buckle and J. W. Luce, “Battery vehicle charger design eliminates harmonic current generation,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 1996, pp. 561-564.
[19] C. C. Hua and M. Y. Lin, “A study of charging control of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 2000, pp. 135-140.
[20] 李世興，「電池活用手冊」，全華書局，1995年。
[21] 孫清華，「可充電電池技術大全」，全華書局，2001年。
[22] J. P. Nelson and W. D. Bolin, “Basic and advances in battery systems,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Application Vol. 31, March/April 1995, pp. 419-428.
[23] E. M. Valeriote, T. G. Chang, and D. M. Jochim, “Fast charging of Lead-Acid batteries,” Proceeding of the 9th Annual Battery Conference on Application and Advances, 1994, pp. 33-38.
[24] N. H. Kutkut, H. L. N. Wiegman, D. M. Divan, and D. W. Novotny, “Design consideration for charge equalization of an electric vehicle battery system,” IEEE APEC, 1995, pp. 96-103.
[25] J. H. Aylor, A. Thieme, and B. W. Johnson, “A battery state-of-charge inductor for electric wheelchairs,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Electronics, Vol. 39, No. 5, 1992, pp. 398-409.
[26] Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca, and W. A. Lynch, “A mathematical model for lead-acid batteries,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1992, pp. 93-97.
[27] Y. H. Kim and H. D. Ha, “Design of interface circuits with electrical battery models,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 1, 1997, pp. 81-86.
[28] 吳登和，「具快速響應之高功因交/直流轉換器」，國立成功大學碩士論文，中華民國89年。
[29] K. H. Liu and Y. L. Lin, “Current waveform distortion in power factor correction circuit employing discontinuous-mode boost converters,” IEEE PESC’89, pp. 825-829.
[30] D. Simonetti, J. Sebastion, J.A. Cobos, and J. Uceda, “Analysis of the conduction boundary of a boost PFP fed by universal input,” IEEE PESC’96, pp. 1204-1208.
[31] 梁從主，”HID燈電子式安定器設計與研製”，電機工業人才培訓講義，2001。
[32] M. C. Tsai and W. C. Lee，「Single-stage isolated active-clamp PFC boost-forward power supplies」，第二十屆電力工程研討會，2001，pp. 212-218。
[33] Y. S. Lee, K. W. Siu, and B. T. Lin, “Novel single-stage isolated power-factor-corrected power supplies with regenerative clamping,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Application, Vol. 34, No.6 , 1998, pp. 1299-1308.
[34] H. L. Chow, K. W. Siu, C. K. T se, and Y. S. Lee, ” A novel method for elimination of line-current harmonics in single-stage PFC switching regulators,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No.1 , 1998, pp. 75-83.
[35] F. A. Talukdar, B. Majumdar, P. Mukherjee, and S. K. Biswas, “A clamped forward converter power supply with inherent active power factor correction,” Proceedings of the IEEE 1999 International Conference on , Vol.1, 1999, pp. 479-484.
[36] L. Petersen, ”Advantages of using a two-switch forward in single-stage power factor corrected power supplies,” Telecommunications Energy Conference, 2000, pp. 325-331.
[37] 鄭宏良、林炳宏、林再福、莫清賢，「定頻高功因主動式濾波器設計」，第十九屆電力工程研討會，1998，pp. 126-130。
[38] 梁適安，「交換式電源供應器之理論與實務設計」，全華書局，1994。
[39] R. F. Coughlin and F. F. Driscoll, “Operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits,” 1987.
[40] 范逸之、陳立元、賴俊明，「Visual Basic 與RS232 串列通訊控制」，文魁資訊，1999。
[41] ”高頻變壓器設計實務”講義，工業技術研究院能源與資源研究所，1995。