臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著經濟自由化、顧客消費習慣改變、以及產品生命週期愈漸縮短等因素，許多製造業廠商在降低成本、提昇服務水準的考慮下，紛紛調整其原有的供應鏈作業，以期維持企業的競爭力，並獲得經營的最大利潤。本研究之目的即希望藉由對廠商供應鏈調整模式的分析，探討供應鏈的變化趨勢及其對不同型態貨物運輸服務可能造成的衝擊。
首先，本研究選擇台灣地區的資訊電子（跨國）公司進行問卷調查及面訪，深入瞭解跨國公司供應鏈的變化情形、國際分工的原因、及其製造與物流作業調整的作法。根據問卷調查及實際訪談所得資料的分析發現（1）我國資訊電子公司專業化垂直分工及國際分工的情形相當明顯；（2）資訊電子公司供應鏈的調整作法，隨著產品生命週期的不同階段而有所不同；（3）對於貨物運輸服務的需求而言，跨國公司在供應鏈的調整過程中，對速度的要求愈來愈高，換言之，對於空運服務的需求有增加的趨勢，而對海運服務的需求則趨於減少；（4）當跨國公司決定前往海外投資後，設廠地點國際運輸服務的可獲得性，是一項重要的選址考慮因素。
由於跨國公司供應鏈的變化係一漸進式的調整過程，因此，本研究針對跨國公司不同的營運情境，分別構建了多個供應鏈調整模型，供跨國公司進行供應鏈調整時參考。同時，藉由簡例測試驗證了本研究所構建之模型的確具備了正確性與可行性。供應鏈調整模型不但可供跨國公司進行不同規模的供應鏈調整作業，也可分析在不同情境下，跨國公司對於不同型態運輸服務的選擇決策。
本研究發現跨國公司供應鏈的長期調整策略可在空間上採「分散」方式進行調整，而短期策略可在時間上採「推遲」方式進行調整。空間上的調整將影響貨運需求的起點，而時間上的調整則會影響跨國公司對運輸服務的選擇。市場需求波動所引起的問題無關供應鏈作業與活動的調整，建議以引進ＩＴ技術，增加供應鏈資訊透明度的方式加以克服。有關跨國公司國際分工對運輸產業的影響，本研究亦有討論。此外，本研究並就供應鏈調整對製造業跨國公司、運輸與物流業者、以及政府部門產生之連帶影響，提出因應策略與建議。

Owing to the globalization of industry, the explosion in customer services and product life-cycle compression, most manufacturers have been adjusting the processes and activities of their supply chains to remain competitive and optimize total profit. The aim of this study was to explore the issues surrounding the changes in manufacturing supply chains and the consequential impact on the service pattern of freight transportation.
A questionnaire to survey multinational corporations (MNCs) in Taiwanese information technology (IT) industry was designed and conducted to recognize in detail the changes in supply chains of manufacturers, the trends and causes of the international division of labour, and the susceptible adjustment of manufacturing and logistics strategies. Surveys and interviews led to the conclusions that (1) vertical integration and international division of labour are very conspicuous among Taiwanese IT firms, (2) there are different strategies of supply chain adjustment at various stages of the product life-cycle, (3) with the transformation of the supply chain, manufacturers require swifter transportation services, that is, the demand for air transportation may increase and the demand for sea transportation may decrease, and (4) once the firms decide on foreign investment, the availability of international freight transportation services becomes one of the major evaluation criterion for factory offshore relocation.
Since the changing of MNCs’ supply chain is a step-by-step developing process, this study has proposed some supply chain adjustment models based on various business operation scenarios of MNCs. Those models can be adopted by MNCs to deal with activities and processes arrangement.
A small global supply chain consisting of three vendors, five manufacturing factories, three warehouse centers and three marketplaces was chosen to verify the accuracy and usability of the model. The proposed models could not only adjust the supply chain activities and processes of MNCs, but also analyze the MNCs’ choices of transportation service pattern in various scenarios.
In general, this study discovered that the concept of both centralization/diversification in “space” and postponement/speculation in “time” do exist in the supply chain adjustments of the MNCs. MNCs could use the space “diversification” strategy as their long-term supply chain adjustment method and use the time “postponement” strategy as their short-term supply chain adjustment method.
Applying advanced IT technologies to heighten the information transparency of supply chain operation process will improve the demand fluctuation problem. Furthermore, the impacts on freight transportation service pattern caused by MNCs international collaboration as well as the recommendations for the transportation carriers and government are also discoursed in this study.

中文摘要……………………………………………………………………. i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………. ii
誌謝…………………………………………………………………………. iii
目錄…………………………………………………………………………. iv
表目錄………………………………………………………………………. vi
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………. viii
符號說明……………………………………………………………………. x
第一章 緒論
1.1 研究背景與動機…………………………………………………. 1
1.2 研究目的…………………………………………………………. 2
1.3 研究對象與範圍…………………………………………………. 3
1.4 研究方法與架構…………………………………………….…… 4
1.5 研究內容與流程…………………………………………….…… 6
第二章 文獻回顧與評析………………………………………………… 9
2.1 貨物運輸問題…………………………………………………… 9
2.2 物流管理………………………………………………………… 11
2.3 供應鏈管理與產品生命週期分析……………………………… 12
2.4 設施區位問題…………………………………………………… 23
2.5 文獻綜合評析…………………………………………………… 23
第三章 供應鏈調整與發展調查………………………………………… 25
3.1 產業供應鏈調整調查…………………………………………… 25
3.2 基本研究論述之設定與分析…………………………………… 27
3.3 跨國公司供應鏈調整調查……………………………………… 38
3.4 本章小結………………………………………………………… 43
第四章 製造業跨國公司供應鏈調整分析………………………………. 47
4.1 製造業廠商供應鏈的組成……………………………………… 47
4.2 供應鏈作業特性分析…………………………………………… 47
4.3 跨國公司調整供應鏈的概念與作法…………………………… 50
4.4 運輸服務在供應鏈中扮演的角色……………………………… 52
4.5 跨國公司供應鏈之調整情境分析……………………………… 53
4.6 本章小結………………………………………………………… 55
第五章 製造業跨國公司供應鏈調整模型…………………….………… 57
5.1 問題界定與基本假設…………………………………………… 57
5.2 模式建構………………………………………………………… 58
5.3 演算法之說明…………………………………………………… 80
5.4 簡例驗證………………………………………………………… 82
5.5 供應鏈調整模型之應用………………………………………… 103
5.6 本章小結………………………………………………………… 104
第六章 跨國公司供應鏈調整策略及政策意涵………………………… 105
6.1 「長鞭效應」與創新科技之應用……………………………… 105
6.2 跨國公司供應鏈調整策略及其對不同型態運輸服務的影響… 107
6.3 供應鏈跨國調整趨勢之政策意涵……………………………… 111
6.4 本章小結………………………………………………………… 114
第七章 結論與建議…………………………………………….………… 115
7.1 結論……………………………………………………………… 115
7.2 建議……………………………………………………………… 117
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………… 119
附錄一……………………………………………………………………… 125
附錄二……………………………………………………………………… 137

1. 王立志，系統化運籌與供應鏈管理，滄海書局，民國88年。
2. 行政院經濟建設委員會，「知識經濟與臺灣產業結構轉變」，民國89年。
3. 汪正仁，國際物流─論東亞在國際物流的戰略地位，一版，華泰公司，民國90年。
4. 周宜魁，國際貿易理論與政策，三版，三民書局，民國84年。
5. 林正章，「貨物運輸網路研究之回顧與展望」，運輸網路分析，pp.35-64，五南圖書公司，一版，民國90年。
6. 張家祝、賈凱傑，「廠商全球供應鏈趨勢下之運籌發展」，經濟前瞻，80期，pp.123-126，民國91年3月。
7. 許巧鶯，「連續性網路問題」，運輸網路分析，pp.163-200，五南圖書公司，一版，民國90年。
8. 陳春益，「網路區位問題應用在車隊管理之探討」，運輸網路分析，pp.275-301，五南圖書公司，一版，民國90年。
9. 賈凱傑、馮正民，「企業產銷需求變遷下之物流競爭策略─以資訊電腦業為例」，1999國際物流研討會論文集，pp.333-342，民國88年。
10. 賈凱傑、馮正民、張家祝，「廠商供應鏈調整對物流的影響─以短週期資訊電子產品為例」，交通運輸，第19期，pp.14-29，民國89年6月。
11. 黎漢林等，供應鏈管理與決策─最佳化方法之運用，一版，儒林圖書公司，民國89年。
12. 賴士葆，生產作業管理--理論與實務，華泰書局，民國84年。
13. 顏上堯，「航空運輸網路」，運輸網路分析，pp.113-138，五南圖書公司，一版，民國90年。
14. Aikens, C. H., “Facility Location Models for Distribution Planning,” European Journal of Operation Research, 22, pp.263-279, 1985.
15. Altiok, T., R. Ranjan, “Multi-stage, Pull-type Production/inventory Systems,” HE Transactions, 27, pp.190-200, 1995.
16. Arntzen, B. C., G. G. Brown, T. P. Harrison, L. L. Trafton, “Global Supply Chain Management at Digital Equipment Corporation,” Interfaces, 25, pp.69-93, 1995.
17. Beamon, B.M., “Supply Chain Design and Analysis: Models and Methods,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 55, pp.281-294, 1998.
18. Bhatnagar, Rohit, Chandra Pankaj, S. K. Goyal, “Models for Multiplant Coordination,” European Journal of Operation Research, 67, pp.141-160, 1993.
19. Birou, L.M., Fawcett, S.E. and Magnan, G.M., “The Product Life Cycle: A Tool for Functional Strategic Alignment,” International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, pp.37-51, Spring 1998.
20. Camm, J. D., T. E. Chorman, F. A. Dull, J. R. Evans, D. J. Sweeney, G. W., “Wcgryn, Blending OR/MS, Judgement, and GIS: Restructuring P&G’s Supply Chain,” Interlaces, 27 (1), pp.128-142, 1997.
21. Campbell, J., “Continuous and Discrete Demand Hub Location Problems,” Transportation Research, 27B(6), pp.473-482, 1993.
22. Chia, K. C., Feng, C. M. and Chang, C. J., “Survey Analysis of Supply Chain Adjustment for Taiwanese Information Technology Firms,” Transport Reviews, 2002.
23. Chia, K. C., Feng, C. M. and Chang, C. J., “The Effects of Global Logistics Strategies on International Freight Transportation Demand,” Journal of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 4(4), pp.343-358, 2001.
24. Chikan, A., “Integration of Production and Logisitcs — in Principle, in Practice and in Education,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 69, pp.129-140, 2001.
25. Chopra, Sunil and Meindl, Peter, Supply Chain Management: Strategy, planning and Operation, Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001.
26. Christopher, Martin, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2nd edition, Practice Hall, 1998.
27. Christy, D. P. and Grout, J. R., “Safe Guarding Supply Chain Relationships,” International Journal of Production Economics, 36, pp.233-242, 1994.
28. Clark, A. J. and Scarf, H., “Optimal Policies for a Multi-echelon Inventory Problem,” Management Science, 6(4), pp.475-490, 1960.
29. Cohen, M. A. and Lee, H. L., “Resource Deployment Analysis of Global Manufacturing and Distribution Networks,” Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management, 2, pp.81-104, 1989.
30. Cohen, M. A., H, L. Lee, “Strategic Analysis of Integrated Production-Distribution Systems: Models and Methods,” Operations Research, 36 (2), pp.216-228, 1988.
31. Cohen, M. A., S. Moon, “Impact of Production Scale Economies, Manufacturing Complexity, and Transportation Costs on Supply Chain Facility Networks”, Journal of Manufacturing and Operations Management, 3, pp.269-292, 1990.
32. Cooper, J.C., “Logistics Strategies for Global Businesses,” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 23:4, pp.12-23, 1993.
33. Cooper, M.C., D.M. Lamber, and J.D. Pagh, “Supply Chain Management More than a New Name for Logistics,” The Internal Journal of Logistics Management, Vol.8, No.1, pp.1-14, 1997.
34. Crainic, T.G. and Laporte, G., Planning Models for Freight Transportation, European Journal of Operational Research, 97, pp.409-438, 1997.
35. Dicken, P., Global Shift — The Internationalization of Economic Activity, The Guilford Press, 1992.
36. Dornier, P. P., Ernst, R., Fender, M. and Kouvelis, P., Global Operations and Logistics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1998.
37. Feng, C.M. and Chia, K.C., “Logistics Opportunities in Asia and Development in Taiwan,” Transport Reviews, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.255-263, 2000.
38. Ganeshan, R., Jack, E., Magazine, M.J. and P. Stephens, “A Taxonomic Review of Supply Chain Management Research,’ Quantitative Models for Supply Chain Management, pp.841-879, Kiuwer Acadamic Publishers, 1999.
39. Geoffrion, A. M., Powers, R. F., “Twenty Years of Strategic Distribution System Design: An Evolutionary Perspective,” Interfaces, 25, pp.105-128, 1995.
40. Hamroel, T. R., L. R. Kopczak, “Tightening the Supply Chain,” Production and Inventory Management Journal, 34 (2), pp.63-70, 1993.
41. Healey, M. J. and Ilbery, B.W., Location and Change — Perspectives on Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, 1990.
42. Higashi, N. and Okawa, M., “Strategic Alliances in the Electronics Industry,” NRI Quarterly — Spring 1994, pp.62-85, 1994.
43. Hooley, G., Loveridge, R. and Wilson, D., Internationalization, MacMillian Press Ltd., 1998.
44. Ishii, K., Takahashi, R. Muramatsu, “Integrated Production, Inventory and Distribution Systems,” International Journal of Production Research, 26 (3), pp.473-482, 1988.
45. Johnson, J. B., S. Randolph, “Making Alliances Work -- Using a Computer-Based Management System to Integrate the Supply Chain,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, 47 (6), pp.512-513, 1995.
46. Krugman, P. R. and Obstfeld, M., International Economics, 2nd edition, Harper Collins, 1991.
47. Langevin, A., Mbaraga, P. and Campbell, J. F., “Continuous Approximation Models in Freight Distribution: An Overview,” Transportation Research Part B, Vol. 30, pp.163-188, 1996.
48. Lee, H. L., C. Billington, “Material Management in Decentralized Supply Chains,” Operations Research, 41 (5), pp.835-847, 1993.
49. Lee, H. L., C. Billington, B. Carter, “Hewlett-Packard Gains Control of Inventory and Service through Design for Localization,” Interfaces, 23 (4), pp.1-11, 1993.
50. Lee, H. L., E. Feitzinger, “Product Configuration and Postponement for Supply Chain Efficiency,” Fourth Industrial Engineering Research Conference Proceedings, Institute of Industrial Engineers, pp.43-48, 1995.
51. Lee, H. L., V. Padmanabhan, S. Whang, “Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect,” Management Science, 43 (4), pp.546-558, 1997.
52. Lehmusvaara, A., “Transport Time Policy and Service Level as Components in Logistics Strategy: A Case Study,” International Journal of Production Economics, 56-57, pp.379-387, 1998.
53. McKinnon, A. C. and Woodburn, A., “Logistical Restructuring and Road Freight Traffic Growth -- An empirical assessment,” Transportation, 23, 141-161, 1996.
54. Melkote, S. and Daskin, M. S., “An Integrated Model of Facility Location and Transportation Network Design,” Transportation Research, Part A, 35, pp.515-538, 2001.
55. Morash, E. and Clinton, S. R., “The Role of Transportation Capabilities in International Supply Chain Management,” Transportation Journal, 36 (3), pp.5-17, 1997.
56. Newhart, D. D., K. L. Stott, F. J. Vasko, “Consolidating Product Sizes to Minimize Inventory Levels for a Multi-stage Production and Distribution Systems,” Journal of the Operational Research Society, 44 (7), pp.637-644, 1993.
57. Nicoll, A. D., “Integrating Logistics Strategies,” Annual International Conference Proceedings, American Production and Inventory Control Society, pp.590-594, 1994.
58. O’Kelly, M. E., “The Location of Interacting Hub Facilities,” Transportation Science, 20 (2), pp.92-106, 1986.
59. Ortuzar, J. de D. and Willumsen, L.G., Modeling Transport, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1990.
60. Pagh, J. D. and Cooper, M. C., “Supply Chain Postponement and Speculation Strategies: How to Choose the Right Strategy,” Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 19, No.2, pp.13-33, 1998.
61. Pirkul, H. and V. Jayaraman, “A Multi-commodity, Multi-plant, Capacitated Facility Location Problem: Formulation and Efficient Heuristic Solution,” Computers Operations Research, Vol. 25, No.10, pp.869-878, 1998.
62. Pyke, D. F. and M. A. Cohen, “Multi-product Integrated Production-Distribution Systems,” European Journal of Operation Research, 74(1), pp.18-49, 1994.
63. Pyke, D. F., M. A. Cohen, “Performance Characteristics of Stochastic Integrated Production-Distribution Systems,” European Journal of Operational Research, 68(1), pp.23-48, 1993.
64. Sridharan, R., “The Capacitated Plant Location Problem,” European Journal of Operational Research, 87 (1), pp.203-213, 1995.
65. Svoronos A., P. Zipkin,, ”Evaluation of One-for-One Replenishment Policies for Multi-echelon Inventory Systems,” Management Science, 37 (1), pp.68-83, 1991.
66. Thomas, D. J. and Griffin, P. M., “Coordinated Supply Chain Management,” European Journal of Operation Research, 94, pp.1-15, 1996.
67. Towill, D. R., “Supply Chain Dynamics,” International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 4 (4), pp.197-208, 1991.
68. Towill, D. R., A. Del Vecchio, “The Application of Filter Theory to the Study of Supply Chain Dynamics,” Production Planning and Control, 5 (1), pp.82-96, 1994.
69. Towill, D. R., M. M. Nairn, J. Wikncr, “Industrial Dynamics Simulation Models in the Design of Supply Chains,” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 22 (5), pp.3-13, 1992.
70. Tzafestas, S., G. Kapsiotis, “Coordinated Control of Manufacturing/Supply Chains using Multi-level Techniques,” Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 7 (3), pp.206-212, 1994.
71. van Hoek, R. I., van Dierdonck, R., “Postponed Manufacturing Supplementary to Transportation Services?” Transportation Research Part E, Vol. 36, pp.205-217, 2000.
72. Verter, Vedat, “An Integrated Model for Facility Location and Technology Acquisition,” Computers and Operations Research, 29, pp.583-592, 2002.
73. Vidal, C. J. and Goetschalckx, M., “Strategic Production-Distribution Models: A Critical Review with Emphasis on Global Supply Chain Models,” European Journal of Operation Research, 98, pp.1-18, 1997.
74. Voudouris, V. T., “Mathematical Programming Techniques to Bottleneck the Supply Chain of Fine Chemical Industries,” Computers and Chemical Engineering, 20, S1269-S1274, 1996.
75. Wikncr, J., D. R. Towill, M. Nairn, “Smoothing Supply Chain Dynamics,” International Journal of Production Economics, 22 (3), pp.231-248, 1991.
76. Williams, J. F., “A Hybrid Algorithm for Simultaneous Scheduling of Production and Distribution in Multi-echelon Structures,” Management Science, 29 (1), pp.77-92, 1983.
77. Williams, J. F., “Heuristic Techniques for Simultaneous Scheduling of Production and Distribution in Multi-echelon Structures: Theory and Empirical Comparisons,” Management Science, 27 (3), pp.336-352, 1981.
78. Wyland, B., Buxton, K. and B. Fuqua, “ Simulating the Supply Chain,” IIE Solutions, pp.37-42, January 2000.
79. Zinn, W. and Bowersox, D.J., “Planning Physical Distribution with the Principle of Postponement,” Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 9, pp.117-136, 1998.
80. Zlatoper, T.J. and Austrian, Z., “Freight Transportation Demand: A Survey of Recent Econometric Studies,” Transportation, 16, pp.27-46, 1989.