摘要
本論文旨在探討當原文(source language，即源頭語)是中文，而譯文(target language，即目標語)是英文時，對中國學生而言，在翻譯的過程中偏好結構(preferred structure)為何。
本論文希望藉由在句法學中對中文、英文兩語言的比較，在翻譯上提供一個較具體的研究。而由於時間有限，本論文僅探討四種句法上的結構，亦即主題串、被動句、關係子句和連接詞。例如：主題若是在一個主題串的中文句子中時，主題在第二個子句常被省略；有些中文句子是中態句(middle voiced sentence)，但在英文句中卻必須是被動句(passive voiced sentence)；在中文裡較少使用關係子句，常可看見一個句子是由很多子句串聯而成，但在英文裡關係子句的使用是一種偏好結構；當兩個限定子句(finite clause)連用時，在中文裡連接詞並不一定要出現，但在英文裡一定要有適當的連接詞。
在本論文中，光華雜誌的翻譯語料除了做為在探討中譯英時會有哪些偏好結構的具體佐證外，並可為之後實驗中所採用的學生翻譯語料做為一個對比的探討。因為從所引用的光華雜誌的具體語料發現，在一個成熟的翻譯作品中母語的影響是不大的，但在學生的翻譯作品中發現，母語的影響仍是很大。
除此之外，誠如曹逢甫 博士在1977年的博士論文中所提出的：「中文是一個言談導向的語言(a discourse-oriented language)；英文是一個句子導向的語言(a sentence-oriented language)」，從本論文的研究結果發現，中國學生在做中譯英的翻譯時，不論是哪一個結構，均受此影響很深。

Abstract
The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the preferred structures in Chinese-English translation with Chinese as the source language and English, the target language.
This thesis is also an attempt to bring these two types of research─syntactic structures and translation -- together to see how structural differences between English and Chinese are actually handled in translation. Because of the limitation of time, we will examine only four syntactic structures in Chinese-English translation; they are topic chains, the passivization, the relative clauses, and the connectives. For example, topic deletion is prevalent in a Chinese sentence cast in the shape of a topic chain; some transitive verbs in Chinese are middle voiced, i.e. while they are active in form, they are passive in meaning and they are passivized in English translation; the relative pronoun can serve as the function of a conjunction in English, yet it lacks such a function in Chinese; it is necessary to use a conjunction as two finite clauses are put together in English, yet no much a requirement exists in Chinese.
Authentic linguistic data from Sino not only provides supportive proof about our generalization and assumption in this study, but also serves as the contrastive group to students’ translating work in the experiment.
The outcome of this study proves that this property, i.e., topic chains, in Chinese, plays a vital role in Chinese-English translation. And the concept─Chinese is a discourse-oriented language and English is a sentence-oriented─proposed by Prof. Tsao (1977) has much to do this Chinese-English translation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………. i
ABSTRACT(ENGLISH)………………………………………………………….. iii
ABSTRACT(CHINESE)…………………………………………………………… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….vii
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION……………………………………………1
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Preferred structures and writing tendencies in translation……………………...4
1.3 Purpose and limitation of the study……………………………………………..7
1.4 Assumptions of the study………………………………………………………..7
1.5 Organization of the thesis………………………………………………………..8
Notes …………………………………………………………………………………9
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………..10
2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………...10
2.2 Topic Chain………………………………………………………………………11
2.2.1 Definition & Characterization………………………………………………12
2.2.2 Implication, Application, and Assumption for Translation………………….16
2.2.3 Summary………………………………………………………………….…19
2.2.4 Examples from Sino…………………………………………………………20
2.3 The Passive Construction .…………………………………………………….…21
2.3.1 Definition & Characterization ………………………………………………22
2.3.2 Implication, Application, and Assumption for Translation …………………27
2.3.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………….30
2.3.4 Examples from Sino ………………………………………………………...31
2.4 The Relative Clause(RC) …………………………………………………… ..33
2.4.1 Definition & Characterization……………………………………………..34
2.4.2 Implication, Application, and Assumption for Translation ………………..41
2.4.3 Summary …………………………………………………………………..42
2.4.4 Examples from Sino ……………………………………………………….43
2.5 The Connectives ………………………………………………………………..45
2.5.1 Definition & Characterization …………………………………………….48
2.5.2 Implication, Application, and Assumption for Translation ……………….57
2.5.3 Summary …………………………………………………………………..58
2.5.4 Examples from Sino ………………………………………………………58
Notes ……………………………………………………………………………….62
CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND RESULTS ………...67
3.1 Subjects …………………………………………………………………………67
3.2 Materials ………………………………………………………………………..68
3.3 Procedures ………………………………………………………………………69
3.4 Results …………………………………………………………………………. 70
Notes ……………………………………………………………………………….. 95
CHAPTER FOUR DISCUSSION ……………………………………………… 96
4.1 Topic Chain …………………………………………………………………….. 96
4.2 The Passive Construction ………………………………………………………100
4.3 The Relative Clause (RC) ………………………………………………………105
4.4 The Connectives ………………………………………………………………..109
Notes ………………………………………………………………………………. 112
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION …. 113
5.1 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….. 113
5.2 Remaining Problems ………………………………………………………….. 117
5.3 Pedagogical Implication ………………………………………………………. 118
5.4 Implications for Further Research …………………………………………….. 119
Notes ……………………………………………………………………………… 121
References ………………………………………………………………………….122
APPENDIX 1: Translation Test ……………………………………………………130
APPENDIX 2: Students’ Translation on Topic Chain …………………………….. 132
APPENDIX 3: Students’ Translation on Passive Construction …………………… 143
APPENDIX 4: Students’ Translation on Relative Clauses (RC) ………………….. 158
APPENDIX 5: Students’ Translation on Connectives …………………………….. 177

References
English
Bache, Carl & Davidsen-Nielsen, Niels. 1997. Mastering English: An Advanced Grammar for Non-native and Native Speakers. Berlin: Mouton de Grayter.
Baker, Mark, Kyle Johnson & Ian Roberts. 1989. Passive Arguments Raised. Linguistic Inquiry 20: 219-251.
Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. London: Routledge.
Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad & Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman Co. Ltd.
Burzio, Luigi. 1986. Italian Syntax. Dordrecht: D.Reidel Publishing Company.
Cadford. J.C. 1974. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Chafe, Wallace L. 1976. Giveness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics, and Points of View. Subject and Topic. C.Li ed. New York: Academic Press.
Chao, Yen-yen. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chen, Chun-yin. 1995. Topics in Chinese: A or AÛ ? Studies in English Literature and Linguistics 12: 79-106.
Chen, Shu-qin. 1997. A Discourse Analysis of Relative Clauses in Spoken Chinese─A Study on Grammatical Reflexes and Information Structure. M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan University.
Cheng, Ya-yin. 1995. The Acquisition of Relative Clauses in Chinese. M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University.
Chiang, Tai-hui.1993. Some Translation Problems Between Latin. German, and English: A Contrastive Analysis and Pedagogical Implication. Shi Da Xue Bao(師大學報). 31. 495-542.
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton.
---. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The MIT Press.
---. 1969. Deep Structure, Surface Structure and Semantic Interpretation. Jakobson and Kawamoto, eds.
Chu, Chauncey C. 1973. The Passive Construction: Chinese and English. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1: 437-470.
---.1983. A Reference Grammar of Mandarin Chinese for English Speakers. New York: Peter Lang.
Chu, Show-chin Rai. 1982. Chinese Grammar and English Grammar: A Comparative Study. Taipei: Commercial Press, Ltd.
Cowper, Elizabeth A. 1992. A Concise Introduction to Syntactic Theory: The Government-Binding Approach.
Daniel Buring.1997. The Meaning of Topic and Focus: The 59th Street Bridge Accent. New York: Routledge Studies in German Linguistics.
Feng, S.L. 1990. The Passive Construction in Chinese. Ms.
Fox, Barbara A., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1990. A discourse explanation of the grammar of relative clauses in English conversations. Language 66: 297-316.
Givon, T. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
---.ed. 1983. Topic Continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-Language Study. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
---.1984. Syntax: A Functional-Typotogical Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
---. 1993. English Grammar: A Function-Bases Introduction. Philadephia: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Guan, Si. 1997. Connectivity in Chinese-English Interpretation. Studies of Interpretation and Translation 2:75-89.
Haegeman, L. 1991. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Cambridge: Blackwell.
Halliday, M.A.K., and Rualiya Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1969. Observations on the Passive Construction. Unicorn 5: 59-71.
Hong, Gang-jin. 1994. Topic-Prominence and Subject-Prominence in L2 Acquisition: Evidence of English-to-Chinese Typological Transfer. Language Learning 44.1: 101-122.
Hong, Li-chen. 1997. A Case Study of the Principal Branching Direction in Second Language Acquisition. M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University.
Huang, James. 1982. Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. P.h.D. Dissertation: MIT.
---. 1983. On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns. Language Inquiry 15: 531-574.
---. 1987. Remarks on Empty Categories in Chinese. Linguistic Inquiry 18: 321-337.
Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. London: Cambridge University Press.
Jaeggli, O.A. 1986. Passive. Linguistic Inquiry 17.4: 587-622.
Jerspersen, O. 1924. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin.
---. 1969. Analytic Syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Jing, Shi-wei. 1992. A Contrastive Analysis of Chinese and English Conjunctives and Its Implications on Teaching Advanced English Writing Class. M.A. Thesis: National Chengchi University.
Keenan, Edward L. 1976. Toward a Universal Definition of ‘Subject’. in C.Li, ed. Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press.
Knud Lamberecht. 1994. Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topic, Focus, and the Mental Representations of Discourse Referents. London: Cambridge Studies in Linguistics.
Kuno, Susumu. 1972. Functional Sentence Perspective: A Case Study from Japanese and English. Language Inquiry 3.3: 269-320.
Kuo, Fang-ting. 1995. Children’s Use of the Chinese Passive. M.A.: Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.
Li, Charles & Thompson, Sandara A. 1976. Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language.
---. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. California: University of California Press.
Liao, Huei-tzu. 1999. An Experimental Study of Topic-Prominence and Pro-drop in Second Language Acquisition of Chinese. M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University.
Li, Hui-ju. 1994. Bei: An Affected Head─The Bei-Construction Revisited. M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University.
Liao, Zhao-wen. 1993 . A Linguistic Analysis of English-Chinese Translation. Taipei Gong Shang Xue Bao(台北工商學報) 22: 559-589.
Liu, Li-juang. 1998. Second Language Acquisition of the Passive Construction in English. M.A.Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University.
Li, Y.C., Cheng, Robert, L., Foster, Larry, Ho, Shang H., Hou, John, Y., and Yip, Moira. 1989. Mandarin Chinese: A Practical Reference Grammar for Students and Teachers. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co., Ltd.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. Approaches to Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
---. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
---. 1991. About Translation. London: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene A. 1959. “Principles of Translating as Exemplified by Bible Translating,” in R.A. Brower, ed., On Translation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Napoli, Donna Jo. 1996. Linguistics: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Radford, Andrew. 1988. Transformational Grammar: A First Course. London: Cambridge Press.
---.1997. Syntactic Theory and the Structure of English: A Minimalist Approach. London: Cambridge.
Ren, Xiaobo. 1991. The Post-verbal Constituent in Chinese Passive forms. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 19.2: 221-242.
Schachter, Paul. 1973. Focus and Relativization. Language 49.1:19-46.
Shr, Min-li. 1999. Second Language Acquisition of Chinese Topic Constructions by English and Japanese-Speaking Learners. M.A. Thesis: National Chung Cheng University.
Shyu, Shu-ing. 1995. The Syntax of Focus and Topic in Mandarin Chinese. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation: University of Southern California Los Angeles.
Siewierska, Anna. 1986. The Passive: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis. New Hampshire: Croom Helm Ltd.
Tang, Ti-chi. 1982. Existential Sentences Pseudo-Cleft Sentences & Relative Clauses: A Contrastive Analysis between English, Chinese and Japanese. Studies in English Literature, and Linguistics 12:98-116.
Teng, Shou-Hsin. 1974. Double Nominatives in Chinese. Language 50: 455-473.
Tsao,Feng-Fu. 1978. Anglicization of Chinese Morphology and Syntax in the Past Two Hundred Years. Studies in English Literature & Linguistics, 41-54.
--. 1979. Subject and topic in Chinese. ed. By Robert L. Cheng, Ying-che Li, Tinh-chi Tang. Proceedings of symposium on Chinese linguistics. Taipei: Student Book Co.
--.1979. A Functional Study of Topic in Chinese: The First Step Towards Discourse Analysis. Taipei: Student Book Co.
--. 1983. Linguistics and Written Discourse in Particular Languages: Contrastive Studies: English and Chinese (Mandarin). Applied Review of Applied Linguistics.
---. 1990. Sentence and Clause structure in Chinese: a functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Tseng, Chi-fen. 1997. The Acquisition of the Bei-Construction in Chinese. M.A. Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.
Tung, Jeffery C. 1989. Why Clauses Have Subject. Studies in English Literature and Linguistics 21: 89-93.
Xie, Tianwe. 1992. Topic-controlled Deletion in Topic Chains in Chinese: A Comparison Between Native Speakers and Foreign Language Learners. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 17.3: 21-31.
Xu, Liejiong & Langedoen, D. Terence. 1985. Topic Structures in Chinese. Language 61.1: 1-27.
Yip, P.C. 1993. Linguistic Disposition─A Macroscopic View of Translation From English into Chinese. Journal of Chinese Language Teacher Association 17: 25-74.
Yip, Virginia. 1990. Interlanguage ergative constructions and learnability. CUHK Papers in Linguistics 2: 45-68.
Yu, Hsueh-ying. 1990. Connectives in Chinese Narrative Discourse. M.A. Thesis: National Chengchi University.
Zhou, Yan-ping. 1989. The effect of explicit instruction on the acquisition of English grammatical structures by Chinese learners. CUHK Papers in Linguistics 1: 70-104.
Chinese
王大偉，1998，漢譯英中尾心與尾重的處理方法，翻譯學研究集刊，第三期，145-153頁。
屈承熹，1979，文法研究的趨勢─關係子句的分析，語言學論叢：理論、應用及漢語法，台北：文鶴書局。
吳潛誠編著，1997，中英翻譯：對比分析法，台北：文鶴書局。
林崢嶸，1994，話題 + 評述 vs主詞 + 述語：英華對比分析與翻譯教學，翻譯學研究集刊，第4期，225-263頁。
孫述宇、金聖華編著，1997，英譯中：英漢翻譯手冊，台北：聯經出版社。
葉子南，2000，英漢翻譯理論與實踐，台北：書林書局。
陳定安編著，1998，翻譯精要，台北：台灣商務印書館。
---，1998，英漢比較與翻譯，台北：書林。
曹逢甫，1993a，中英文的句子─某些基本語法差異的探討，應用語言學的探索，82-107頁，台北：文鶴出版社。
-- 1993b，漢語與英語的關係子句形式及功用的對比研究，應用語言學的探索，108-131頁，台北：文鶴出版社。
-- 1993c，對比分析與錯誤分析─以中英文句子總體結構的異同為例談兩者的關係，應用語言學的探索，132-160頁，台北：文鶴出版社。
-- 1993d，從主題─評論的觀點談中文的句型，應用語言學的探索，201-233頁，台北：文鶴出版社。
湯廷池，1979，主語的句法與語意功能，國語語法研究論集，65-72頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
-- 1979，主語與主題的劃分，國語語法研究論集，73-80頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
-- 1979，國語句法中的重疊現象，國語語法研究論集，113-132頁，台北：台灣學
生書局。
-- 1979，國語的「是」字句，國語語法研究論集，133-142頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
-- 1979，國語的「的」字句，國語語法研究論集，143-160頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
-- 1979，國語的「有無句」與「存在句」，國語語法研究論集，181-196頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
-- 1979，國語、英語、日語句法的對比研究：存在句、準分裂句與關係子句，國語語法研究論集，227-248頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
-- 1979，中文的關係子句，國語語法研究論集，249-300頁，台北：台灣學生書局。
張培基等編著，1993，英漢翻譯教程，台北：書林書局。
劉宓慶，1989，漢英對比研究與翻譯，江西：江西教育出版社。
-- 2000，翻譯與語言哲學，台北：書林出版有限公司。
蘇復興(Su, Fu-hsing)，1998，The Translation of English Passives into Chinese，第二屆ㄎㄡˇㄅ一ˇ一ˋ教學研討會，123-144頁，台北：國立師範大學翻譯研究所。