臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

生態棲位(niche)的區隔，常是共域物種降低彼此競爭壓力的機制之一。月鼠與赤背條鼠共存在台灣低海拔野地中，一些研究已發現兩鼠種的棲地利用有所區隔，且兩鼠種在台灣地理分布的普遍性亦有差異。食物資源常為影響動物棲地選擇與生存的重要因子，食性棲位（food niche）的區隔，有可能是月鼠與赤背條鼠區隔的面向之一。本研究嚐試從食性的角度，探討共域之月鼠與赤背條鼠所利用之食物資源類別及比例上的異同。

本研究利用消化道內含物分析法，比較三種不同環境中－禾草區、銀合歡林區及林草交界區－月鼠與赤背條鼠食物資源利用的狀況。結果發現月鼠與赤背條鼠食性有明顯差異。月鼠主要食物為禾本科種子，赤背條鼠以無脊椎動物為主食，而所食種子以非禾本非菊科之其他種子為主。兩鼠種的食物類別雖有部分重疊，但各類食物的相對重要性在兩鼠種間有顯著差異，而兩鼠種各項食物之相對重要性在樣區及季節間亦有顯著變化，且與環境食物供應量有關。由共域之月鼠與赤背條鼠的食性差異，可推測兩鼠種棲地利用的差異，可能與不同棲地中提供的食物資源有關，而造成食物需求不同的原因，可能又與兩鼠種體型大小與消化道型態的差異有關。赤背條鼠的食性寬度大於月鼠，較月鼠更偏向廣食者（generalist）特性，然其在台灣的地理分佈卻較月鼠侷限，月鼠大量依賴的食物－禾本科種子多為低海拔野地普遍存在種類，此種食性上的特色或許是造成月鼠分布較赤背條鼠廣的原因。

囊叢枝內生菌根菌（簡稱：VAMF）的孢子在月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道中的出現頻度頗高(月鼠73.0%、赤背條鼠92.4%)，且數量很多，每毫升稀釋樣本中，平均數量約月鼠423顆、赤背條鼠3177顆。赤背條鼠所食的孢子量，明顯大於月鼠。兩鼠種吃食孢子的數量，在季節間及不同樣區間皆有差異，亦有地區性差異：夏季吃食量高於冬季，而林草交界區吃食量最高、禾草區吃食量最低。許多研究認為老鼠攝食菌根菌孢子，自排遺中排出，可在土壤間傳播菌根菌，可能影響植物群落的建立，從而影響老鼠自身棲息環境的植被特性，但菌根菌在兩鼠種食性上所扮演的角色，及月鼠、赤背條鼠與菌根菌、植被間的關係，仍待進一步釐清。

Food habits of two sympatric lowland rodents, Mus caroli and Apodemus agrarius, were investigated in eastern Taiwan by gut content analysis. Rodents were captured in three habitats (grassland, leucaena shrubs, edge between grassland and shrubs) during the winter of 2000 and the summer of 2001. Food items in gut were classified into 12 categories. Diets of the two species in two seasons and in three habitats were compared according to their perspective frequencies of occurrence and relative importance of each food category. Relative importance of food categories differed by species, season and habitat. Seasonal and inter-habitat variations in diets may be related to availability of food resources. Compared with A. agrarius, herbaceous seeds were consumed in greater amount by M. caroli, while invertebrates were less important to the species. Niche breadth in the diet of M. caroli was less than that of A. agrarius. Food habits of the two species may explain their different habitat use patterns found elsewhere. The widely distributed pattern of M. caroli may be a passive result of its majoring in diet on the herbaceous species dominant in lowland Taiwan. Spores of arbuscular-vesicular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) were found in 73% M. caroli and 94% A. agrarius specimens and were in great quantity in both species. Average spore number in A. agarius was higher than in M. caroli (3177 vs 423 spores/ml when gut contents were preserved in 60ml alcohol). Since VAMF are likely to influence community structure of plant, the role of rodents in VAMF spore dispersal deserves further attention.

文章目錄

一、 前言 1
二、 研究方法 4
(一) 研究地點 4
(二) 野外調查 8
(三) 實驗室分析 8
三、 研究結果 15
(一) 小獸類之捕獲數量 15
(二) 兩鼠種食性概述 16
(三) 月鼠與赤背條鼠之食性比較 21
四、 討論 27
(一) 月鼠食性 27
(二) 赤背條鼠食性 28
(三) 月鼠與赤背條鼠食性之區隔與重疊 29
(四) 囊叢枝內生菌根菌與老鼠的關係 31
五、 引用文獻 35


圖目錄

圖 一、研究地點位置圖 41
圖 二、月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道內含物中各項食物之出現頻度圖 42
圖 三、月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道內含物各項食物之相對重要性值分布 43
圖 四、動物性食物、種子類食物、其他植物性食物在各樣區－季節之月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道內含物中的相對重要性圖 44
圖 五、禾本科種子、菊科種子、其他種子在各樣區－季節之月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道內含物中的相對重要性圖 45

表目錄

表 一、各樣區中三大類植物之相對覆蓋度與結實量比較表 46
表 二、月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道內含物分析之食物項目分類表 47
表 三、研究期間各樣區－季節中之老鼠捕獲數量表 48
表 四、月鼠消化道內含物中各項食物之出現頻度與相對重要性表 48
表 五、赤背條鼠消化道內含物中各項食物之出現頻度與相對重要性表 49
表 六、月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道內含物中十項食物相對重要性之MANOVA分析 49
表 七、月鼠與赤背條鼠各樣區－季節具顯著差異之食物項目 50
表 八、月鼠與赤背條鼠各樣區－季節之食性寬度表 50
表 九、月鼠及赤背條鼠各樣區－季節消化道中VAMF孢子之出現頻度表 51
表 十、月鼠及赤背條鼠各樣區－季節消化道中VAMF孢子含量表 51


附錄

附錄 一、三研究樣區之植物名錄 52
附錄 二、月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道中鑑定出之種子種類及類型說明 60
附錄 三、月鼠與赤背條鼠各類食物相對重要性 61
附錄 四、月鼠與赤背條鼠各項食物出現頻度差異分析 62
附錄 五、月鼠與赤背條鼠各類食物出現頻度 63
附錄 六、月鼠與赤背條鼠消化道各部位之長度與佔消化道總長度之比例 64

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