臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

原住民在傳統釀酒，係用「白麴」當菌種，製作小米酒。小米發酵過程中，發酵液中以黴菌繁殖最快，於液態發酵第5天達最高。酵母菌於液態發酵第3天即明顯地快速生長，至第7天達高峰。由其發酵液中可分離出Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida holmiie , Lactobacillus brevis及Pediococcus pentosaceus等四類菌株，而S. cerevisiae為用於發酵乙醇之酵母菌。小米酒釀造過程中，酒精濃度隨著發酵時間而增加，在第30天其酒精濃度約為13.5﹪，至一年酒精濃度達約14﹪，但在第30天已無法分離得到菌種。小米酒發酵初期，其總酸度逐漸增加，推測是來自於根黴、酵母菌之代謝產物，亦可能由乳酸菌所產之乳酸所影響。小米酒發酵過程中，glutamic acid為酵母菌利用氮之主要來源，且glutamic acid亦會生合成lysine, arginine及threonine。酒類熟成期為香氣形成之重要關鍵，胺基酸代謝可產生高級醇，isoleucine及leucine可經由生合成作用，而成高級醇分別為2-methyl-1 butanol及3-methyl-1 butanol。乳酸加乙醇縮合可生合成乳酸乙酯(ethyl lactate)，經由GC、GC-MS之分析，證實乳酸乙酯為小米酒中之主要香氣成分。

Millet wine produced following the aborigine procedure was found to use so-called “white-cake” as a fungus source. During the fermentation period, mold grew quickly and had a peak quantity at 5 days after inoculation. Yeast also developed quickly after 3 days’ fermentation and had a peak quantity at after 7 days’ fermentation. From millet fermentation slurry, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida holmiie , Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosacus were isolated and characterized. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is believed to produce ethanol. During the early stage of millet wine making, the total titratible acid increased with increasing the fermentation period. Ethanol concentration in the millet wine was 13.5﹪,and increased to 14.0﹪after one year’s storge. Glutamic acid was used as a major nitrogen source during fermentation, and part of them were used to synthesize lysine, arginine, and threonine. Higher alcohols, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol were found to be derived from isoleucine and leucine respectively. Ethyl lactate was characterized by using GC or GC-MS. The formation of ethyl lactate was ascribed to the existence of large amount of ethanol and lactic acid in millet wine.

目錄
頁次
中文摘要…………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要…………………………………………………………Ⅲ
誌謝………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
目錄………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
表索引…………………………………………………………Ⅸ
圖索引…………………………………………………………Ⅹ
第一章 前言……………………………………………………1
第二章 文獻整理………………………………………………3
2.1 小米的特性……………………………………………3
2.2 米糧之釀酒方式………………………………………5
2.3 製麴方式………………………………………………8
2.3.1熟麴─日本製麴……………………………………10
2.3.2生麴─中國製麴……………………………………11
2.3.3大麴…………………………………………………14
2.3.4小麴…………………………………………………15
2.4 影響”麴”品質之因素…………………………………16
2.4.1水分與溫度的關係…………………………………18
2.4.2水分與產酸的關係…………………………………19
2.5 製酒發酵過程之成分變化……………………………20
2.5.1風味物質…………………………………………24
2.5.2酒中游離胺基酸的變化……………………………32
2.6酒儲藏中香氣成分之變化………...……………………34
2.6.1貯存之作用…………………………………………34
2.7 乳酸菌接種對酒質之影響……………………………38
2.8 小米酒之製作…………………………………………39
第三章 材料與方法……………………………………………41
3.1 實驗藥品………………………………………………41
3.2 培養基及培養液………………………………………42
3.3 小米酒之採樣…………………………………43
3.4 實驗與方法……………………………………………44
3.4.1採樣微生物之培養…………………………………44
3.4.2菌種鑑定……………………………………………45
3.4.3酸度測定……………………………………………46
3.4.4酒精含量之測定……………………………………47
3.4.5胺基酸測定…………………………………………48
3.4.6酯類、醇類之檢測…………………………………50
第四章 結果與討論……………………………………………52
4.1 菌種生長………………………………………………52
4.2 菌種鑑定………………………………………………54
4.3 可滴定酸變化…………………………………………55
4.4 酒精含量………………………………………………56
4.5 胺基酸之測定…………………………………………57
4.5.1發酵前期胺基酸之變化……………………………57
4.5.2熟成時胺基酸之變化………………………………59
4.6醇類、酯類之探討………………………………………60
第五章 結論……………………………………………………65
第六章 參考文獻………………………………………………91
表索引
頁次
表一 Y1鑑定結果…………………………………………….67
表二 Y2鑑定結果………………………………………………68
表三 B1鑑定結果………………………………………………69
表四 B2鑑定結果……………………………………………….70
圖索引
頁次
圖一 阿米洛法（Amylo）米酒製造流程…………………………6
圖二 改良在來法米酒製造流程……………………………7
圖三 製麴之流程………………………………………………9
圖四 酒中主要成分之生化合成途徑………………………..21
圖五 酵母菌產生高級醇之途徑…………………………..27
圖六 胺基酸生成高級醇反應式………………………………28
圖七 酒中酯類生成反應式………………………………29
圖八 小米酒製造流程………………………………………..40
圖九 小米固體發酵……………………………………………43
圖十 小米固體發酵後加水發酵………………………………43
圖十一 小米酒發酵期間，徽菌（Mold）生長柱狀圖…………71
圖十二 小米酒發酵期間，酵母菌（Yeast）生長柱狀圖………72
圖十三 小米酒發酵期間，細菌（Bacteria）生長柱狀圖………73
圖十四 小米酒發酵期間，乳酸菌（Lactobacillus）生長柱狀…74
圖十五 小米酒發酵中酸度之變化……………………………75
圖十六 小米酒發酵中酒精濃度變化…………………………76
圖十七 小米總胺基酸成份……………………………………77
圖十八 小米酒發酵期間游離胺基酸成份……………………78
圖十九 小米酒發酵階段總胺基酸與游離胺基酸之變化……79
圖二十 Proline由Glutamic acid生合成途徑………………80
圖二十一 Methionine, theronine, Lysine代謝生合成途徑…81
圖二十二 小米酒熟成時，游離胺基酸之變化…………………82
圖二十三 Isoleucine valine cysteine 在S.cerevisiae 之生合成途徑……………………………………………………83
圖-二十四 小米酒GC圖譜……………………………………84
圖二十五 Leucine isoleucine生合成高級醇途徑…………85
圖二十六 GC-MS測得乳酸乙酯之斷片圖……………………86
圖二十七 乳酸乙酯結構之斷片圖……………………………87
圖二十八 乳酸乙酯生合成途徑……………………………88
圖二十九 小米酒乳酸乙酯生成量……………………………89
圖三十 Phenylethyl acetate生合成途徑………………………90

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