臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本試驗主要目的在探討肉雞飼糧中鈣、磷含量對添加植酸酶，最佳之作用效果。試驗雛雞均使用購自商業孵化場一日齡愛拔益加肉雛雞240隻，公母混養，採4處理3重複之完全逢機設計，進行為期六週之生長試驗。1-3週齡為生長前期，4-6週齡為生長後期，飼料與飲水採任食。分別於1日齡、3和6週齡時個別秤重，並記錄飼料採食量。試驗一：對照組為基礎飼糧，生長前期之代謝能為3054 kcal/kg，粗蛋白質為21%，總磷含量為0.66%(有效磷0.40%)，鈣含量為0.87%；生長後期之代謝能為3049 kcal/kg，粗蛋白質19%，總磷含量為0.65%(有效磷0.40%)，鈣含量為0.87%。其餘三處理組分別調整有效磷含量為0.40%、0.25%以及0.10%，並同時添加植酸酶600 FTU/kg。試驗二：對照組為基礎飼糧，生長前期之代謝能為3113 kcal/kg，粗蛋白質為21%，總磷含量為0.50%(有效磷0.25%)，鈣含量為0.84%；生長後期代謝能為3093 kcal/kg，粗蛋白質為19%，總磷含量為0.49%(有效磷0.25%)，鈣含量為0.84%。其餘三處理組分別為鈣含量1.10%、0.84%及0.61%(鈣/磷比為2.2、1.7、1.2)，並同時添加植酸酶600 FTU/kg。
38日齡時，每處理隨機取6隻雞，進行翼下採血，以備分析血漿中鈣、磷濃度以及鹼性磷酸酶之活性。飼養試驗結束時，每處理隨機留取6隻雞，共24隻，進行為期五天糞便收集。結束時全部肉雞予以屠宰，取其左右脛骨，作為骨骼內灰分、鈣和磷含量之分析。
結果顯示，試驗一：在1-3週齡時肉雞之飼料採食量，以及4-6週齡、1-6週齡之體增重和飼料利用效率，其對照組與有效磷為0.40%、0.25%時且添加植酸酶處理，三者間並無顯著差異，但當有效磷降低至0.10%時，雖然添加植酸酶，其飼料採食量、體增重與飼料利用效率，比其他三個處理組較差(P<0.05)。在4-6週齡，體增重以有效磷0.40%並添加植酸酶處理組為最佳(P<0.05)，以有效磷0.10%且添加植酸酶處理組表現最差(P<0.05)；在飼料利用效率方面則四個處理之間無顯著差異。當有效磷下降至0.10%且添加植酸酶處理時，大部分的肉雞有腳弱的情形，在生長前期(1-3週齡)不太明顯，但在生長後期(4-6週齡)，不僅腳弱情形增加，且死亡隻數亦有增加情形，由此得知，將有效磷降低至0.10%時，即使添加植酸酶處理，其所提供的磷，亦無法滿足肉雞正常生長所需。糞磷排泄量以有效磷降至0.10%並添加植酸酶者為最低(P<0.05)；血液性狀方面，有效磷為0.10%並添加植酸酶處理組，其血鈣含量最高而血磷最低，鹼性磷酸酶活性在各處理組間無顯著差異(P>0.05)；脛骨強度以及屈曲力矩則以有效磷0.25%添加植酸酶處理組顯著較佳(P<0.05)。
試驗二：在相同鈣含量0.84%飼糧中添加植酸酶時，與對照組相較，在1-3、4-6及1-6週齡，對於採食量、體增重以及飼料利用效率有較佳之趨勢，但並無顯著差異。在1-3週齡時，添加植酸酶的處理組中，鈣磷比從2.2:1降至1.7:1以及1.2：1時，體增重分別有顯著增加(P<0.05)。4-6及1-6週齡之採食量、體增重以及飼料利用效率，在四個處理之間皆無顯著差異。飼糧中添加植酸酶處理中，隨著鈣磷比從1.2：1或1.7：1擴大至2.2：1時，其採食量以及體增重皆有降低之趨勢，飼料利用效率有變差之趨勢，但都無顯著之差異。在脛骨強度、屈曲力矩和應力方面，四處理組之間皆無顯著差異。脛骨內鈣和磷含量，皆以飼糧中鈣含量在0.61%時添加植酸酶者最低(P<0.05)，而以鈣含量1.10%並添加植酸酶處理組，其脛骨內鈣量最高(P<0.05)。
因此，綜合兩個試驗之結果，在肉雞飼糧中添加植酸酶，有效磷含量降至0.25%，鈣含量在0.84%時，即可得到最佳之利用效率。

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of phytase supplementation on the performance of broilers fed diets with different levels of calcium and available phosphorus (AP). In each experiment, two-hundred and forty-day-old commercial broiler of Arbor Acres strain were randomly distributed into 12 floor pens with 20 chicks per pen. A randomized complete block design of 4 treatments and 3 replicates growth trial was conducted for six weeks; 1-3 weeks was starter and 4-6 weeks was grower periods. Feed and water were offered ad libitum during the experimental period. At one-day, 3 and 6 weeks of age, body weight were recorded individually. In Exp. 1, the basal diet in the starter period contained ME 3054 kcal/kg, CP 21%, Ca 0.87% and AP 0.40%. In the grower period contained ME 3049kcal/kg, CP 19% and Ca 0.87% and AP 0.40%. The treatment groups were adjusted for AP levels at 0.40%, 0.25% and 0.10%, which were supplemented with 600 FTU phytase/ kg. In Exp. 2, the basal diet contained ME 3113kcal/kg, CP 21%, AP 0.25% and Ca 0.84%. In the grower period contained ME 3093 kcal/kg, CP 19%, total phosphorus 0.48% (AP 0.25%) and Ca 0.84%. The treatment groups were adjusted for calcium levels at 1.10%, 0.84% and 0.61% (Ca: TP ratio at 2.2, 1.7 and 1.2, respectively), which were supplemented with 600 FTU phytase/kg. At 38 days of age, blood samples were taken from the brachial vein of wing from 6 birds of each treatment, for measurement of plasma Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase activity. At the end of six weeks, 6 birds from each treatment were selected randomly and collected excreta for five days. Tibia samples from selected birds were collected after slaughtering at 47 days of age.
Results showed that there were no significant differences of feed intake in 1-3weeks of age and body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in 4-6 and 1-6 weeks of age among control, AP 0.40% and AP 0.25% groups, but birds fed diet with AP 0.10%, though supplemented with phytase, was lower in every performance than that of other treatments (P<0.05). In 4-6 weeks, the body weight gain of AP 0.40% diet supplemented with phytase groups was the highest and AP 0.10% diet supplemented with phytase groups was the lowest (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio was not significantly different among four treatments. Most birds from diet of AP 0.10% supplemented with phytase were rickets; while in the starter period (1-3 weeks) which were not severe, however in grower period (4-6 weeks) rickets were increased significantly. As a result, lower AP 0.10% diet with supplemental phytase, could not satisfy the demand of broilers normal performance.
The excreta P and plasma P were the lowest (P<0.05) and the plasma Ca was the highest (P<0.05) from the birds fed 0.10% AP with supplemental phytase. The plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was not significantly different (P>0.05) among the four treatments. The bone characteristics of tibia strength and bending moment of birds with 0.25% AP plus supplemental phytase were the highest (P<0.05).
In Exp. 2, diets with 0.84% Ca and supplemental phytase had higher feed intake, body weight and lower feed conversion ratio than control group in 1-3, 4-6 and 1-6 weeks. Diets with supplemental phytase, when Ca: TP ratio increased from 1.2 or 1.7 to 2.2, body weight gain was improved significantly in 1-3 weeks; feed intake and body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in 4-6, 1-6weeks, were not significantly different among the four treatments. There were not significantly different among four treatments on the tibia strength, bending moment and stress of bone characteristics. The birds fed with 0.61% Ca diet plus phytase had the lowest tibia Ca and P content among the four treatments (P<0.05), and those fed with 1.10% Ca diet plus phytase had the highest (P<0.05).
Therefore, when phytase was supplemented in the broiler diets, Ca level was suggested to maintain at 0.84% and AP level could decreased to 0.25% and the performance of broiler would be maintained.

目錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………………....I
英文摘要……………………………………………………………...V
誌謝……………………………………………………………….…IX
目錄………………………………………………………………….XI
圖次索引………………………………………………………….. XVI
表次索引………………………………………………………….XVII
壹、前言………………………………………………………………1
貳、文獻探討…………………………………………………………2
一、鈣與磷對動物之重要性………………………………………2
(一) 鈣在動物體內的作用、吸收代謝及其調節因子………2
1. 鈣之來源與分布……………………………………..2
2. 動物體內鈣之代謝吸收……………………………..2
3. 動物體內鈣之恆定調節因子………………………..3
(二) 磷在動物體內的作用、吸收代謝及其有效性之測定…4
1. 磷之來源與分布……………………………………...4
2. 動物體內磷之代謝吸收……………………………...5
3. 飼料原料中磷之有效性之測定……………………...6
(三) 家禽鈣、磷需要量之測定指標…………………………7
1. 生長性狀……………………………………………...7
2. 骨骼性狀……………………………………………...8
3. 血液性狀……………………………………………...9
二、植酸對飼料利用之影響………………………………………9
(一) 植酸之介紹……………………………………………...9
(二) 植酸磷之生物有效性………………………………….11
(三) 植酸與其他營養分間之關係………………………….11
三、植酸酶之介紹………………………………………………..13
(一) 植酸酶之作用………………………………………….13
(二) 植酸酶之來源………………………………………….13
(三) 植酸酶產生菌之介紹………………………………….15
(四) 植酸酶在消化道的作用部位………………………….17
四、動物糞便中排泄過量磷對於環境污染之影響……………..17
五、植酸酶在禽畜生產之應用…………………………………..18
(一) 添加植酸酶對禽畜生產性能之影響………………….18
(二) 飼糧添加植酸酶對於排泄物中磷含量之影響……….19
(三) 使用植酸酶產品之安全劑量………………………….20
(四) 影響植酸酶作用之因子……………………………….21
1. 飼糧中鈣磷比………………………………………….21
2. 鈣的含量……………………………………………….22
3. 磷的含量……………………………………………….23
4. 維生素D3……………………………………………….24
5. 有機酸………………………………………………….25
6. 飼料加工時的處理溫度……………………………….26
7. 動物年齡和生理狀況………………………………….27
8.動物腸道內影響植酸酶作用之因子……………..…….28
六、提高飼料原料中植酸磷利用率之可能方法………………..29
(一) 選擇含低植酸之飼料原料…………………………….29
(二) 使用高有效磷玉米…………………………………….30
(三) 萌芽植物可提高植酸酶活性………………………….31
(四) 浸泡可降低植酸鹽含量……………………………….31
(五) 將植物性原料作酵素前處理………………………….32
(六) 基因轉殖植物(transgenic plant)表現外來植酸酶…….32
(七) 飼料之額外添加物…………………………………….33
參、材料與方法……………………………………………………..34
一、試驗動物……………………………………………………..34
二、酵素來源……………………………………………………..34
三、試驗動物之飼養管理………………………………………..34
四、試驗設計……………………………………………………..35
五、血液和骨骼採樣……………………………………………..41
六、糞便收集……………………………………………………..41
七、測定項目及方法……………………………………………..42
(一) 骨骼性狀……………………………………………….42
(二) 血液中鈣、無機磷以及鹼性磷酸酶之測定………….45
(三) 飼料、糞便以及骨骼中之鈣濃度測定……………….45
(四) 飼料、糞便以及骨骼中之磷濃度測定……………….46
七、統計分析……………………………………………………..47
肆、結果與討論……………………………………………………..48
一、試驗一………………………………………………………..48
(一) 對生長性能之影響……………………………………...…48
(二) 對糞便排出物之影響……………………………………...51
(三) 對血液性狀之影響………………………………………...58
(四) 對脛骨性狀之影響………………………………………...61
二、試驗二……………………………………………………….67
(一) 對生長性能之影響………………………………………...67
(二) 對糞便排出物之影響……………………………………...70
(三) 對血液性狀之影響………………………………………...72
(四) 對脛骨性狀之影響………………………………………...79
伍、結論…………………………………………………………….84
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………………….86
附錄…………………………………………………………………104
作者介紹…………………………………………………………....105

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