臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要在探討環境變化和台灣鮑魚（Haliotis diversicolor supertexta）免疫抗病力之間的關係。
首先，探討暴露在水溫20℃、24℃、28℃及32℃中的台灣鮑魚，分別於0、24、72、120小時觀測其免疫因子，包括血球細胞之酚氧化酵素活性、超氧離子濃度、總血球數、吞噬作用及清除作用能力等，接著觀察注射弧菌Vibrio parahaemolyticus於鮑魚體內進行攻擊試驗後的死亡率。結果顯示暴露在20℃和24℃的台灣鮑魚的抗病力較佳。在28℃及32℃時台灣鮑魚的抗病力明顯降低。PO活性在32℃活性明顯減弱，在20℃時隨暴露時間增長而增加。暴露在32℃和20℃中達24小時後，總血球數量明顯較實驗初期增加。在20℃下O2-變化和PO活性呈負向關係，吞噬和清除能力在120小時後都會恢復且趨於穩定。在較低水溫下免疫活性因子具有適應與調節之現象。
暴露在濃度分別為0.01 mg/l、1.08 mg/l、3.16 mg/l、5.37 mg/l及10.04 mg/l之不同氨-氮溶液中，分別於0、24、72、120小時觀察台灣鮑魚的免疫抗病反應。結果發現經注射感染Vibrio parahaemolyticus後，死亡率隨暴露濃度的增加而增高。PO活性除濃度1.08 mg/l組在120小時後會回升外，其餘三組PO活性皆顯著降低。O2-含量在3.16 mg/l 以上濃度組皆顯著升高，10.04 mg/l濃度組於暴露72小時後明顯下降回穩，但含量仍高於實驗初期，吞噬作用和清除作用能力皆隨暴露濃度的增加而明顯減弱。
在暴露濃度分別為0.02 mg/l、0.96 mg/l、2.85 mg/l、5.03 mg/l及10.16 mg/l之亞硝酸-氮溶液中，分別於0、24、72、120小時觀察台灣鮑魚的免疫抗病反應，結果發現經攻擊感染後，暴露於10.16 mg/l濃度下的台灣鮑魚死亡率顯著地升高。各濃度組PO活性在24小時後會顯著地升高，2.85 mg/l以上之各濃度組，隨暴露時間增長而下降，但活性仍明顯高於實驗初期；O2-則隨暴露時間增長與亞硝酸-氮濃度增加而升高，吞噬作用和清除能力，皆隨暴露濃度升高而降低。血球之吞噬作用能力與體內清除作用能力，可作為環境中氨-氮和亞硝酸-氮造成緊迫時之健康指標。

This study aims at investigating the effects of water temperature, ammonia-N and nitrite-N on the immune response of Taiwanese abalone, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta.
First examined was the immune factors of the abalone, including phenoloxidase activity (PO), superoxidase anion (O2-), total blood cells, phagocytosis, and clearance efficiency when the abalone was exposed to different water temperatures at 20, 24, 28 and 32℃ for 0, 24, 72 and 120 hours. The mortality rates were determined after the abalone was challenged with an injection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results showed that the abalone had a higher disease resistance after being exposed to the water temperature at 20 and 24℃. However, the disease resistance significantly decreased at 28 and 32℃ (p＜0.05). The PO activity was significantly declined at 32℃, but increased at 20℃ when the exposure time was prolonged. After being exposed for 24 hours at 20 and 32℃, the total blood cell counts of the abalone significantly increased as compared with the initial counts taken at the beginning of the treatment. There was an inverse relationship found between the O2- concentration and the PO activity at 20℃. Both of the phagocytosis and the clearance efficiency were recovered after 120 hours and remained stable thereafter. At the lower water temperatures, the immune response of the abalone appeared to be better adaptable.
The immune response of the abalone was determined when it was exposed to ammonia-N solution at concentrations of 0.01 mg/l, 1.08 mg/l, 3.16 mg/l, 5.37 mg/l and 10.04 mg/l for 0, 24, 72 and 120 hours. After challenging with V. parahaemolyticus, the mortality rate of the abalone increased with the increase of the concentration of ammonia-N solution. The PO activity decreased when the abalone was exposed to the ammonia-N solution, except at the concentration of 1.08 mg/l, where the PO activity recovered after 120 hours. The O2- concentration significantly increased when the abalone was exposed to ammonia-N solution at all the concentrations above 3.16 mg/l, except at 10.04 mg/l. The O2- concentration decreased at 10.04 mg/l after 72 hours and remained at a stable condition. However, this concentration was still higher than the initial concentration determined at the beginning of the treatment. Both of the phagocytosis and the clearance efficiency decreased with the increase of the ammonia-N concentrations.
The immune response of the abalone was determined when it was exposed to nitrite-N solution at concentrations of 0.02 mg/l, 0.96 mg/l, 2.85 mg/l, 5.03 mg/l and 10.16 mg/l for 0, 24, 72 and 120 hours. After challenging with V. parahaemolyticus, the mortality rate of the abalone increased at the nitrite-N concentration of 10.16 mg/l. The PO activity at all of the concentrations of nitrite-N increased after 24 hours. However, the activity at the concentrations above 2.85 mg/l decreased with the increase of the exposure time. Despite the decrease, this activity was still higher than the initial activity measured at the beginning of the treatment. The O2- concentration increased with the increase of both of the exposure time and the nitrite-N concentration. The phagocytosis and the clearance efficiency decreased with the increase of the nitrite-N concentration. The phagocytosis and the clearance efficiency could be used as health indicators for the abalone under the stress of ammonia-N and nitrite-N.

目錄
中文摘要 ………………………………………………….. Ⅰ
英文摘要 ………………………………………………….. Ⅳ
誌謝 ………………………………………………….. Ⅶ
目錄 ………………………………………………….. Ⅷ
表目錄 ………………………………………………….. Ⅹ
圖目錄 ………………………………………………….. XI
第一章 前言…………………………………………….. 1
第二章 文獻整理……………………………………….. 5
第三章 材料方法……………………………………….. 24
1. 實驗用台灣鮑魚…………………………… 24
2. 實驗環境條件之調控……………………… 25
3. 實驗設計………………………………….... 26
4. 攻擊試驗………………………………….... 28
5. 台灣鮑魚免疫因子之分析………………… 29
第四章 結果………………………………….................. 34
1. 台灣鮑魚暴露於不同水溫下對免疫抗病之影響...…………………………………......... 34
2. 不同濃度氨-氮對台灣鮑魚免疫抗病能力之影響……………………………………… 39
3. 不同濃度亞硝酸-氮對台灣鮑魚免疫抗病 能力之影響………………………………... 44
第五章 討論………………………………….................. 49
一、 物理環境因子之溫度變化對台灣鮑魚免疫因子響………………………………… 49
二、 不同之氨-氮濃度對台灣鮑魚免疫抗病的影響………………………………………. 53
三、 不同之亞硝酸-氮濃度對台灣鮑魚免疫抗病之影響……………………….................. 55
第六章 結論………………………………….................. 58
參考文獻 ………………………………….......................... 60
圖與表 ………………………………….......................... 81
附錄 ………………………………….......................... 99
作者簡介 ………………………………….......................... XII
表目錄
Table 1. Susceptibility of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta to Vibroio parahaemolyticus in different temperature levels at 30±1 ppt…………………… 81
Table 2. Effects of different temperature levels on the THC (total haemocyte count) in Haliotis diversicolor supertexta…………………………………............ 82
Table 3. Susceptibility of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta to Vibroio parahaemolyticus in different concentrations of ammonia-N(mg L-1) at 26±1℃.. 83
Table 4. Effects of different concentrations (mg L-1) of ammonia-N on the THC (total haemocyte count) in Haliotis diversicolor supertext……………… 84
Table 5. Susceptibility of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta to Vibroio parahaemolyticus in different concentration of nitrite-N (mg L-1) at 26±1℃…… 85
Table 6. Effects of different concentrations (mg L-1) of nitrite-N on the THC (total haemocyte count) in Haliotis diversicolor supertexta…………………. 86
圖目錄
Fig 1. Mean (±SE). Phenoloxidase activity in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different temperature levels, each bar represents mean value from six determinations with standard error……………………………………………….. 87
Fig 2. Mean (±SE). Superoxidase activity in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different temperature levels, each bar represents mean value from six determinations with standard error……………………………….......................... 88
Fig 3. Mean (±SE). Phagocytic activity (%) in the haemocytes of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, which was challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different temperature levels………………………………........................ 89
Fig 4. Mean (±SE). Clearance efficiency in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, which was challenged with V. parahaemolyticusat at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different temperature levels……………………. 90
Fig 5. Mean (±SE). Phenoloxidase activity in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different ammonia-N concentrations, each bar represents mean value from six determinations with standard error………………………………... 91
Fig 6. Mean (±SE). superoxidase concentration in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different Ammonia-N concentration, each bar represents mean value from six determinations with standard error………………………………... 92
Fig 7. Mean (±SE). Phagocytic activity (%) in the haemocytes of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, which was challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different concentration of ammonia-N (0.01, 1.08, 3.16, 5.37 and 10.04 mg L-1) …………………………………………… 93
Fig 8. Mean (±SE). Clearance efficiency in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, which was challenged with V. parahaemolyticusat at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different ammonia-N concentration (mg/l)……………………………………………... 94
Fig 9. Mean (±SE). Phenoloxidase activity in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different nitrite-N concentration, each bar represents mean value from six determinations with standard error………………………………... 95
Fig 10. Mean (±SE). superoxidase activity in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different nitrite-N concentration, each bar represents mean value from six determinations with standard error………………………………... 96
Fig 11. Mean (±SE). Phagocytic activity (%) in the haemocytes of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, which was challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different concentration of nitrite-N (0.02, 0.96, 2.85, 5.03 and 10.16 mg L-1) ………………………………………………... 97
Fig 12. Mean (±SE). Clearance efficiency in the hemocyte of Haliotis diversicolor supertexta, which was challenged with V. parahaemolyticusat at the beginning and after 24, 72 and 120 hours exposure to different nitrite-N concentration (mg/l)……………………………………………… 98

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