臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

農村社區居民與計畫發展方案的互動關係，會影響農村計畫的實施成效。以往採用由上而下的規劃方法，而發生失敗案例，引發我探討如何透過參與式規劃，以落實農村社區之健全發展。
本文研究範圍包括社區授權、公共參與及業主分析等。社區需要居民積極的參與，讓受益者或團體發揮影響力，促進農村社區計畫的健全發展與順利推動。參與本身就是授權的過程，它是要透過公平的參與，權力的分享及責任的分擔，以解決社區發展所面對的問題。
參與的定義和觀念可追溯到1950至1960年代期間，當時由非政府組織所提出的社區和公共參與，例如聯合國農糧組織、國際勞工組織、聯合國社會發展研究所開始推動發展方案和計畫的公共參與。現今最成功的參與式規劃策略，大概是需要居民有活力及漸進的公共參與，以促進由下而上規劃模式的實現。
本研究使用量化與質化的分析方法，包括使用現場調查及觀察、問卷調查、面對面訪談，以瞭解研究地區的環境及社會條件，社區發展方案和計畫的參與情形，和收集農村社區規劃的相關資訊。
問卷調查的結果顯示47.1％受訪者同意全社區居民共同開會，可激勵社區參與。有32.8％受訪者非常同意資金不足，是推動社區發展計畫的重要限制因素。
業主分析是達成永續發展的重要途徑之一，但永續發展的目標並不一定會實現，除非保證受益者有能力作決策並承擔風險，例如屏東縣萬巒鄉四溝村鐵橋的興建，是利用業主分析的一個很好的案例。有37％受訪者非常同意參與式的規劃方法，可引導參與者吸收新知，增廣見聞，追求進步，並強化社區的活力。變異數分析的結果顯示，台中縣新社鄉協成村的受訪者對於農村社區計畫的規劃與執行的滿意度最高，因為他們能重視由下而上的規劃方法。迴歸分析的結果說明農村居民在農村計畫的規劃階段及檢討階段，其參與的程度愈高，對於達成計畫目標的滿意度亦愈高。
本文訪問調查的結果顯示，社區領導者在推動居民參與社區發展，扮演重要的角色，此外，業主分析和參與技巧亦是促進社區健全發展的有效途徑之一。總而言之，不論政策計畫、部門發展計畫或空間發展計畫，大多數的受訪者認為透過參與式規劃，是落實計畫健全發展或順利執行的重要因素。

The effectiveness of planning and development processes are affected by the ways communities’ people are able to interact with these processes. This paper is designed to examine the effectiveness of community-based approaches to community empowerment through participatory planning strategies in both preparation and implementation of development projects and programs, for both public and private proposals. The failure of many development projects using the top-down approach has motivated me to investigate the empowerment of rural communities through participatory planning strategies.
The scope of this study includes: community empowerment, popular participation, stakeholder/actor, stakeholder analysis, and need for participation and empowerment. Community participation is an active process by which beneficiary or client groups influence the direction and execution of a development project. Participation is the process of empowering the community to be able to solve their own problems through equal partnerships, power-sharing, shared responsibility and cooperation.
The definitions and concepts of participation in development can be traced back to community and popular participation, promoted mainly by (NGOs) in the1950s and 1960s. Multilateral agencies such as UNFAO, ILO, and UNRISD, also began to promote popular participation in development projects and programs. The most successful strategies today seem to be the process that demand active and increased public participation, thereby creating an illusion of popular control and bottom-up policy, and decision-making.
The study has used both quantitative and qualitative methods for analysis. The field survey and observation, questionnaire survey, and face-to-face survey were employed to understand the study areas’ environmental and social conditions, to identify community organizations and the current process of community participation in development projects and programs and to collect related data and information.
The results of questionnaire survey showed that 47.1% of the respondents agree that mass meeting can be used to encourage community participation in development project and programs. 32.8% of the respondents very agree that inadequate funding was the major constraints to community participation in the projects and programs. The broad sample of the community groups’ participation in projects and programs throughout the three counties provided a useful assessment of group progress and failure in each area.
Stakeholders participation is crucial for achieving sustainable development, but it will not occur unless a conscious effort is made to ensure that the intended beneficiaries are empowered to make their own decisions and allow to take risks as in the case of Sigou Village. 37% of the respondents very agree that they gained knowledge and skills as a result of their participation in the project and program.
Our ANOVA results show significant difference between xiechen village and the other four villages. Thus, indicating that the people of xiechen village are very satisfied with the planning and implementation effectiveness of their village. Our regression analysis results also show high level of (DEGREE and EVALUATE) which results to high level satisfaction with the implementation effectiveness of the village communities.
The interview results indicated that neighbor leadership is an important factor in community involvement and participation. According to our survey, the stakeholder analysis and the technology of participation were the most effective approaches in community empowerment through participatory planning. In summary, community empowerment through participatory planning was considered by most of our interviewees to be relevant for almost any form of development programs regardless of policy context, development sector, or spatial setting.

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………
CHINESE ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………
LIST OF TABLES. ………………………………………………………………
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………
I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………..
1.1 Background…………………………………………………………………….
1.2 Research motivation……………………………………………………………
1.3 Research objectives ……………………………………………………………
1.4 The scope of the study…………………………………………………………
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………
2.1 The planning process. …………………………………………………………
2.1.1 Purpose of plans……………………………………………………………...
2.2 Key issues to address. …………………………………………………………
2.2.1 Range of approach………………….………………………………………..
2.2.2 One-way methods………………………………………….………………...
2.2.3 Interactive methods …………………………………………………………
2.2.4 Criteria for effectiveness. ……………………………………………………
2.3 Participation (Top-down vs. Bottom-up approach)……………………………
2.4 Importance of community participation……………………………………….
2.4.1 Participation and empowerment……………………………………………...
2.4.2 Concept of participation……………………………….……………………..
2.4.3 Principles of participation …………………………………………………...
2.4.4 Some benefits of popular participation ……………………………………...
2.5 The history of community empowerment. ……………………………………
2.5.1 The democratization movement……………………………………………..
2.5.2 The consumer movement ……………………………………………………
2.5.3 The self-help movement……………………………………………………..
2.6 The theory of empowerment…………………………………………………...
2.6.1 The process of community empowerment…………………………………...
2.6.2 Rural community empowerment approach. …………………………………
2.6.3 Indicators for community empowerment…………………………………….
2.7 The present situation of participation and empowerment……………………...
2.8 Problems analysis and solving strategies………………………………………
2.8.1 Example of problems analysis……………….………………………………
2.8.2 Solving strategies ……………………………………………………………
III. METHODOLOGY. …………………………………………………………
3.1 Questionnaire designed………………………………………………………...
3.2 Survey designed ……………………………………………………………….
3.3 Questionnaire administration ………………………………………………….
3.4 Data analysis methods …………………………………………………………
3.5 Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………..
3.6 Sampling………………………………………………………………………
3.6.1 Face-to-face discussions with local authorities method……………………..
3.7 Analysis of findings and objectives …………………………………………..
3.7.1 Detailed case studies…………………………………………………………
3.7.2 Case methods ………………………………………………………………..
3.8 Research focus, surveys and methodology…………………………………….
3.9.Sample local authorities……………………………………………………….
3.9.1 Final meeting with local chiefs ……………………………………………...
3.10 Description of the study area…………………………………………………
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………...
4.1.Steps to encourage community participation…………………………………..
4.2 Indicators of empowered community groups as result of the project………….
4.3 Strategies that worked well in involving the target community in the project and program……………………………………………………………………
4. 4 Project intervention and achievement of development desire goals…………..
4.5 Change of objectives during the course of the project…………………………
4.6 Existed constraints in involving the community in the project………………..
4.7 Additional knowledge requirement to work and participate in the project effectively………………………………………………………………………
4.8 Indicators of increased public participation as a result of the project………….
4.9 Views of the stakeholders on planning, implementation, and evaluation……...
4.10 Community participation in term of stages…………………………………...
4.11 Lessons learned ………………………………………………………………
V. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….
5.1. Range of approaches available………………………………………………..
5.2. Research limitation …………………………………………………………...
5.3 Recommendation………………………………………………………………
5.4 Future study suggestions……………………………………………………….
VI. REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX 1 …………………………………………………………………….
APPENDIX 2……………………………………………………………………..
AUTHOR BIOSKETCH………………………………………………………..

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