臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
江澤民時期，在文人領導不再具有毛、鄧般的革命權威和軍中人脈的環境下，以往以個人權威和革命資歷作為權力基礎的現象，轉變為後強人時期，以制度上的職位所賦予的權威，作為權力基礎的情況。這樣的轉變造成文人領導必須透過協商談判，運用利益交換等手段，以換取軍隊對他的支持。後強人時期，「集體領導」原則是中共權力政治的特徵。江澤民在第三代集體領導班子中，由於並不比其他領導人具有權威，所以必須藉由與特定政治團體或個人，建立政治結盟的方式來鞏固權力。以胡錦濤為核心的第四代領導班子，在即將進行的權力過渡中，也面臨同樣的境況。這種透過政治結盟以鞏固權力基礎的代價，是必須給予結盟團體利益報酬始得維繫。這也是軍隊得以在後強人時期的中共政治領域中，擁有前所未見影響力的原因。
本文在探討江澤民時期之中共黨軍關係時，將軍隊視為政治系統中的一個利益團體之角色。在這樣的前提設定下，筆者在論文鋪陳上提出兩個中心假設：(1)、解放軍在專業化的過程中，逐漸發展出組織本身的團體利益。而這樣的發展，使軍隊和黨以及中共政治系統內的其他組織間，因外貌和利益的不能相容而發生持續的、多面向的衝突；(2)、黨作為掌控國家機器的唯一合法組織，將持續尋求控制軍隊，並限制軍隊在組織利益需求上的表達。在上述兩個假設中，本文將設定數項影響黨、軍關係的變數，這包括政治系統中意識型態的式微、組織功能和專業技巧的被重視、軍隊中政治控制系統的衰弱、軍隊在政治繼承問題上的角色、領導階層集體領導原則的被接受(突顯軍隊在政治繼承問題中的重要性)以及經濟的市場化等因素，探討這些變數對中共黨、軍關係的影響。

Abstract
In the era of Jiang Zemin, the core leader of third generation has not be much more powerful than other leaders. Hence, he needs to build a coalition to gathering varied interests that supported his leadership. He had to bargain and compromise with other leading officials, to generate resources in order to reward and maintain the coalition which supporting him in power. Based on such “give and take” relations, he had been relatively weak when bargain with military or other interest groups within Chinese political system. And that might be the major reason to explain why the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) could get the unforeseeable political influence in the Jiang era.
When discussing the Party-Army relations in the Jiang era, it would be useful to view the PLA as an interest group in the Chinese political system. Therefore, I posit two basic assumptions to analyzing such relations. The first is that army and Party are engaged in a chronic and multiform conflict stemming from their incompatible outlooks and interests. The second is that Party would insist in controlling the army and keep suppressing the expression of its group interests. Besides, several variables would be introduced to identify such conflict. These include the declination of ideological indoctrination, the power reduction of the political control system in the army, the absence of regularized procedures for the transfer of political power within the ruling Party elite, the acceptance of the principle of collective leadership, and the modernization of the economy. These factors would be used to explain the transformation of the Party-Army relations.

目 次
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 理論探討與研究假設 2
第三節 研究方法與研究途徑 6
第四節 研究範圍與限制 9
第五節 章節安排 10
第二章 中共黨軍關係之回顧
第一節 毛澤東時期之黨軍關係 13
第二節 鄧小平時期之黨軍關係 26
第三章 江澤民時期之黨軍關係
第一節 後強人時期黨─軍互動的發展 44
第二節 江澤民時期解放軍專業化、正規化的發展面向 53
第四章 黨軍關係的逆流與困境
第一節 解放軍與中共之外交政策 63
第二節 解放軍與經商活動 74
第五章 結論 87
中文參考書目 92
英文參考書目 94

表次
表2—1：解放軍代表在革委會及重建後之黨委會之比例 24
表2—2：解放軍代表在9大中委會及政治局之比例 25
表3—1：江澤民時期解放軍軍費明細 51

參考書目一、中文參考資料(一)、專書《中華人民共和國年鑑1997》(北京，中國年鑑社，1997)。《中華人民共和國年鑑2000》(北京，中華人民共和國年鑑社，2000)。尹元隆編譯，《中共軍事現代化》(國防部史政編譯局，中華民國八十七年七月)。余炳輝等編譯，《社會研究的方法》(杭州：浙江人民出版社，1987年5月)。呂亞力，《政治學方法論》(台北：三民書局，1987年8月)。易君博，《政治理論與研究方法》(台北：三民書局，1984年9月6日)。林長盛編，《解放軍的現狀與未來》(台北，桂冠圖書股份有限公司，1993年5月)。席汝楫，《社會與行為科學研究法》(台北：五南圖書出版公司，中華民國68年5月)。楊日旭、楊念祖合編，《新世紀中共解放軍與台海安全》(台北：中華民國高等政策研究協會，2000年2月)。(二)、期刊論文丁樹範，「一九九三年的中共軍隊：軍事現代化與政治繼承」，《中國大陸研究》，第三十七卷，第二期，民國八十三年二月，頁37-45。丁樹範，「中共軍隊的生產工作：內容與影響」，《中國大陸研究》，第三十六卷，第八期，民國八十二年八月，頁5-15。丁樹範，『軍隊角色，「鄧後中國大陸何去何從」研討會』，《中國大陸研究》，第三十八卷，第三期，民國八十四年三月，頁26-37。王玲玲，『中共「十四大」人事之分析』，《中國大陸研究》，第三十六卷，第一期，民國八十二年一月，頁15-26。吳安家，『中共「十四大」前的政治情勢』，《中國大陸研究》，第三十五卷，第十期，民國八十一年十月，頁5-15。吳安家，『中共「十四大」後的政治動向』，《中國大陸研究》，第三十五卷，第十二期，民國八十一年十二月，頁5-16。李芙桃，『共軍人事調整的意義與影響』，《中國大陸研究》，第四十一卷，第六期，中華民國八十七年六月，頁67-79。周繼祥，「軍辦企業下中共軍人的心態」，《中國大陸研究》，第三十四卷，第四期，民國八十年四月，頁51-61。林長盛，「論中共軍隊參與經濟活動的影響」，《中國大陸研究》，第三十六卷，第三期，民國八十二年三月，頁59-72。俞劍鴻，「地域主義與中共七大軍區」，《中國大陸研究》，第三十五卷，第四期，民國八十一年四月，頁34-54。寇健文，『中共「幹部年輕化」與政治繼承』，《中國大陸研究》，第四十四卷第五期，中華民國九十年五月，頁1-16。楊念祖，『軍隊角色，「鄧後中國大陸何去何從」研討會』，《中國大陸研究》，第三十八卷，第三期，民國八十四年三月，頁21-25。劉勝驥，「台灣民眾統獨態度之變化」，《中國大陸研究》，第四十一卷，第三期，中華民國八十七年三月，頁，7-30。歐錫富，《大陸工作簡報》，行政院大陸委員會，1998年9月17日。───，《大陸工作簡報》，行政院大陸委員會，2000年8月16日。───，《大陸工作簡報》，行政院大陸委員會，2001年1月10日───，《大陸情勢》，行政院大陸委員會，2000年10月。───，《大陸情勢》，行政院大陸委員會，2001年10月。───，《大陸情勢》，行政院大陸委員會，2002年1月。───，《大陸情勢》，行政院大陸委員會，2002年4月。(三)、網路資料《二零零零年中國的國防》白皮書，in http://taiwan-strait.com/200010172.html《中華人民共和國現役軍官法》，in http://www.pladaily.com.cn/item/jglaw/content/law011_pladaiy.htm二、英文參考資料(一)、專書Bullard, Monte R., China’s Political-Military Evolution: The Party and Military in the PRC, 1960-1984 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1985).Gittings, John, The Role of Chinese Army (London: Oxford University Press, 1967).Goodman, David S. G., and Gerald Segal (eds.), China Rising: Nationalism and Interdependence (London: Routledge, 1997).Gurtov, Mel, and Byong-Moo Hwang, China’s Security: The New Roles of the Military (Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998).Huntington, Samuel P., The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967).Jencks, Harlan W., From Muskets to Missiles: Politics and Professionalism in the Chinese Army, 1945-1981 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982).Joffe, Ellis, Party and Army: Professionalism and Political Control in the Chinese Officer Corps, 1949-1964 (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1971).The Chinese Army after Mao (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1987).Kolkowicz, Roman, “Interest Groups in Soviet Politics: The Case of the Military”, in Dale R. Herspring and Ivan Vogues (eds.), Civil-Military Relations in Communist Systems (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1978).Lee, Ngok, China’s Defence Modernisation and Military Leadership (Rushcutters Bay: Australian National University Press, 1989).Segal, Gerald, and William T. Tow (eds.), Chinese Defense Policy (London: The Macmillan Press, 1984).Swaine, Michael D., China: Domestic Chang and Foreign Policy (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1995).The Military & Political Succession in China-Leadership Institutions Beliefs (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1992).Yang, Richard H. ed., China’s Military: The PLA in 1990/1991 (Kaohsiung: National Sun Yat-sen University, 1991).China’s Military: The PLA in 1992/1993 (Taipei, Chinese Council of Advanced Policy Studies, 1993).(二)、期刊論文Bachman, David, “The Limits on Leadership in China”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXII, No. 11, November 1992, pp. 1046-1062.“The Paradox of Analysing Elite Politics under Jiang”, The China Journal, Issue 45, January 2001, pp. 95-100.Baum, Richard, “China after Deng: Ten Scenarios in Search of Reality”, The China Quarterly, No. 145, March 1996, pp. 153-175.“The Fifteenth National Party Congress: Jiang Takes Command?”, The China Quarterly, No. 153, March 1998, pp. 141-156.Bickford, Thomas A., “Regularization and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army: An Assessment of Change”, Asian Survey, Vol. XL, No. 3, May/June 2000, pp. 456-474.“The Chinese Military and Its Business Operations: The PLA as Entrepreneur”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIV, No. 5, May 1994, pp. 460-474.Bullard, Monte R., and Edward C. O’Dowd, “Defining the Role of the PLA in the Post-Mao Era”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXVI, No. 6, June 1986, pp. 706-720.Chang, Parris H., “Regional Military Power: the Aftermath of the Cultural Revolution”, Asian Survey, Vol. XII, No. 12, December 1972, pp. 999-1013.Cheng, Li, and Lynn White, “The Army in the Succession to Deng Xiaoping: Familiar Fealties and Technocratic Trends”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIII, No. 8, August 1993, pp. 757-786.Cheng, Li, Jiang Zemin’s Successors: “The Rise of the Fourth Generation of Leaders in the PRC”, The China Quarterly, No. 161, March 2000, pp. 1-40.Tai Ming Cheung, “Disarmament and Development in China: The Relationship between National Defense and Economic Development”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXVIII, No. 7, July 1988, pp. 757-774.Ding, Arthur S., “China’s Defense Finance: Content, Process and Administration”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June 1996, pp. 428-442.Domes, Jürgen, “The Cultural Revolution and the Army”, Asian Survey, Vol. VIII, No. 5, May 1968, pp. 349-363.“The Role of the Military in the Formation of Revolutionary Committees 1967-68”, The China Quarterly, No. 44, October-December 1970, pp. 112-145.Dreyer, June Teufel, “Civil-Military Relations in the People’s Republic of China”, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1985, pp. 27-50.“The New Officer Crops: Implications for the Future”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June 1996, pp. 315-335.“The PLA and the Power Struggle of 1989”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XXXVIII, September-October 1989, pp. 41-48.Frankenstein, John, “Military Cuts in China”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XXXIV, July-August 1985, pp. 56-60.Garver, John W., “China’s Push Through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests”, The China Quarterly, No. 132, December 1992, pp. 999-1028.Gittings, John, “The ‘Learn from the Army’ Campaign”, The China Quarterly, No. 18, April-June 1964, pp. 153-159.Godwin, Paul H. B., “From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy and Capabilities Towards 2000”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June 1996, pp. 464-487.Gurtov, Mel, “Swords into Market Shares: China’s Conversion of Military Industry to Civilian Production”, The China Quarterly, No. 134, June 1993, pp. 213-241.Halperin, Morton H., and John Wilson Lewis, “New Tensions in Army-Party Relations in China, 1965-66”, The China Quarterly, No. 26, April-June 1966, pp. 58-67.Huang, Xiaoming, “Managing Fluctuations in U.S.-China Relations: World Politics, National Priorities, and Policy Leadership”, Asian Survey, Vol. XL, No. 2, March/April 2000, pp. 269-295.Hyer, Eric, “China’s Arms Merchants: Profits in Command”, The China Quarterly, No. 132, December 1992, pp. 1101-1118.You, Ji, “Jiang Zemin’s Command of the Military”, The China Journal, Issue 45, January 2001, pp. 131-138.Joffe, Ellis and Gerald Segal, “The Chinese Army and Professionalism”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XXVII, Nov-Dec 1978, pp. 1-19.Joffe, Ellis, “Party and Military in China: Professionalism in Command?”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XXXII, September-October 1983, pp. 48-63.“Party-Army Relations in China: Retrospect and Prospect”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June 1996, pp. 299-314.“The Chinese Army after the Cultural Revolution: The Effects of Intervention”, The China Quarterly, No. 55, July/September 1973, pp. 450-477.“The Conflict between Old and New in the Chinese Army”, The China Quarterly, No. 18, April-June 1964, pp. 118-140.“The PLA and the Chinese Economy: The Effect of Involvement”, Survival, Volume. 37, No. 2, Summer 1995, pp. 24-43.“The PLA in Internal Politics”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XXIV, Nov-Dec 1975, pp. 1-12.Johnston, Alastair I., “Party Rectification in the People’s Liberation Army 1983-87”, The China Quarterly, No. 112, December 1987, pp. 591-630.Kong, Allen S. H., “Comradeship in Army: An Analysis of Power Through Associations in the CPLA- February 1970 to February 1974”, Asian Survey, Vol. XIV, No 7, July 1974, pp. 663-677Lampton, Angus M., “Military Modernization in China”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XXVIII, Sept-Dec 1979, pp. 34-49.Li, Nan, “Organizational Changes in the PLA, 1985-1997”, The China Quarterly, No. 158, June 1999, pp. 314-349.“The PLA’s Evolving Warfighting Doctrine, Strategy and Tactics, 1985-95: A Chinese Perspective”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June 1996, pp. 443-465.McClaran, John P., “U.S. Arms Sales to Taiwan: Implications for the Future of the Sino-U.S. Relationship”, Asian Survey, Vol. XL, No. 4, July/August 2000, pp. 622-640.Nelsen, Harvey W., “Military Bureaucracy in the Cultural Revolution”, Asian Survey, Vol. XIV, No. 4, April 1974, pp. 372-395.“Military Forces in the Cultural Revolution”, The China Quarterly, No. 51, July/September 1972, pp. 444-474.Nethercut, Richard D., “Deng and the Gun: Party-Military Relations in the People’s Republic of China”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXII, No. 8, August 1982, pp. 691-704.Overbolt, William H., “China After Deng”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 3, May/June 1996, pp. 63-78.Powell, Ralph L., “Commissars in the Economy: ‘Learn from the PLA’ Movement in China”, Asian Survey, Vol. V, No. 3, March 1965, pp. 125-138.“Military Affairs Committee and Party Control of the Military in China”, Asian Survey, Vol. III, No. 7, July 1963, pp. 347-356.“The Party, the Government and the Gun”, Asian Survey, Vol. X, No. 7, June 1970, pp. 441-471.Pye, Lucian W., “Jiang Zemin’s Style of Rule: Go For Stability, Monopolize Power and Settle for Limited Effectiveness”, The China Journal, Issue 45, January 2001, pp. 45-52.Qimao, Chen, “The Taiwan Strait Crisis: Its Crux and Solutions”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXVI, No. 11, November 1996, pp. 1055-1066.Romance, Francis J., “Modernization of China’s Armed Forces”, Asian Survey, Vol. XX, No. 3, March 1980, pp. 298-310.Saich, Tony, “The Fourteenth Party Congress: A Programme for Authoritarian Rule”, The China Quarterly, No. 132, December 1992, pp. 1136-1160.Shambaugh, David, “China’s Military in Transition: Politics, Professionalism, Procurement and Power Projection”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June 1996, pp. 265-298.“The Soldier and the State in China: The Political Work System in the People’s Liberation Army”, The China Quarterly, No. 127, September 1991, pp. 527-568.“The People’s Liberation Army and the People’s Republic at 50: Reform at Last”, The China Quarterly, No. 159, September 1999, pp. 660-672.Shichor, Yitzhak, “China and the Gulf Crisis”, Problems of Communism, Vol. XL, November-December 1991, pp. 80-90.“Demobilization: The Dialects of PLA Troop Reduction”, The China Quarterly, No. 146, June1996, pp. 336-359.Shirk, Susan L., “Will the Institutionalization of Party Leadership Survive the 2002-03 Succession?” The China Journal, Issue 45, January 2001, pp. 139-142.Terry, Gregory J., “The “Debate” on Military Affairs in China: 1957-59”, Asian Survey, Vol. XVI, No. 8, August 1976, pp. 788-813.Wang, T. Y., “Cross-Strait Relations after the 2000 Election in Taiwan: Changing Tactics in a New Reality”, Asian Survey, Vol. XLI, No. 5, September/October 2001, pp. 716-736.Whiting, Allen S., “Chinese Nationalism and Foreign Policy after Deng”, The China Quarterly, No. 142, June 1995, pp. 295-316.Zang, Xiaowei, “The Fourteenth Central Committee of the CCP: technocracy or Political Technocracy?”, Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIII, No. 8, August 1993, pp. 787-803.(三)、網路資料Blasko, Dennis J., “A New PLA Force Structure”, in The People’s Liberation Army in the Information Age, (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1999), in http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF145/index.html.Tai, Ming Cheung, “Can PLA Inc. be Tamed?”, Institutional Investor, Vol. 30, Issue. 7, July 1996, in http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.Hiebert, Murray, and Susan V. Lawrence, “Dangerous Brinkmanship”, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 164, Issue. 10, March 15, 2001, in http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.Joffe, Ellis, “The Military and China’s New Politics: Trends and Counter-Trends”, in The People’s Liberation Army in the Information Age (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1999), in http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF145/index.html.Mulvenon, James C., and Andrew N. D. Yang (eds.), Seeking Truth From Facts: A Retrospective on Chinese Military Studies in the Post-Mao Era (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2001), in http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF160/.Scobell, Andrew, Chinese Army Building in the Era of Jiang Zemin, in http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usassi/ssipubs/pubs2000/chinarmy/chinarmy.pdf.Swaine, Michael D., The Role of the Chinese Military in National Security Policymaking (Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1998), in http://www.rand.org/publications.Woon, Eden, “China: Economic reform and Defense”, East Asian Executive Reports, Vol. 15, Issue. 6, June 15, 1993, in http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.Wortzel, Larry M., ed., The Chinese Armed Forces in the 21st Century, in http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usassi/ssipubs/pubs99/chinese/chinese.pdf.